refactor: deploy global service using Deployment with RollingStrategy

feat: do not redeploy global service if spec hasn't changed
refactor: api.Container to use the detailed ContainerJSON struct instead of Container (Summary)
2026-08-26 11:03:34 +00:00 · 2025-02-14 20:45:23 +10:00 · 2025-02-14 17:49:46 +10:00 · 2025-02-14 16:37:40 +10:00 · 2025-02-13 21:32:08 +10:00 · 2025-02-13 11:50:34 +10:00
38 changed files with 2180 additions and 585 deletions
@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ platform, whether you're running on a $5 VPS, a spare Mac mini, or a rack of bar
 1. Install Uncloud CLI:

 ```bash
+brew install psviderski/tap/uncloud
+
+# or using curl (macOS/Linux)
 curl -fsS https://get.uncloud.run/install.sh | sh
 ```

@@ -76,8 +79,8 @@ curl -fsS https://get.uncloud.run/install.sh | sh
 uc machine init root@your-server-ip
 ```

-3. Create a DNS A record in your domain registrar that points `app.example.com` to your server's IP address. Allow a few
-   minutes for DNS propagation.
+3. Create a DNS A record in your DNS provider (Cloudflare, Namecheap, etc.) that points `app.example.com` to your
+   server's IP address. Allow a few minutes for DNS propagation.
 4. Deploy your app from a Docker image:

 ```bash
@@ -86,6 +89,14 @@ uc run -p app.example.com:8000/https my-app-image

 That's it! Your app is now running and accessible at https://app.example.com ✨

+5. Clean up when you're done:
+
+```bash
+uc ls
+# Copy the service ID from the output and remove it:
+uc rm my-app-id
+```
+
 ## ⚙️ How it works

 Check out the [design document](docs/design.md) to understand Uncloud's design philosophy and goals. Here, let's peek
@@ -164,3 +175,11 @@ I'd love your input! Here's how you can contribute:
  features, and be the first to know when it's ready for production use.
 * Watch this repository for releases.
 * Follow [@psviderski](https://github.com/psviderski) on GitHub.
+
+## ❤️ Contributors
+
+Thank you [@cedws](https://github.com/cedws) for being the first contributor to Uncloud! 🎉
+
+<a href="https://github.com/psviderski/uncloud/graphs/contributors">
+  <img src="https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=psviderski/uncloud" />
+</a>
@@ -70,13 +70,20 @@ func inspect(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts inspectOptions) error {
 	}

 	for _, ctr := range svc.Containers {
-		createdAt := time.Unix(ctr.Container.Created, 0)
+		createdAt, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, ctr.Container.Created)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("parse created time: %w", err)
+		}
 		created := units.HumanDuration(time.Now().UTC().Sub(createdAt)) + " ago"

 		machine := machinesNamesByID[ctr.MachineID]
 		if machine == "" {
 			machine = ctr.MachineID
 		}
+		state, err := ctr.Container.HumanState()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("get human state: %w", err)
+		}

 		_, err = fmt.Fprintf(
 			tw,
@@ -84,7 +91,7 @@ func inspect(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts inspectOptions) error {
 			stringid.TruncateID(ctr.Container.ID),
 			ctr.Container.Image,
 			created,
-			ctr.Container.Status,
+			state,
 			machine,
 		)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ package service
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/streams"
+	"github.com/docker/compose/v2/pkg/progress"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"os"
 	"uncloud/internal/cli"
 )

@@ -40,10 +43,12 @@ func rm(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts rmOptions) error {
 	defer client.Close()

 	for _, s := range opts.services {
-		if err = client.RemoveService(ctx, s); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("remove service %q: %w", s, err)
-		}
-		fmt.Printf("Service %q removed.\n", s)
+		err = progress.RunWithTitle(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+			if err = client.RemoveService(ctx, s); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("remove service '%s': %w", s, err)
+			}
+			return nil
+		}, streams.NewOut(os.Stdout), "Removing service "+s)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ func NewRootCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		Short: "Manage services in an Uncloud cluster.",
 	}
 	cmd.AddCommand(
+		NewInspectCommand(),
 		NewListCommand(),
 		NewRmCommand(),
 		NewRunCommand(),
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.8 // indirect
 	github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/armon/circbuf v0.0.0-20190214190532-5111143e8da2 // indirect
 	github.com/armon/go-metrics v0.4.1 // indirect
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/charmbracelet/x/exp/strings v0.0.0-20240919170804-a4978c8e603a // indirect
 	github.com/charmbracelet/x/term v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/chzyer/readline v1.5.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cloudflare/cfssl v1.6.4 // indirect
 	github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2 v2.4.5 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/console v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.24 // indirect
@@ -45,8 +45,9 @@ github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 h1:F2VQgta7ecxGYO8k3ZZz3RS8fVIXVxONVUPlNERo
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2/go.mod h1:yd8OoFMLzJbo9gZq8j5qaps8bJ9aShtEA8Ipt1oGCvU=
 github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.12.5 h1:bpTInLlDy/nDRWFVcefDZZ1+U8tS+rz3MxjKgu9boo0=
 github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.12.5/go.mod h1:tIUGego4G1EN5Hb6KC90aDYiUI2dqLSTTOCjVNpOgZ8=
-github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2 h1:KMrpdQIwFcEqXDklaen+P1axHaj9BSKzvpUUfnHldSE=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2/go.mod h1:HSdplMjZKSmBqAxg5vPj2TmRDmfkzw+cTzAElWljhcU=
+github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.8 h1:31czK/TI9sNkxIKfaUfGlU47BAxQ0ztGgd9vPyqimf8=
+github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.8/go.mod h1:eZbhyaAYD41SGSSsnmcpxVoRiQ/MPUTjUdIIOT9Um7Q=
 github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20170309145241-6dbc35f2c30d/go.mod h1:HI8ITrYtUY+O+ZhtlqUnD8+KwNPOyugEhfP9fdUIaEQ=
 github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20171204204709-577dee27f20d h1:UrqY+r/OJnIp5u0s1SbQ8dVfLCZJsnvazdBP5hS4iRs=
 github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag v0.0.0-20171204204709-577dee27f20d/go.mod h1:HI8ITrYtUY+O+ZhtlqUnD8+KwNPOyugEhfP9fdUIaEQ=
@@ -166,8 +167,9 @@ github.com/chzyer/test v1.0.0/go.mod h1:2JlltgoNkt4TW/z9V/IzDdFaMTM2JPIi26O1pF38
 github.com/circonus-labs/circonus-gometrics v2.3.1+incompatible/go.mod h1:nmEj6Dob7S7YxXgwXpfOuvO54S+tGdZdw9fuRZt25Ag=
 github.com/circonus-labs/circonusllhist v0.1.3/go.mod h1:kMXHVDlOchFAehlya5ePtbp5jckzBHf4XRpQvBOLI+I=
 github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
-github.com/cloudflare/cfssl v0.0.0-20180223231731-4e2dcbde5004 h1:lkAMpLVBDaj17e85keuznYcH5rqI438v41pKcBl4ZxQ=
 github.com/cloudflare/cfssl v0.0.0-20180223231731-4e2dcbde5004/go.mod h1:yMWuSON2oQp+43nFtAV/uvKQIFpSPerB57DCt9t8sSA=
+github.com/cloudflare/cfssl v1.6.4 h1:NMOvfrEjFfC63K3SGXgAnFdsgkmiq4kATme5BfcqrO8=
+github.com/cloudflare/cfssl v1.6.4/go.mod h1:8b3CQMxfWPAeom3zBnGJ6sd+G1NkL5TXqmDXacb+1J0=
 github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20191209042840-269d4d468f6f/go.mod h1:M8M6+tZqaGXZJjfX53e64911xZQV5JYwmTeXPW+k8Sc=
 github.com/cockroachdb/apd v1.1.0 h1:3LFP3629v+1aKXU5Q37mxmRxX/pIu1nijXydLShEq5I=
 github.com/cockroachdb/apd v1.1.0/go.mod h1:8Sl8LxpKi29FqWXR16WEFZRNSz3SoPzUzeMeY4+DwBQ=
@@ -591,6 +593,8 @@ github.com/jinzhu/gorm v0.0.0-20170222002820-5409931a1bb8/go.mod h1:Vla75njaFJ8c
 github.com/jinzhu/inflection v0.0.0-20170102125226-1c35d901db3d h1:jRQLvyVGL+iVtDElaEIDdKwpPqUIZJfzkNLV34htpEc=
 github.com/jinzhu/inflection v0.0.0-20170102125226-1c35d901db3d/go.mod h1:h+uFLlag+Qp1Va5pdKtLDYj+kHp5pxUVkryuEj+Srlc=
 github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.1/go.mod h1:d3SSVoowX0Lcu0IBviAWJpolVfI5UJVZZ7cO71lE/z8=
+github.com/jmoiron/sqlx v1.3.3 h1:j82X0bf7oQ27XeqxicSZsTU5suPwKElg3oyxNn43iTk=
+github.com/jmoiron/sqlx v1.3.3/go.mod h1:2BljVx/86SuTyjE+aPYlHCTNvZrnJXghYGpNiXLBMCQ=
 github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0 h1:uuaP0hAbW7Y4l0ZRQ6C9zfb7Mg1mbFKry/xzDAfmtLA=
 github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0/go.mod h1:7X/raswPFr05uY3HiLlYeyQntB6OO7E/d2Cu7qoaN2w=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.6/go.mod h1:+SdeFBvtyEkXs7REEP0seUULqWtbJapLOCVDaaPEHmU=
@@ -1058,6 +1062,8 @@ github.com/warpfork/go-testmark v0.12.1 h1:rMgCpJfwy1sJ50x0M0NgyphxYYPMOODIJHhsX
 github.com/warpfork/go-testmark v0.12.1/go.mod h1:kHwy7wfvGSPh1rQJYKayD4AbtNaeyZdcGi9tNJTaa5Y=
 github.com/warpfork/go-wish v0.0.0-20220906213052-39a1cc7a02d0 h1:GDDkbFiaK8jsSDJfjId/PEGEShv6ugrt4kYsC5UIDaQ=
 github.com/warpfork/go-wish v0.0.0-20220906213052-39a1cc7a02d0/go.mod h1:x6AKhvSSexNrVSrViXSHUEbICjmGXhtgABaHIySUSGw=
+github.com/weppos/publicsuffix-go v0.15.1-0.20210511084619-b1f36a2d6c0b h1:FsyNrX12e5BkplJq7wKOLk0+C6LZ+KGXvuEcKUYm5ss=
+github.com/weppos/publicsuffix-go v0.15.1-0.20210511084619-b1f36a2d6c0b/go.mod h1:HYux0V0Zi04bHNwOHy4cXJVz/TQjYonnF6aoYhj+3QE=
 github.com/xordataexchange/crypt v0.0.3-0.20170626215501-b2862e3d0a77/go.mod h1:aYKd//L2LvnjZzWKhF00oedf4jCCReLcmhLdhm1A27Q=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
@@ -1070,6 +1076,10 @@ github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.4/go.mod h1:7eeQ6d2iXWRGF6npfaxl2CU+xy2Fjo2gxeyZGCR
 github.com/zeebo/pcg v1.0.1 h1:lyqfGeWiv4ahac6ttHs+I5hwtH/+1mrhlCtVNQM2kHo=
 github.com/zeebo/pcg v1.0.1/go.mod h1:09F0S9iiKrwn9rlI5yjLkmrug154/YRW6KnnXVDM/l4=
 github.com/zenazn/goji v0.9.0/go.mod h1:7S9M489iMyHBNxwZnk9/EHS098H4/F6TATF2mIxtB1Q=
+github.com/zmap/zcrypto v0.0.0-20210511125630-18f1e0152cfc h1:zkGwegkOW709y0oiAraH/3D8njopUR/pARHv4tZZ6pw=
+github.com/zmap/zcrypto v0.0.0-20210511125630-18f1e0152cfc/go.mod h1:FM4U1E3NzlNMRnSUTU3P1UdukWhYGifqEsjk9fn7BCk=
+github.com/zmap/zlint/v3 v3.1.0 h1:WjVytZo79m/L1+/Mlphl09WBob6YTGljN5IGWZFpAv0=
+github.com/zmap/zlint/v3 v3.1.0/go.mod h1:L7t8s3sEKkb0A2BxGy1IWrxt1ZATa1R4QfJZaQOD3zU=
 go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.11 h1:yGEzV1wPz2yVCLsD8ZAiGHhHVlczyC9d1rP43/VCRJ0=
 go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.11/go.mod h1:dksAq7YMXoljX0xu6VF5DMZGbhYYoLUalEiSySYAS4I=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.5/go.mod h1:5pWMHQbX5EPX2/62yrJeAkowc+lfs/XD7Uxpq3pI6kk=
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 package api

 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
-	"regexp"
+	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 )

 const (
@@ -15,30 +17,38 @@ const (
 )

 type Container struct {
-	types.Container
+	types.ContainerJSON
+}
+
+// NameWithoutSlash returns the container name without the leading slash.
+func (c *Container) NameWithoutSlash() string {
+	return c.Name[1:]
 }

 // ServiceID returns the ID of the service this container belongs to.
 func (c *Container) ServiceID() string {
-	return c.Labels[LabelServiceID]
+	return c.Config.Labels[LabelServiceID]
 }

 // ServiceName returns the name of the service this container belongs to.
 func (c *Container) ServiceName() string {
-	return c.Labels[LabelServiceName]
+	return c.Config.Labels[LabelServiceName]
 }

 // ServiceMode returns the replication mode of the service this container belongs to.
 func (c *Container) ServiceMode() string {
-	return c.Labels[LabelServiceMode]
+	return c.Config.Labels[LabelServiceMode]
 }

 // ServicePorts returns the ports this container publishes as part of its service.
 func (c *Container) ServicePorts() ([]PortSpec, error) {
-	encoded, ok := c.Labels[LabelServicePorts]
+	encoded, ok := c.Config.Labels[LabelServicePorts]
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(encoded) == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}

 	publishPorts := strings.Split(encoded, ",")
 	ports := make([]PortSpec, len(publishPorts))
@@ -53,34 +63,122 @@ func (c *Container) ServicePorts() ([]PortSpec, error) {
 	return ports, nil
 }

-// runningStatusRegex matches the status string of a running container.
-// - "Up 3 minutes (healthy)" -> groups: ["Up 3 minutes (healthy)", "healthy"]
-// - "Up 5 seconds" -> groups: ["Up 5 seconds", ""]
-// - "Up 2 hours (unhealthy)" -> groups: ["Up 2 hours (unhealthy)", "unhealthy"]
-// - "Up 1 minute (health: starting)" -> groups: ["Up 1 minute (health: starting)", "health: starting"]
-// - "Restarting (0) 5 seconds ago" -> no match
-// See https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/c130ce1f5d1e38b98a97044a39557de43bc0d58f/container/state.go#L77-L90
-// for more details on how the status string for a running container is formatted.
-var runningStatusRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^Up [^(]+(?:\(([^)]+)\))?$`)
+// ServiceSpec constructs a service spec from the container's configuration.
+func (c *Container) ServiceSpec() (ServiceSpec, error) {
+	ports, err := c.ServicePorts()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ServiceSpec{}, fmt.Errorf("get service ports: %w", err)
+	}

-// Healthy determines if the container is running and healthy based on its status string.
+	return ServiceSpec{
+		Container: ContainerSpec{
+			Command: c.Config.Cmd,
+			Image:   c.Config.Image,
+			Init:    c.HostConfig.Init,
+			Volumes: c.HostConfig.Binds,
+		},
+		Mode:  c.ServiceMode(),
+		Name:  c.ServiceName(),
+		Ports: ports,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Healthy determines if the container is running and healthy.
 // A running container with no health check configured is considered healthy.
 func (c *Container) Healthy() bool {
-	if c.State != "running" {
+	if !c.State.Running || c.State.Paused || c.State.Restarting {
 		return false
 	}

-	matches := runningStatusRegex.FindStringSubmatch(c.Status)
-	// Not "Up" or invalid format.
-	if matches == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// If there's no health status (no health check configured so no parentheses), container is considered healthy.
-	if matches[1] == "" {
+	// If there's no health status (no health check configured), container is considered healthy.
+	if c.State.Health == nil {
 		return true
 	}

-	// If the health status in parentheses is "healthy", the container is considered healthy.
-	return matches[1] == types.Healthy
+	return c.State.Health.Status == types.Healthy
+}
+
+// HumanState returns a human-readable description of the container's state. Based on the Docker implementation:
+// https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/b343d235a0a1f30c8f05b1d651238e72158dc25d/container/state.go#L79-L113
+func (c *Container) HumanState() (string, error) {
+	startedAt, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, c.State.StartedAt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse started time: %w", err)
+	}
+	finishedAt, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, c.State.FinishedAt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse finished time: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if c.State.Running {
+		if c.State.Paused {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("Up %s (Paused)", units.HumanDuration(time.Now().UTC().Sub(startedAt))), nil
+		}
+		if c.State.Restarting {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("Restarting (%d) %s ago",
+				c.State.ExitCode, units.HumanDuration(time.Now().UTC().Sub(finishedAt))), nil
+		}
+
+		if c.State.Health != nil {
+			status := c.State.Health.Status
+			if status == types.Starting {
+				status = "health: " + status
+			}
+
+			return fmt.Sprintf("Up %s (%s)", units.HumanDuration(time.Now().UTC().Sub(startedAt)), status), nil
+		}
+
+		return fmt.Sprintf("Up %s", units.HumanDuration(time.Now().UTC().Sub(startedAt))), nil
+	}
+
+	if c.State.Status == "removing" {
+		return "Removal In Progress", nil
+	}
+
+	if c.State.Dead {
+		return "Dead", nil
+	}
+
+	if startedAt.IsZero() {
+		return "Created", nil
+	}
+
+	if finishedAt.IsZero() {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Exited (%d) %s ago",
+		c.State.ExitCode, units.HumanDuration(time.Now().UTC().Sub(finishedAt))), nil
+}
+
+// ConflictingServicePorts returns a list of service ports that conflict with the given ports.
+func (c *Container) ConflictingServicePorts(ports []PortSpec) ([]PortSpec, error) {
+	svcPorts, err := c.ServicePorts()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get service ports: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var conflicting []PortSpec
+	for _, p := range ports {
+		if p.Mode != PortModeHost {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Two host ports conflict if they have the same published port number and protocol, and either:
+		//   * At least one host IP is not set (meaning it uses all interfaces)
+		//   * Both host IPs are identical
+		for _, svcPort := range svcPorts {
+			if svcPort.Mode != PortModeHost ||
+				svcPort.PublishedPort != p.PublishedPort ||
+				svcPort.Protocol != p.Protocol {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if !svcPort.HostIP.IsValid() || !p.HostIP.IsValid() || svcPort.HostIP.Compare(p.HostIP) == 0 {
+				conflicting = append(conflicting, p)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return conflicting, nil
 }
@@ -2,91 +2,345 @@ package api

 import (
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"net/netip"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 )

+func TestContainer_ServiceSpec(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	init := true
+	ctr := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+		ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
+			HostConfig: &container.HostConfig{
+				Binds: []string{"/host/path:/container/path"},
+				Init:  &init,
+			},
+		},
+		Config: &container.Config{
+			Cmd:   []string{"/app/server"},
+			Image: "app:latest",
+			Labels: map[string]string{
+				LabelServiceID:    "test-service-id",
+				LabelServiceName:  "test-service-name",
+				LabelServicePorts: "app.example.com:8000/https",
+			},
+		},
+	}}
+
+	expectedSpec := ServiceSpec{
+		Container: ContainerSpec{
+			Command: []string{"/app/server"},
+			Image:   "app:latest",
+			Init:    &init,
+			Volumes: []string{"/host/path:/container/path"},
+		},
+		Name: "test-service-name",
+		Ports: []PortSpec{
+			{
+				Hostname:      "app.example.com",
+				ContainerPort: 8000,
+				Protocol:      ProtocolHTTPS,
+				Mode:          PortModeIngress,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	spec, err := ctr.ServiceSpec()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, reflect.DeepEqual(spec, expectedSpec))
+}
+
 func TestContainer_Healthy(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

 	t.Run("exited", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{Container: types.Container{
-			State:  "exited",
-			Status: "Exited (0) 2 minutes ago",
+		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &types.ContainerState{
+					Running:  false,
+					Dead:     false,
+					ExitCode: 0,
+				},
+			},
 		}}
 		assert.False(t, c.Healthy())
 	})

 	t.Run("running with no health check", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{Container: types.Container{
-			State:  "running",
-			Status: "Up 5 minutes",
+		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &types.ContainerState{
+					Running: true,
+				},
+			},
 		}}
 		assert.True(t, c.Healthy())
 	})

 	t.Run("running and healthy", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{Container: types.Container{
-			State:  "running",
-			Status: "Up 3 minutes (healthy)",
+		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &types.ContainerState{
+					Running: true,
+					Health: &types.Health{
+						Status: types.Healthy,
+					},
+				},
+			},
 		}}
 		assert.True(t, c.Healthy())
 	})

 	t.Run("running but unhealthy", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{Container: types.Container{
-			State:  "running",
-			Status: "Up 2 hours (unhealthy)",
+		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &types.ContainerState{
+					Running: true,
+					Health: &types.Health{
+						Status: types.Unhealthy,
+					},
+				},
+			},
 		}}
 		assert.False(t, c.Healthy())
 	})

 	t.Run("running with health starting", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{Container: types.Container{
-			State:  "running",
-			Status: "Up 1 minute (health: starting)",
+		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &types.ContainerState{
+					Running: true,
+					Health: &types.Health{
+						Status: "starting",
+					},
+				},
+			},
 		}}
 		assert.False(t, c.Healthy())
 	})

-	t.Run("invalid up format no time", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("dead", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{Container: types.Container{
-			State:  "running",
-			Status: "Up",
-		}}
-		assert.False(t, c.Healthy())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("invalid up format empty parentheses", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{Container: types.Container{
-			State:  "running",
-			Status: "Up 5 minutes ()",
-		}}
-		assert.False(t, c.Healthy())
-	})
-
-	t.Run("malformed status", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{Container: types.Container{
-			State:  "running",
-			Status: "Invalid status",
+		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &types.ContainerState{
+					Dead:    true,
+					Running: false,
+				},
+			},
 		}}
 		assert.False(t, c.Healthy())
 	})

 	t.Run("restarting", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{Container: types.Container{
-			State:  "running",
-			Status: "Restarting (0) 5 seconds ago",
+		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &types.ContainerState{
+					Restarting: true,
+					Running:    true,
+					ExitCode:   1,
+				},
+			},
+		}}
+		assert.False(t, c.Healthy())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("paused", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &types.ContainerState{
+					Paused:  true,
+					Running: true,
+				},
+			},
 		}}
 		assert.False(t, c.Healthy())
 	})
 }
+
+func TestContainer_ConflictingServicePorts(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		containerPorts string
+		checkPorts     []PortSpec
+		want           []PortSpec
+		wantErr        bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "no conflicts when container has no ports",
+			containerPorts: "",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{Mode: PortModeHost, PublishedPort: 8080, ContainerPort: 80, Protocol: ProtocolTCP},
+			},
+			want:    nil,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "host mode ports with same published port and protocol conflict",
+			containerPorts: "8080:80/tcp@host",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{Mode: PortModeHost, PublishedPort: 8080, ContainerPort: 80, Protocol: ProtocolTCP},
+			},
+			want: []PortSpec{
+				{Mode: PortModeHost, PublishedPort: 8080, ContainerPort: 80, Protocol: ProtocolTCP},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "host mode ports with same port but different protocols don't conflict",
+			containerPorts: "8080:80/tcp@host",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{Mode: PortModeHost, PublishedPort: 8080, ContainerPort: 80, Protocol: ProtocolUDP},
+			},
+			want:    nil,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "multiple protocols on same port don't conflict",
+			containerPorts: "8080:80/tcp@host,8080:80/udp@host",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{Mode: PortModeHost, PublishedPort: 8080, ContainerPort: 80, Protocol: ProtocolUDP},
+			},
+			want: []PortSpec{
+				{Mode: PortModeHost, PublishedPort: 8080, ContainerPort: 80, Protocol: ProtocolUDP},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "host mode ports with different published ports don't conflict",
+			containerPorts: "8080:80/tcp@host",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{Mode: PortModeHost, PublishedPort: 8081, ContainerPort: 80, Protocol: ProtocolTCP},
+			},
+			want:    nil,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "host mode ports with same published port but different host IPs don't conflict",
+			containerPorts: "127.0.0.1:8080:80/tcp@host",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{
+					Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					HostIP:        netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.2"),
+					PublishedPort: 8080,
+					ContainerPort: 80,
+					Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+				},
+			},
+			want:    nil,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "host mode ports with same published port, protocol, and host IP conflict",
+			containerPorts: "127.0.0.1:8080:80/tcp@host",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{
+					Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					HostIP:        netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.1"),
+					PublishedPort: 8080,
+					ContainerPort: 80,
+					Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+				},
+			},
+			want: []PortSpec{
+				{
+					Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					HostIP:        netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.1"),
+					PublishedPort: 8080,
+					ContainerPort: 80,
+					Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "host mode port with no host IP conflicts with specific host IP on same port and protocol",
+			containerPorts: "8080:80/tcp@host",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{
+					Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					HostIP:        netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.1"),
+					PublishedPort: 8080,
+					ContainerPort: 80,
+					Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+				},
+			},
+			want: []PortSpec{
+				{
+					Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					HostIP:        netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.1"),
+					PublishedPort: 8080,
+					ContainerPort: 80,
+					Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "host mode port with no host IP doesn't conflict with different protocol",
+			containerPorts: "8080:80/tcp@host",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{
+					Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					HostIP:        netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.1"),
+					PublishedPort: 8080,
+					ContainerPort: 80,
+					Protocol:      ProtocolUDP,
+				},
+			},
+			want:    nil,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "ingress mode ports don't conflict with host mode ports",
+			containerPorts: "8080:80/tcp",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{Mode: PortModeHost, PublishedPort: 8080, ContainerPort: 80, Protocol: ProtocolTCP},
+			},
+			want:    nil,
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "container with invalid port spec returns error",
+			containerPorts: "invalid:port:spec",
+			checkPorts: []PortSpec{
+				{Mode: PortModeHost, PublishedPort: 8080, ContainerPort: 80, Protocol: ProtocolTCP},
+			},
+			want:    nil,
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctr := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+				Config: &container.Config{
+					Labels: map[string]string{
+						LabelServicePorts: tt.containerPorts,
+					},
+				},
+			}}
+
+			got, err := ctr.ConflictingServicePorts(tt.checkPorts)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				return
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
+	"reflect"
 	"uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 )

@@ -37,6 +38,11 @@ func (s *ServiceSpec) Validate() error {
 	return nil
 }

+func (s *ServiceSpec) Equals(spec ServiceSpec) bool {
+	// TODO: ignore order of ports.
+	return reflect.DeepEqual(*s, spec)
+}
+
 type ContainerSpec struct {
 	Command []string
 	Image   string
@@ -47,8 +53,7 @@ type ContainerSpec struct {
 }

 func (s *ContainerSpec) Validate() error {
-	_, err := reference.ParseDockerRef(s.Image)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := reference.ParseDockerRef(s.Image); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid image: %w", err)
 	}

@@ -4,15 +4,17 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
-	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb"
 	"net/netip"
 	"uncloud/internal/cli/client"
 	"uncloud/internal/cli/client/connector"
 	"uncloud/internal/cli/config"
+	"uncloud/internal/fs"
 	"uncloud/internal/machine"
 	"uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 	"uncloud/internal/sshexec"
+
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb"
 )

 const defaultClusterName = "default"
@@ -89,10 +91,14 @@ func (cli *CLI) ConnectCluster(ctx context.Context, clusterName string) (*client
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse SSH connection %q: %w", conn.SSH, err)
 		}
+
+		keyPath := fs.ExpandHomeDir(conn.SSHKeyFile)
+
 		sshConfig := &connector.SSHConnectorConfig{
-			User: user,
-			Host: host,
-			Port: port,
+			User:    user,
+			Host:    host,
+			Port:    port,
+			KeyPath: keyPath,
 		}
 		return client.New(ctx, connector.NewSSHConnector(sshConfig))
 	} else if conn.TCP.IsValid() {
@@ -157,9 +163,11 @@ func (cli *CLI) initRemoteMachine(
 			return fmt.Errorf("set current cluster: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
+
 	// Save the machine's SSH connection details in the cluster config.
 	connCfg := config.MachineConnection{
-		SSH: config.NewSSHDestination(remoteMachine.User, remoteMachine.Host, remoteMachine.Port),
+		SSH:        config.NewSSHDestination(remoteMachine.User, remoteMachine.Host, remoteMachine.Port),
+		SSHKeyFile: remoteMachine.KeyPath,
 	}
 	cli.config.Clusters[clusterName].Connections = append(cli.config.Clusters[clusterName].Connections, connCfg)
 	if err = cli.config.Save(); err != nil {
@@ -245,7 +253,8 @@ func (cli *CLI) AddMachine(ctx context.Context, remoteMachine RemoteMachine, clu

 	// Save the machine's SSH connection details in the cluster config.
 	connCfg := config.MachineConnection{
-		SSH: config.NewSSHDestination(remoteMachine.User, remoteMachine.Host, remoteMachine.Port),
+		SSH:        config.NewSSHDestination(remoteMachine.User, remoteMachine.Host, remoteMachine.Port),
+		SSHKeyFile: remoteMachine.KeyPath,
 	}
 	if clusterName == "" {
 		clusterName = cli.config.CurrentCluster
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/streams"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"
 	"os"
 	"uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 	"uncloud/internal/machine/docker"
@@ -20,12 +21,11 @@ type Client struct {

 	pb.MachineClient
 	pb.ClusterClient
-	*DockerClient
+	// Docker is a namespaced client for the Docker service to distinguish Uncloud-specific service container operations
+	// from generic Docker operations.
+	Docker *docker.Client
 }

-// DockerClient is a type alias for the Docker client to embed it in Client with a more specific name.
-type DockerClient = docker.Client
-
 // Connector is an interface for establishing a connection to the machine API.
 type Connector interface {
 	Connect(ctx context.Context) (*grpc.ClientConn, error)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, connector Connector) (*Client, error) {

 	c.MachineClient = pb.NewMachineClient(c.conn)
 	c.ClusterClient = pb.NewClusterClient(c.conn)
-	c.DockerClient = docker.NewClient(c.conn)
+	c.Docker = docker.NewClient(c.conn)
 	return c, nil
 }

@@ -58,3 +58,10 @@ func (cli *Client) Close() error {
 func (cli *Client) progressOut() *streams.Out {
 	return streams.NewOut(os.Stdout)
 }
+
+// proxyToMachine returns a new context that proxies gRPC requests to the specified machine.
+func proxyToMachine(ctx context.Context, machine *pb.MachineInfo) context.Context {
+	machineIP, _ := machine.Network.ManagementIp.ToAddr()
+	md := metadata.Pairs("machines", machineIP.String())
+	return metadata.NewOutgoingContext(ctx, md)
+}
@@ -6,6 +6,21 @@ import (
 	"uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 )

+func (cli *Client) InspectMachine(ctx context.Context, id string) (*pb.MachineMember, error) {
+	machines, err := cli.ListMachines(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	for _, m := range machines {
+		if m.Machine.Id == id || m.Machine.Name == id {
+			return m, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil, ErrNotFound
+}
+
 func (cli *Client) ListMachines(ctx context.Context) ([]*pb.MachineMember, error) {
 	resp, err := cli.ClusterClient.ListMachines(ctx, &emptypb.Empty{})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+package client
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/docker/compose/v2/pkg/progress"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
+	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/jsonmessage"
+	"github.com/docker/go-connections/nat"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"uncloud/internal/api"
+	machinedocker "uncloud/internal/machine/docker"
+	"uncloud/internal/secret"
+)
+
+// CreateContainer creates a new container for the given service on the specified machine.
+func (cli *Client) CreateContainer(
+	ctx context.Context, serviceID string, spec api.ServiceSpec, machineID string,
+) (container.CreateResponse, error) {
+	var resp container.CreateResponse
+
+	if serviceID == "" {
+		return resp, errors.New("service ID is required")
+	}
+
+	machine, err := cli.InspectMachine(ctx, machineID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, fmt.Errorf("inspect machine '%s': %w", machineID, err)
+	}
+
+	suffix, err := secret.RandomAlphaNumeric(4)
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, fmt.Errorf("generate random suffix: %w", err)
+	}
+	containerName := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", spec.Name, suffix)
+
+	config := &container.Config{
+		Cmd:   spec.Container.Command,
+		Image: spec.Container.Image,
+		Labels: map[string]string{
+			api.LabelServiceID:   serviceID,
+			api.LabelServiceName: spec.Name,
+			api.LabelManaged:     "",
+		},
+	}
+	if spec.Mode != "" {
+		config.Labels[api.LabelServiceMode] = spec.Mode
+	}
+
+	if len(spec.Ports) > 0 {
+		encodedPorts := make([]string, len(spec.Ports))
+		for i, p := range spec.Ports {
+			encodedPorts[i], err = p.String()
+			if err != nil {
+				return resp, fmt.Errorf("encode service port spec: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		config.Labels[api.LabelServicePorts] = strings.Join(encodedPorts, ",")
+	}
+
+	portBindings := make(nat.PortMap)
+	for _, p := range spec.Ports {
+		if p.Mode != api.PortModeHost {
+			continue
+		}
+		port := nat.Port(fmt.Sprintf("%d/%s", p.ContainerPort, p.Protocol))
+		portBindings[port] = []nat.PortBinding{
+			{
+				HostPort: strconv.Itoa(int(p.PublishedPort)),
+			},
+		}
+		if p.HostIP.IsValid() {
+			portBindings[port][0].HostIP = p.HostIP.String()
+		}
+	}
+	hostConfig := &container.HostConfig{
+		Binds:        spec.Container.Volumes,
+		Init:         spec.Container.Init,
+		PortBindings: portBindings,
+	}
+	netConfig := &network.NetworkingConfig{
+		EndpointsConfig: map[string]*network.EndpointSettings{
+			machinedocker.NetworkName: {},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Proxy Docker gRPC requests to the selected machine.
+	ctx = proxyToMachine(ctx, machine.Machine)
+
+	pw := progress.ContextWriter(ctx)
+	eventID := fmt.Sprintf("Container %s on %s", containerName, machine.Machine.Name)
+
+	pw.Event(progress.CreatingEvent(eventID))
+	resp, err = cli.Docker.CreateContainer(ctx, config, hostConfig, netConfig, nil, containerName)
+	if err != nil {
+		if !dockerclient.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			return resp, err
+		}
+
+		// Pull the missing image and create the container again.
+		if err = cli.pullImageWithProgress(ctx, config.Image, machine.Machine.Name, eventID); err != nil {
+			return resp, err
+		}
+		if resp, err = cli.Docker.CreateContainer(ctx, config, hostConfig, netConfig, nil, containerName); err != nil {
+			return resp, err
+		}
+	}
+	pw.Event(progress.CreatedEvent(eventID))
+
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
+func (cli *Client) pullImageWithProgress(ctx context.Context, image, machineName, parentEventID string) error {
+	pw := progress.ContextWriter(ctx)
+	eventID := fmt.Sprintf("Image %s on %s", image, machineName)
+	pw.Event(progress.Event{
+		ID:         eventID,
+		ParentID:   parentEventID,
+		Status:     progress.Working,
+		StatusText: "Pulling",
+	})
+
+	pullCh, err := cli.Docker.PullImage(ctx, image)
+	if err != nil {
+		pw.Event(progress.Event{
+			ID:         eventID,
+			ParentID:   parentEventID,
+			Text:       "Error",
+			Status:     progress.Error,
+			StatusText: errors.Unwrap(err).Error(),
+		})
+		return fmt.Errorf("pull image: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Wait for pull to complete by reading all progress messages and converting them to events.
+	for msg := range pullCh {
+		if msg.Err != nil {
+			err = msg.Err
+		} else {
+			if msg.Message.Error != nil {
+				err = errors.New(msg.Message.Error.Message)
+			}
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			pw.Event(progress.Event{
+				ID:         eventID,
+				ParentID:   parentEventID,
+				Text:       "Error",
+				Status:     progress.Error,
+				StatusText: errors.Unwrap(err).Error(),
+			})
+			return fmt.Errorf("pull image: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// TODO: add like in compose: --quiet-pull Pull without printing progress information
+		e := toPullProgressEvent(msg.Message)
+		if e != nil {
+			e.ID = fmt.Sprintf("%s on %s", e.ID, machineName)
+			e.ParentID = eventID
+			// Grand children events are not printed by the tty progress writer but they are still required
+			// to calculate the progress line of their parent.
+			pw.Event(*e)
+		}
+	}
+	pw.Event(progress.Event{
+		ID:         eventID,
+		ParentID:   parentEventID,
+		Status:     progress.Done,
+		StatusText: "Pulled",
+	})
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// toPullProgressEvent converts a JSON progress message from the Docker API to a progress event.
+// It's based on toPullProgressEvent from Docker Compose.
+func toPullProgressEvent(jm jsonmessage.JSONMessage) *progress.Event {
+	if jm.ID == "" || jm.Progress == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var (
+		total   int64
+		percent int
+		current int64
+	)
+	text := jm.Progress.String()
+	stat := progress.Working
+
+	switch jm.Status {
+	case "Preparing", "Waiting", "Pulling fs layer":
+		percent = 0
+	case "Downloading", "Extracting", "Verifying Checksum":
+		current = jm.Progress.Current
+		total = jm.Progress.Total
+		if jm.Progress.Total > 0 {
+			percent = int(jm.Progress.Current * 100 / jm.Progress.Total)
+		}
+	case "Download complete", "Already exists", "Pull complete":
+		stat = progress.Done
+		percent = 100
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(jm.Status, "Image is up to date") ||
+		strings.Contains(jm.Status, "Downloaded newer image") {
+		stat = progress.Done
+		percent = 100
+	}
+
+	return &progress.Event{
+		ID:         jm.ID,
+		Current:    current,
+		Total:      total,
+		Percent:    percent,
+		Text:       jm.Status,
+		Status:     stat,
+		StatusText: text,
+	}
+}
+
+// InspectContainer returns the information about the specified container within the service.
+func (cli *Client) InspectContainer(ctx context.Context, serviceID, containerID string) (api.MachineContainer, error) {
+	var ctr api.MachineContainer
+
+	svc, err := cli.InspectService(ctx, serviceID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ctr, fmt.Errorf("inspect service: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range svc.Containers {
+		if c.Container.ID == containerID || c.Container.NameWithoutSlash() == containerID {
+			ctr = c
+		}
+	}
+	if ctr.MachineID == "" {
+		return ctr, ErrNotFound
+	}
+
+	return ctr, nil
+}
+
+// StartContainer starts the specified container within the service.
+func (cli *Client) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, serviceID, containerID string) error {
+	ctr, err := cli.InspectContainer(ctx, serviceID, containerID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	machine, err := cli.InspectMachine(ctx, ctr.MachineID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("inspect machine '%s': %w", ctr.MachineID, err)
+	}
+	ctx = proxyToMachine(ctx, machine.Machine)
+
+	pw := progress.ContextWriter(ctx)
+	eventID := fmt.Sprintf("Container %s on %s", ctr.Container.NameWithoutSlash(), machine.Machine.Name)
+
+	pw.Event(progress.StartingEvent(eventID))
+	if err = cli.Docker.StartContainer(ctx, ctr.Container.ID, container.StartOptions{}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pw.Event(progress.StartedEvent(eventID))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// StopContainer stops the specified container within the service.
+func (cli *Client) StopContainer(
+	ctx context.Context, serviceID, containerID string, opts container.StopOptions,
+) error {
+	ctr, err := cli.InspectContainer(ctx, serviceID, containerID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	machine, err := cli.InspectMachine(ctx, ctr.MachineID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("inspect machine '%s': %w", ctr.MachineID, err)
+	}
+	ctx = proxyToMachine(ctx, machine.Machine)
+
+	pw := progress.ContextWriter(ctx)
+	eventID := fmt.Sprintf("Container %s on %s", ctr.Container.NameWithoutSlash(), machine.Machine.Name)
+
+	pw.Event(progress.StoppingEvent(eventID))
+	if err = cli.Docker.StopContainer(ctx, ctr.Container.ID, opts); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pw.Event(progress.StoppedEvent(eventID))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// RemoveContainer removes the specified container within the service.
+func (cli *Client) RemoveContainer(
+	ctx context.Context, serviceID, containerID string, opts container.RemoveOptions,
+) error {
+	ctr, err := cli.InspectContainer(ctx, serviceID, containerID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	machine, err := cli.InspectMachine(ctx, ctr.MachineID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("inspect machine '%s': %w", ctr.MachineID, err)
+	}
+	ctx = proxyToMachine(ctx, machine.Machine)
+
+	pw := progress.ContextWriter(ctx)
+	eventID := fmt.Sprintf("Container %s on %s", ctr.Container.NameWithoutSlash(), machine.Machine.Name)
+
+	pw.Event(progress.RemovingEvent(eventID))
+	if err = cli.Docker.RemoveContainer(ctx, ctr.Container.ID, opts); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pw.Event(progress.RemovedEvent(eventID))
+
+	return nil
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+package client
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/distribution/reference"
+	"strings"
+	"uncloud/internal/api"
+	"uncloud/internal/secret"
+)
+
+// Deployment manages the process of creating or updating a service to match a desired state.
+// It coordinates the validation, planning, and execution of deployment operations.
+type Deployment struct {
+	Service  *api.Service
+	Spec     api.ServiceSpec
+	Strategy Strategy
+	cli      *Client
+	plan     *Plan
+}
+
+type Plan struct {
+	ServiceID string
+	Operation
+}
+
+// NewDeployment creates a new deployment for the given service specification.
+// If strategy is nil, a default RollingStrategy will be used.
+func (cli *Client) NewDeployment(spec api.ServiceSpec, strategy Strategy) (*Deployment, error) {
+	if err := spec.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid service spec: %w", err)
+	}
+	if spec.Name == "" {
+		// Generate a random service name from the image when not provided.
+		img, err := reference.ParseDockerRef(spec.Container.Image)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid image: %w", err)
+		}
+		// Get the image name without the repository and tag/digest parts.
+		imageName := reference.FamiliarName(img)
+		// Get the last part of the image name (path), e.g. "nginx" from "bitnami/nginx".
+		if i := strings.LastIndex(imageName, "/"); i != -1 {
+			imageName = imageName[i+1:]
+		}
+		// Append a random suffix to the image name to generate an optimistically unique service name.
+		suffix, err := secret.RandomAlphaNumeric(4)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("generate random suffix: %w", err)
+		}
+		spec.Name = fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", imageName, suffix)
+	}
+
+	if strategy == nil {
+		strategy = &RollingStrategy{}
+	}
+
+	return &Deployment{
+		Spec:     spec,
+		Strategy: strategy,
+		cli:      cli,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Plan returns a plan of operations to reconcile the service to the desired state.
+// If a plan has already been created, the same plan will be returned.
+func (d *Deployment) Plan(ctx context.Context) (Plan, error) {
+	if d.plan != nil {
+		return *d.plan, nil
+	}
+
+	// Validate the new spec before planning.
+	if err := d.Validate(ctx); err != nil {
+		return Plan{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid deployment: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	plan, err := d.Strategy.Plan(ctx, d.cli, d.Service, d.Spec)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Plan{}, fmt.Errorf("create plan using %T: %w", d.Strategy, err)
+	}
+	d.plan = &plan
+
+	return plan, nil
+}
+
+// Validate checks if the deployment specification is valid.
+func (d *Deployment) Validate(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if err := d.Spec.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid service spec: %w", err)
+	}
+	if d.Spec.Name == "" {
+		return errors.New("service name is required")
+	}
+
+	if d.Service == nil {
+		svc, err := d.cli.InspectService(ctx, d.Spec.Name)
+		if err == nil {
+			d.Service = &svc
+		} else if !errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("inspect service: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	// d.Service is nil if the service doesn't exist yet (first deployment).
+	if d.Service == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if d.Service.Name != d.Spec.Name {
+		return errors.New("service name cannot be changed")
+	}
+	if d.Service.Mode != d.Spec.Mode {
+		return errors.New("service mode cannot be changed")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Run executes the deployment plan and returns the ID of the created or updated service.
+// It will create a new plan if one hasn't been created yet. The deployment will either create a new service or update
+// the existing one to match the desired specification.
+// TODO: forbid to run the same deployment more than once.
+func (d *Deployment) Run(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	plan, err := d.Plan(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("plan: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return plan.ServiceID, plan.Execute(ctx, d.cli)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package client
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
+	"strings"
+	"uncloud/internal/api"
+)
+
+// Operation represents a single atomic operation in a deployment process.
+// Operations can be composed to form complex deployment strategies.
+type Operation interface {
+	Execute(ctx context.Context, cli *Client) error
+	String() string
+}
+
+// RunContainerOperation creates and starts a new container on a specific machine.
+type RunContainerOperation struct {
+	ServiceID string
+	Spec      api.ServiceSpec
+	MachineID string
+}
+
+func (o *RunContainerOperation) Execute(ctx context.Context, cli *Client) error {
+	resp, err := cli.CreateContainer(ctx, o.ServiceID, o.Spec, o.MachineID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create container: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err = cli.StartContainer(ctx, o.ServiceID, resp.ID); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("start container: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// TODO: wait for the container to become healthy
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (o *RunContainerOperation) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("RunContainerOperation[%s, %s, %s]", o.ServiceID, o.Spec.Name, o.MachineID)
+}
+
+// StopContainerOperation stops a container on a specific machine.
+type StopContainerOperation struct {
+	ServiceID   string
+	ContainerID string
+	MachineID   string
+}
+
+func (o *StopContainerOperation) Execute(ctx context.Context, cli *Client) error {
+	if err := cli.StopContainer(ctx, o.ServiceID, o.ContainerID, container.StopOptions{}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("stop container: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (o *StopContainerOperation) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("StopContainerOperation[%s, %s, %s]", o.ServiceID, o.ContainerID, o.MachineID)
+}
+
+// RemoveContainerOperation stops and removes a container from a specific machine.
+type RemoveContainerOperation struct {
+	ServiceID   string
+	ContainerID string
+	MachineID   string
+}
+
+func (o *RemoveContainerOperation) Execute(ctx context.Context, cli *Client) error {
+	if err := cli.StopContainer(ctx, o.ServiceID, o.ContainerID, container.StopOptions{}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("stop container: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := cli.RemoveContainer(ctx, o.ServiceID, o.ContainerID, container.RemoveOptions{}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("remove container: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (o *RemoveContainerOperation) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("RemoveContainerOperation[%s, %s, %s]", o.ServiceID, o.ContainerID, o.MachineID)
+}
+
+// SequenceOperation is a composite operation that executes a sequence of operations in order.
+type SequenceOperation struct {
+	Operations []Operation
+}
+
+func (o *SequenceOperation) Execute(ctx context.Context, cli *Client) error {
+	for _, op := range o.Operations {
+		if err := op.Execute(ctx, cli); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (o *SequenceOperation) String() string {
+	ops := make([]string, len(o.Operations))
+	for i, op := range o.Operations {
+		ops[i] = op.String()
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("SequenceOperation[%s]", strings.Join(ops, ", "))
+}
@@ -8,32 +8,20 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/compose/v2/pkg/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
-	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/jsonmessage"
-	"github.com/docker/go-connections/nat"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
 	"slices"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"uncloud/internal/api"
 	"uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
-	machinedocker "uncloud/internal/machine/docker"
 	"uncloud/internal/secret"
 )

 type RunServiceResponse struct {
-	ID         string
-	Name       string
-	Containers []MachineContainerID
-}
-
-type MachineContainerID struct {
-	MachineID   string
-	ContainerID string
+	ID   string
+	Name string
 }

 func (cli *Client) RunService(ctx context.Context, spec api.ServiceSpec) (RunServiceResponse, error) {
@@ -83,7 +71,21 @@ func (cli *Client) RunService(ctx context.Context, spec api.ServiceSpec) (RunSer
 		case "", api.ServiceModeReplicated:
 			resp, err = cli.runReplicatedService(ctx, serviceID, spec)
 		case api.ServiceModeGlobal:
-			resp, err = cli.runGlobalService(ctx, serviceID, spec)
+			deploy, err := cli.NewDeployment(spec, &RollingStrategy{})
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("create deployment: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			serviceID, err = deploy.Run(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			resp.ID = serviceID
+			// TODO: get the service name from the plan when it's available.
+			resp.Name = spec.Name
+
+			return nil
 		default:
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid mode: %q", spec.Mode)
 		}
@@ -126,16 +128,10 @@ func (cli *Client) runReplicatedService(ctx context.Context, id string, spec api
 		return resp, errors.New("no available machine to run the service")
 	}

-	runResp, err := cli.runContainer(ctx, id, spec, m.Machine)
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err = cli.runContainer(ctx, id, spec, m.Machine); err != nil {
 		return resp, fmt.Errorf("run container: %w", err)
 	}

-	resp.Containers = append(resp.Containers, MachineContainerID{
-		MachineID:   m.Machine.Id,
-		ContainerID: runResp.ID,
-	})
-
 	return resp, nil
 }

@@ -156,265 +152,21 @@ func firstAvailableMachine(machines []*pb.MachineMember) *pb.MachineMember {
 	return nil
 }

-func (cli *Client) runGlobalService(ctx context.Context, id string, spec api.ServiceSpec) (RunServiceResponse, error) {
-	resp := RunServiceResponse{
-		ID:   id,
-		Name: spec.Name,
-	}
-
-	machines, err := cli.ListMachines(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return resp, fmt.Errorf("list machines: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
-	errCh := make(chan error)
-	mu := sync.Mutex{}
-
-	// Run a service container on each available machine.
-	for _, m := range machines {
-		if m.State != pb.MachineMember_UP && m.State != pb.MachineMember_SUSPECT {
-			// TODO: return failed machines in the response.
-			fmt.Printf("WARNING: failed to run a service container on machine '%s' which is Down.\n", m.Machine.Name)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
-
-			runResp, err := cli.runContainer(ctx, id, spec, m.Machine)
-			if err != nil {
-				errCh <- fmt.Errorf("run container on machine '%s': %w", m.Machine.Name, err)
-				return
-			}
-
-			mu.Lock()
-			resp.Containers = append(resp.Containers, MachineContainerID{
-				MachineID:   m.Machine.Id,
-				ContainerID: runResp.ID,
-			})
-			mu.Unlock()
-		}()
-	}
-
-	go func() {
-		wg.Wait()
-		close(errCh)
-	}()
-
-	err = nil
-	for e := range errCh {
-		err = errors.Join(err, e)
-	}
-
-	return resp, err
-}
-
 func (cli *Client) runContainer(
 	ctx context.Context, serviceID string, spec api.ServiceSpec, machine *pb.MachineInfo,
 ) (container.CreateResponse, error) {
-	var resp container.CreateResponse
-
-	// Proxy Docker gRPC requests to the selected machine.
-	machineIP, _ := machine.Network.ManagementIp.ToAddr()
-	md := metadata.Pairs("machines", machineIP.String())
-	ctx = metadata.NewOutgoingContext(ctx, md)
-
-	suffix, err := secret.RandomAlphaNumeric(4)
+	resp, err := cli.CreateContainer(ctx, serviceID, spec, machine.Name)
 	if err != nil {
-		return resp, fmt.Errorf("generate random suffix: %w", err)
-	}
-	containerName := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", spec.Name, suffix)
-
-	config := &container.Config{
-		Cmd:   spec.Container.Command,
-		Image: spec.Container.Image,
-		Labels: map[string]string{
-			api.LabelServiceID:   serviceID,
-			api.LabelServiceName: spec.Name,
-			api.LabelManaged:     "",
-		},
-	}
-	if spec.Mode == api.ServiceModeGlobal {
-		config.Labels[api.LabelServiceMode] = api.ServiceModeGlobal
+		return resp, fmt.Errorf("create container: %w", err)
 	}

-	if len(spec.Ports) > 0 {
-		encodedPorts := make([]string, len(spec.Ports))
-		for i, p := range spec.Ports {
-			encodedPorts[i], err = p.String()
-			if err != nil {
-				return resp, fmt.Errorf("encode service port spec: %w", err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		config.Labels[api.LabelServicePorts] = strings.Join(encodedPorts, ",")
-	}
-
-	portBindings := make(nat.PortMap)
-	for _, p := range spec.Ports {
-		if p.Mode != api.PortModeHost {
-			continue
-		}
-		port := nat.Port(fmt.Sprintf("%d/%s", p.ContainerPort, p.Protocol))
-		portBindings[port] = []nat.PortBinding{
-			{
-				HostPort: strconv.Itoa(int(p.PublishedPort)),
-			},
-		}
-		if p.HostIP.IsValid() {
-			portBindings[port][0].HostIP = p.HostIP.String()
-		}
-	}
-	hostConfig := &container.HostConfig{
-		Binds:        spec.Container.Volumes,
-		Init:         spec.Container.Init,
-		PortBindings: portBindings,
-	}
-	netConfig := &network.NetworkingConfig{
-		EndpointsConfig: map[string]*network.EndpointSettings{
-			machinedocker.NetworkName: {},
-		},
-	}
-
-	pw := progress.ContextWriter(ctx)
-	eventID := fmt.Sprintf("Container %s on %s", containerName, machine.Name)
-
-	pw.Event(progress.CreatingEvent(eventID))
-	resp, err = cli.CreateContainer(ctx, config, hostConfig, netConfig, nil, containerName)
-	if err != nil {
-		if !dockerclient.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return resp, fmt.Errorf("create container: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		// Pull the missing image and create the container again.
-		if err = cli.pullImageWithProgress(ctx, config.Image, machine.Name, eventID); err != nil {
-			return resp, err
-		}
-		if resp, err = cli.CreateContainer(ctx, config, hostConfig, netConfig, nil, containerName); err != nil {
-			return resp, fmt.Errorf("create container: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
-	pw.Event(progress.CreatedEvent(eventID))
-
-	pw.Event(progress.StartingEvent(eventID))
-	if err = cli.StartContainer(ctx, resp.ID, container.StartOptions{}); err != nil {
+	if err = cli.StartContainer(ctx, serviceID, resp.ID); err != nil {
 		return resp, fmt.Errorf("start container: %w", err)
 	}
-	pw.Event(progress.StartedEvent(eventID))

 	return resp, nil
 }

-func (cli *Client) pullImageWithProgress(ctx context.Context, image, machineName, parentEventID string) error {
-	pw := progress.ContextWriter(ctx)
-	eventID := fmt.Sprintf("Image %s on %s", image, machineName)
-	pw.Event(progress.Event{
-		ID:         eventID,
-		ParentID:   parentEventID,
-		Status:     progress.Working,
-		StatusText: "Pulling",
-	})
-
-	pullCh, err := cli.PullImage(ctx, image)
-	if err != nil {
-		pw.Event(progress.Event{
-			ID:         eventID,
-			ParentID:   parentEventID,
-			Text:       "Error",
-			Status:     progress.Error,
-			StatusText: errors.Unwrap(err).Error(),
-		})
-		return fmt.Errorf("pull image: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Wait for pull to complete by reading all progress messages and converting them to events.
-	for msg := range pullCh {
-		if msg.Err != nil {
-			err = msg.Err
-		} else {
-			if msg.Message.Error != nil {
-				err = errors.New(msg.Message.Error.Message)
-			}
-		}
-		if err != nil {
-			pw.Event(progress.Event{
-				ID:         eventID,
-				ParentID:   parentEventID,
-				Text:       "Error",
-				Status:     progress.Error,
-				StatusText: errors.Unwrap(err).Error(),
-			})
-			return fmt.Errorf("pull image: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		// TODO: add like in compose: --quiet-pull Pull without printing progress information
-		e := toPullProgressEvent(msg.Message)
-		if e != nil {
-			e.ID = fmt.Sprintf("%s on %s", e.ID, machineName)
-			e.ParentID = eventID
-			// Grand children events are not printed by the tty progress writer but they are still required
-			// to calculate the progress line of their parent.
-			pw.Event(*e)
-		}
-	}
-	pw.Event(progress.Event{
-		ID:         eventID,
-		ParentID:   parentEventID,
-		Status:     progress.Done,
-		StatusText: "Pulled",
-	})
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// toPullProgressEvent converts a JSON progress message from the Docker API to a progress event.
-// It's based on toPullProgressEvent from Docker Compose.
-func toPullProgressEvent(jm jsonmessage.JSONMessage) *progress.Event {
-	if jm.ID == "" || jm.Progress == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	var (
-		total   int64
-		percent int
-		current int64
-	)
-	text := jm.Progress.String()
-	stat := progress.Working
-
-	switch jm.Status {
-	case "Preparing", "Waiting", "Pulling fs layer":
-		percent = 0
-	case "Downloading", "Extracting", "Verifying Checksum":
-		current = jm.Progress.Current
-		total = jm.Progress.Total
-		if jm.Progress.Total > 0 {
-			percent = int(jm.Progress.Current * 100 / jm.Progress.Total)
-		}
-	case "Download complete", "Already exists", "Pull complete":
-		stat = progress.Done
-		percent = 100
-	}
-
-	if strings.Contains(jm.Status, "Image is up to date") ||
-		strings.Contains(jm.Status, "Downloaded newer image") {
-		stat = progress.Done
-		percent = 100
-	}
-
-	return &progress.Event{
-		ID:         jm.ID,
-		Current:    current,
-		Total:      total,
-		Percent:    percent,
-		Text:       jm.Status,
-		Status:     stat,
-		StatusText: text,
-	}
-}
-
 // InspectService returns detailed information about a service and its containers.
 // The id parameter can be either a service ID or name.
 func (cli *Client) InspectService(ctx context.Context, id string) (api.Service, error) {
@@ -447,7 +199,7 @@ func (cli *Client) InspectService(ctx context.Context, id string) (api.Service,
 			filters.Arg("label", api.LabelManaged),
 		),
 	}
-	machineContainers, err := cli.ListContainers(listCtx, opts)
+	machineContainers, err := cli.Docker.ListContainers(listCtx, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return svc, fmt.Errorf("list containers: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -483,7 +235,7 @@ func (cli *Client) InspectService(ctx context.Context, id string) (api.Service,
 		}

 		for _, c := range mc.Containers {
-			ctr := api.Container{Container: c}
+			ctr := api.Container{ContainerJSON: c}
 			if ctr.ServiceID() == id || ctr.ServiceName() == id {
 				containers = append(containers, api.MachineContainer{
 					MachineID: machineID,
@@ -513,7 +265,7 @@ func (cli *Client) InspectService(ctx context.Context, id string) (api.Service,
 		serviceID := containers[0].Container.ServiceID()
 		for _, mc := range containers[1:] {
 			if mc.Container.ServiceID() != serviceID {
-				return svc, fmt.Errorf("multiple services found with name: %s", id)
+				return svc, fmt.Errorf("multiple services found with name '%s', use the service ID instead", id)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -582,18 +334,15 @@ func (cli *Client) RemoveService(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
 		go func() {
 			defer wg.Done()

-			machineIP, ok := machineManagementIPByID[mc.MachineID]
-			if !ok {
-				errCh <- fmt.Errorf("machine not found by ID: %s", mc.MachineID)
+			err := cli.StopContainer(ctx, svc.ID, mc.Container.ID, container.StopOptions{})
+			if err != nil {
+				errCh <- fmt.Errorf("stop container '%s': %w", mc.Container.ID, err)
 				return
 			}
-			removeCtx := metadata.NewOutgoingContext(ctx, metadata.Pairs("machines", machineIP))
-			// TODO: gracefully stop the container before removing it without force.
-			err := cli.RemoveContainer(removeCtx, mc.Container.ID, container.RemoveOptions{Force: true})
-			if err != nil {
-				if !dockerclient.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-					errCh <- fmt.Errorf("remove container '%s': %w", mc.Container.ID, err)
-				}
+
+			err = cli.RemoveContainer(ctx, svc.ID, mc.Container.ID, container.RemoveOptions{})
+			if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+				errCh <- fmt.Errorf("remove container '%s': %w", mc.Container.ID, err)
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@@ -636,7 +385,7 @@ func (cli *Client) ListServices(ctx context.Context) ([]api.Service, error) {
 			filters.Arg("label", api.LabelManaged),
 		),
 	}
-	machineContainers, err := cli.ListContainers(listCtx, opts)
+	machineContainers, err := cli.Docker.ListContainers(listCtx, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list containers: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -653,7 +402,7 @@ func (cli *Client) ListServices(ctx context.Context) ([]api.Service, error) {
 		}

 		for _, c := range mc.Containers {
-			ctr := api.Container{Container: c}
+			ctr := api.Container{ContainerJSON: c}
 			if _, ok := servicesByID[ctr.ServiceID()]; ok {
 				continue
 			}
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+package client
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"uncloud/internal/api"
+	"uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
+	"uncloud/internal/secret"
+)
+
+// Strategy defines how a service should be deployed or updated. Different implementations can provide various
+// deployment patterns such as rolling updates, blue/green deployments, etc.
+type Strategy interface {
+	// Plan returns the operation to reconcile the service to the desired state.
+	// If the service does not exist (new deployment), svc will be nil.
+	Plan(ctx context.Context, cli *Client, svc *api.Service, spec api.ServiceSpec) (Plan, error)
+}
+
+// RollingStrategy implements a rolling update deployment pattern where containers are updated one at a time
+// to minimize service disruption.
+type RollingStrategy struct{}
+
+func (s *RollingStrategy) Plan(
+	ctx context.Context, cli *Client, svc *api.Service, spec api.ServiceSpec,
+) (Plan, error) {
+	switch spec.Mode {
+	case "", api.ServiceModeReplicated:
+		return s.planReplicated(ctx, cli, svc, spec)
+	case api.ServiceModeGlobal:
+		return s.planGlobal(ctx, cli, svc, spec)
+	default:
+		return Plan{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported service mode: %s", spec.Mode)
+	}
+}
+
+// planReplicated creates a plan for a replicated service deployment.
+func (s *RollingStrategy) planReplicated(
+	ctx context.Context, cli *Client, svc *api.Service, spec api.ServiceSpec,
+) (Plan, error) {
+	return Plan{}, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+// planGlobal creates a plan for a global service deployment, ensuring one container runs on each available machine.
+// For machines with an existing container, it attempts to start a new container before removing the old one if
+// possible. If the new container would have port conflicts with the existing one, the old container is removed first.
+// It handles multiple containers per machine (though this should not occur in normal operation) and skips machines
+// that are down.
+func (s *RollingStrategy) planGlobal(
+	ctx context.Context, cli *Client, svc *api.Service, spec api.ServiceSpec,
+) (Plan, error) {
+	var plan Plan
+	// Map machineID to service containers on that machine. For the global mode, there should be at most one
+	// container per machine but we use a slice to handle multiple containers that may exist due to a bug
+	// or interruption in the previous deployment.
+	containersOnMachine := make(map[string][]api.MachineContainer)
+	if svc != nil {
+		plan.ServiceID = svc.ID
+		for _, c := range svc.Containers {
+			containersOnMachine[c.MachineID] = append(containersOnMachine[c.MachineID], c)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Generate a new service ID for the first service deployment.
+		var err error
+		plan.ServiceID, err = secret.NewID()
+		if err != nil {
+			return plan, fmt.Errorf("generate service ID: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	machines, err := cli.ListMachines(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return plan, fmt.Errorf("list machines: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	seqOp := &SequenceOperation{}
+	// TODO: figure out how to return a warning if there are machines down. Embed the machinesDown in the plan?
+	//  WARNING: failed to run a service container on machine '%s' which is Down.
+	var machinesDown []*pb.MachineInfo
+	for _, m := range machines {
+		// Skip machines that are down but collect them to report a warning later.
+		if m.State == pb.MachineMember_DOWN {
+			machinesDown = append(machinesDown, m.Machine)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		containers := containersOnMachine[m.Machine.Id]
+		ops, err := reconcileGlobalContainer(containers, spec, plan.ServiceID, m.Machine.Id)
+		if err != nil {
+			return plan, err
+		}
+		seqOp.Operations = append(seqOp.Operations, ops...)
+	}
+	plan.Operation = seqOp
+
+	return plan, nil
+}
+
+// reconcileGlobalContainer returns a sequence of operations to reconcile containers on a machine for a global service.
+// It ensures exactly one container with the desired spec is running on the machine by creating a new container and
+// removing old ones. If there is a host port conflict, it stops the old container before starting a new one.
+func reconcileGlobalContainer(
+	containers []api.MachineContainer, spec api.ServiceSpec, serviceID, machineID string,
+) ([]Operation, error) {
+	var ops []Operation
+
+	if len(containers) == 0 {
+		// No containers on this machine, create a new one.
+		ops = append(ops, &RunContainerOperation{
+			ServiceID: serviceID,
+			Spec:      spec,
+			MachineID: machineID,
+		})
+		return ops, nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if there is a container with the same spec already running. If so, remove the rest.
+	upToDate := false
+	for i, c := range containers {
+		if !c.Container.State.Running || c.Container.State.Paused {
+			// Skip containers that are not running.
+			continue
+		}
+
+		svcSpec, err := c.Container.ServiceSpec()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("get service spec: %w", err)
+		}
+		if svcSpec.Equals(spec) {
+			// The container is already running with the same spec.
+			upToDate = true
+			for j, old := range containers {
+				if i == j {
+					continue
+				}
+				ops = append(ops, &RemoveContainerOperation{
+					ServiceID:   serviceID,
+					ContainerID: old.Container.ID,
+					MachineID:   old.MachineID,
+				})
+			}
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if upToDate {
+		return ops, nil
+	}
+
+	// The machine has containers but none of them match the new spec.
+	// Stop the old running containers that have conflicting ports with the new spec before running a new one.
+	for _, c := range containers {
+		if c.Container.State.Running {
+			conflictingPorts, err := c.Container.ConflictingServicePorts(spec.Ports)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("check conflicting ports: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			if len(conflictingPorts) > 0 {
+				// Stop the running container with conflicting ports.
+				ops = append(ops, &StopContainerOperation{
+					ServiceID:   serviceID,
+					ContainerID: c.Container.ID,
+					MachineID:   c.MachineID,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Run a new container.
+	ops = append(ops, &RunContainerOperation{
+		ServiceID: serviceID,
+		Spec:      spec,
+		MachineID: machineID,
+	})
+
+	// Remove the old containers.
+	for _, c := range containers {
+		ops = append(ops, &RemoveContainerOperation{
+			ServiceID:   serviceID,
+			ContainerID: c.Container.ID,
+			MachineID:   c.MachineID,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return ops, nil
+}
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@ const (
 )

 type MachineConnection struct {
-	SSH       SSHDestination `toml:"ssh,omitempty"`
-	TCP       netip.AddrPort `toml:"tcp,omitempty"`
-	Host      string         `toml:"host,omitempty"`
-	PublicKey secret.Secret  `toml:"public_key,omitempty"`
+	SSH        SSHDestination `toml:"ssh,omitempty"`
+	TCP        netip.AddrPort `toml:"tcp,omitempty"`
+	Host       string         `toml:"host,omitempty"`
+	PublicKey  secret.Secret  `toml:"public_key,omitempty"`
+	SSHKeyFile string         `toml:"ssh_key_file,omitempty"`
 }

 // SSHDestination represents an SSH destination string in the canonical form of "user@host:port".
@@ -17,24 +17,36 @@ type RemoteMachine struct {
 	KeyPath string
 }

+func installCmd(user string) string {
+	sudoPrefix := "sudo"
+	// Add the SSH user (non-root) to the uncloud group to allow access to the Uncloud daemon unix socket.
+	env := "UNCLOUD_GROUP_ADD_USER=" + user
+
+	curlBashCmd := fmt.Sprintf(
+		"curl -fsSL %s | %s %s bash", sshexec.Quote(installScriptURL), sudoPrefix, sshexec.Quote(env),
+	)
+
+	if user == "root" {
+		curlBashCmd = fmt.Sprintf(
+			"curl -fsSL %s | bash", sshexec.Quote(installScriptURL),
+		)
+	}
+
+	return curlBashCmd
+}
+
 // provisionMachine provisions the remote machine by downloading the Uncloud install script from GitHub and running it.
 func provisionMachine(ctx context.Context, exec sshexec.Executor) error {
 	user, err := exec.Run(ctx, "whoami")
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("run whoami: %w", err)
 	}
-	sudoPrefix, env := "", ""
-	if user != "root" {
-		sudoPrefix = "sudo"
-		// Add the SSH user (non-root) to the uncloud group to allow access to the Uncloud daemon unix socket.
-		env = "UNCLOUD_GROUP_ADD_USER=" + user
-	}
+
+	installCmd := installCmd(user)

 	fmt.Println("Downloading Uncloud install script:", installScriptURL)
-	curlBashCmd := fmt.Sprintf(
-		"curl -fsSL %s | %s %s bash", sshexec.Quote(installScriptURL), sudoPrefix, sshexec.Quote(env),
-	)
-	cmd := sshexec.QuoteCommand("bash", "-c", "set -o pipefail; "+curlBashCmd)
+
+	cmd := sshexec.QuoteCommand("bash", "-c", "set -o pipefail; "+installCmd)
 	if err = exec.Stream(ctx, cmd, os.Stdout, os.Stderr); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("download and run install script: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package cli
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestInstallCmd(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("root", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cmd := installCmd("root")
+		assert.NotContains(t, cmd, "sudo")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("nonroot", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cmd := installCmd("nonroot")
+		assert.Contains(t, cmd, "sudo")
+	})
+}
@@ -5,8 +5,23 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/user"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 )

+func ExpandHomeDir(path string) string {
+	if len(path) == 0 {
+		return path
+	}
+	if path[0] == '~' {
+		home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
+		if err != nil {
+			return path
+		}
+		return strings.Replace(path, "~", home, 1)
+	}
+	return path
+}
+
 // LookupUIDGID returns the user and group IDs for the given username.
 func LookupUIDGID(username string) (uid, gid int, err error) {
 	usr, err := user.Lookup(username)
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package fs
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestExpandHomeDir(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.Equal(t, "", ExpandHomeDir(""))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("no home", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.Equal(t, "/path", ExpandHomeDir("/path"))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("home", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv("HOME", "/home/user")
+		assert.Equal(t, "/home/user/path", ExpandHomeDir("~/path"))
+	})
+}
@@ -152,6 +152,101 @@ func (x *CreateContainerResponse) GetResponse() []byte {
 	return nil
 }

+type InspectContainerRequest struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *InspectContainerRequest) Reset() {
+	*x = InspectContainerRequest{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *InspectContainerRequest) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*InspectContainerRequest) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *InspectContainerRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use InspectContainerRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*InspectContainerRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+}
+
+func (x *InspectContainerRequest) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type InspectContainerResponse struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	// JSON serialized container.InspectResponse.
+	Response []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=response,proto3" json:"response,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *InspectContainerResponse) Reset() {
+	*x = InspectContainerResponse{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *InspectContainerResponse) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*InspectContainerResponse) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *InspectContainerResponse) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use InspectContainerResponse.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*InspectContainerResponse) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+}
+
+func (x *InspectContainerResponse) GetResponse() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Response
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type StartContainerRequest struct {
 	state         protoimpl.MessageState
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
@@ -165,7 +260,7 @@ type StartContainerRequest struct {
 func (x *StartContainerRequest) Reset() {
 	*x = StartContainerRequest{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[4]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -178,7 +273,7 @@ func (x *StartContainerRequest) String() string {
 func (*StartContainerRequest) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *StartContainerRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[4]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -191,7 +286,7 @@ func (x *StartContainerRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use StartContainerRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*StartContainerRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
 }

 func (x *StartContainerRequest) GetId() string {
@@ -208,6 +303,62 @@ func (x *StartContainerRequest) GetOptions() []byte {
 	return nil
 }

+type StopContainerRequest struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+	// JSON serialized container.StopOptions.
+	Options []byte `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=options,proto3" json:"options,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *StopContainerRequest) Reset() {
+	*x = StopContainerRequest{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[5]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *StopContainerRequest) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*StopContainerRequest) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *StopContainerRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[5]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use StopContainerRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*StopContainerRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{5}
+}
+
+func (x *StopContainerRequest) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *StopContainerRequest) GetOptions() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Options
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type ListContainersRequest struct {
 	state         protoimpl.MessageState
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
@@ -220,7 +371,7 @@ type ListContainersRequest struct {
 func (x *ListContainersRequest) Reset() {
 	*x = ListContainersRequest{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[6]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -233,7 +384,7 @@ func (x *ListContainersRequest) String() string {
 func (*ListContainersRequest) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *ListContainersRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[6]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -246,7 +397,7 @@ func (x *ListContainersRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use ListContainersRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*ListContainersRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{6}
 }

 func (x *ListContainersRequest) GetOptions() []byte {
@@ -268,7 +419,7 @@ type ListContainersResponse struct {
 func (x *ListContainersResponse) Reset() {
 	*x = ListContainersResponse{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[4]
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[7]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -281,7 +432,7 @@ func (x *ListContainersResponse) String() string {
 func (*ListContainersResponse) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *ListContainersResponse) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[4]
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[7]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -294,7 +445,7 @@ func (x *ListContainersResponse) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use ListContainersResponse.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*ListContainersResponse) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{7}
 }

 func (x *ListContainersResponse) GetMessages() []*MachineContainers {
@@ -310,14 +461,14 @@ type MachineContainers struct {
 	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields

 	Metadata *Metadata `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=metadata,proto3" json:"metadata,omitempty"`
-	// JSON serialized []container.Summary.
+	// JSON serialized []container.ContainerJSON.
 	Containers []byte `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=containers,proto3" json:"containers,omitempty"`
 }

 func (x *MachineContainers) Reset() {
 	*x = MachineContainers{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[5]
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[8]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -330,7 +481,7 @@ func (x *MachineContainers) String() string {
 func (*MachineContainers) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *MachineContainers) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[5]
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[8]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -343,7 +494,7 @@ func (x *MachineContainers) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use MachineContainers.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*MachineContainers) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{5}
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{8}
 }

 func (x *MachineContainers) GetMetadata() *Metadata {
@@ -373,7 +524,7 @@ type RemoveContainerRequest struct {
 func (x *RemoveContainerRequest) Reset() {
 	*x = RemoveContainerRequest{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[6]
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[9]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -386,7 +537,7 @@ func (x *RemoveContainerRequest) String() string {
 func (*RemoveContainerRequest) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *RemoveContainerRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[6]
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[9]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -399,7 +550,7 @@ func (x *RemoveContainerRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use RemoveContainerRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RemoveContainerRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{6}
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{9}
 }

 func (x *RemoveContainerRequest) GetId() string {
@@ -429,7 +580,7 @@ type PullImageRequest struct {
 func (x *PullImageRequest) Reset() {
 	*x = PullImageRequest{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[7]
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[10]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -442,7 +593,7 @@ func (x *PullImageRequest) String() string {
 func (*PullImageRequest) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *PullImageRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[7]
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[10]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -455,7 +606,7 @@ func (x *PullImageRequest) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use PullImageRequest.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*PullImageRequest) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{7}
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{10}
 }

 func (x *PullImageRequest) GetImage() string {
@@ -484,7 +635,7 @@ type JSONMessage struct {
 func (x *JSONMessage) Reset() {
 	*x = JSONMessage{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[8]
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[11]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -497,7 +648,7 @@ func (x *JSONMessage) String() string {
 func (*JSONMessage) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *JSONMessage) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[8]
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[11]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -510,7 +661,7 @@ func (x *JSONMessage) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use JSONMessage.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*JSONMessage) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{8}
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{11}
 }

 func (x *JSONMessage) GetMessage() []byte {
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+	0x70, 0x62, 0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
 }

 var (
@@ -614,35 +785,42 @@ func file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
 	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDescData
 }

-var file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 9)
+var file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 12)
 var file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_goTypes = []any{
-	(*CreateContainerRequest)(nil),  // 0: api.CreateContainerRequest
-	(*CreateContainerResponse)(nil), // 1: api.CreateContainerResponse
-	(*StartContainerRequest)(nil),   // 2: api.StartContainerRequest
-	(*ListContainersRequest)(nil),   // 3: api.ListContainersRequest
-	(*ListContainersResponse)(nil),  // 4: api.ListContainersResponse
-	(*MachineContainers)(nil),       // 5: api.MachineContainers
-	(*RemoveContainerRequest)(nil),  // 6: api.RemoveContainerRequest
-	(*PullImageRequest)(nil),        // 7: api.PullImageRequest
-	(*JSONMessage)(nil),             // 8: api.JSONMessage
-	(*Metadata)(nil),                // 9: api.Metadata
-	(*emptypb.Empty)(nil),           // 10: google.protobuf.Empty
+	(*CreateContainerRequest)(nil),   // 0: api.CreateContainerRequest
+	(*CreateContainerResponse)(nil),  // 1: api.CreateContainerResponse
+	(*InspectContainerRequest)(nil),  // 2: api.InspectContainerRequest
+	(*InspectContainerResponse)(nil), // 3: api.InspectContainerResponse
+	(*StartContainerRequest)(nil),    // 4: api.StartContainerRequest
+	(*StopContainerRequest)(nil),     // 5: api.StopContainerRequest
+	(*ListContainersRequest)(nil),    // 6: api.ListContainersRequest
+	(*ListContainersResponse)(nil),   // 7: api.ListContainersResponse
+	(*MachineContainers)(nil),        // 8: api.MachineContainers
+	(*RemoveContainerRequest)(nil),   // 9: api.RemoveContainerRequest
+	(*PullImageRequest)(nil),         // 10: api.PullImageRequest
+	(*JSONMessage)(nil),              // 11: api.JSONMessage
+	(*Metadata)(nil),                 // 12: api.Metadata
+	(*emptypb.Empty)(nil),            // 13: google.protobuf.Empty
 }
 var file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
-	5,  // 0: api.ListContainersResponse.messages:type_name -> api.MachineContainers
-	9,  // 1: api.MachineContainers.metadata:type_name -> api.Metadata
+	8,  // 0: api.ListContainersResponse.messages:type_name -> api.MachineContainers
+	12, // 1: api.MachineContainers.metadata:type_name -> api.Metadata
 	0,  // 2: api.Docker.CreateContainer:input_type -> api.CreateContainerRequest
-	2,  // 3: api.Docker.StartContainer:input_type -> api.StartContainerRequest
-	3,  // 4: api.Docker.ListContainers:input_type -> api.ListContainersRequest
-	6,  // 5: api.Docker.RemoveContainer:input_type -> api.RemoveContainerRequest
-	7,  // 6: api.Docker.PullImage:input_type -> api.PullImageRequest
-	1,  // 7: api.Docker.CreateContainer:output_type -> api.CreateContainerResponse
-	10, // 8: api.Docker.StartContainer:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
-	4,  // 9: api.Docker.ListContainers:output_type -> api.ListContainersResponse
-	10, // 10: api.Docker.RemoveContainer:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
-	8,  // 11: api.Docker.PullImage:output_type -> api.JSONMessage
-	7,  // [7:12] is the sub-list for method output_type
-	2,  // [2:7] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	2,  // 3: api.Docker.InspectContainer:input_type -> api.InspectContainerRequest
+	4,  // 4: api.Docker.StartContainer:input_type -> api.StartContainerRequest
+	5,  // 5: api.Docker.StopContainer:input_type -> api.StopContainerRequest
+	6,  // 6: api.Docker.ListContainers:input_type -> api.ListContainersRequest
+	9,  // 7: api.Docker.RemoveContainer:input_type -> api.RemoveContainerRequest
+	10, // 8: api.Docker.PullImage:input_type -> api.PullImageRequest
+	1,  // 9: api.Docker.CreateContainer:output_type -> api.CreateContainerResponse
+	3,  // 10: api.Docker.InspectContainer:output_type -> api.InspectContainerResponse
+	13, // 11: api.Docker.StartContainer:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	13, // 12: api.Docker.StopContainer:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	7,  // 13: api.Docker.ListContainers:output_type -> api.ListContainersResponse
+	13, // 14: api.Docker.RemoveContainer:output_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	11, // 15: api.Docker.PullImage:output_type -> api.JSONMessage
+	9,  // [9:16] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	2,  // [2:9] is the sub-list for method input_type
 	2,  // [2:2] is the sub-list for extension type_name
 	2,  // [2:2] is the sub-list for extension extendee
 	0,  // [0:2] is the sub-list for field type_name
@@ -680,7 +858,7 @@ func file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
-			switch v := v.(*StartContainerRequest); i {
+			switch v := v.(*InspectContainerRequest); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -692,7 +870,7 @@ func file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
-			switch v := v.(*ListContainersRequest); i {
+			switch v := v.(*InspectContainerResponse); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -704,7 +882,7 @@ func file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
-			switch v := v.(*ListContainersResponse); i {
+			switch v := v.(*StartContainerRequest); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -716,7 +894,7 @@ func file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[5].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
-			switch v := v.(*MachineContainers); i {
+			switch v := v.(*StopContainerRequest); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -728,7 +906,7 @@ func file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[6].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
-			switch v := v.(*RemoveContainerRequest); i {
+			switch v := v.(*ListContainersRequest); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -740,7 +918,7 @@ func file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[7].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
-			switch v := v.(*PullImageRequest); i {
+			switch v := v.(*ListContainersResponse); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -752,6 +930,42 @@ func file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[8].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
+			switch v := v.(*MachineContainers); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[9].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
+			switch v := v.(*RemoveContainerRequest); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[10].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
+			switch v := v.(*PullImageRequest); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_msgTypes[11].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*JSONMessage); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -770,7 +984,7 @@ func file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_init() {
 			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
 			RawDescriptor: file_internal_machine_api_pb_docker_proto_rawDesc,
 			NumEnums:      0,
-			NumMessages:   9,
+			NumMessages:   12,
 			NumExtensions: 0,
 			NumServices:   1,
 		},
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ import "internal/machine/api/pb/common.proto";

 service Docker {
  rpc CreateContainer(CreateContainerRequest) returns (CreateContainerResponse);
+  rpc InspectContainer(InspectContainerRequest) returns (InspectContainerResponse);
  rpc StartContainer(StartContainerRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+  rpc StopContainer(StopContainerRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
  rpc ListContainers(ListContainersRequest) returns (ListContainersResponse);
  rpc RemoveContainer(RemoveContainerRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
  rpc PullImage(PullImageRequest) returns (stream JSONMessage);
@@ -32,12 +34,27 @@ message CreateContainerResponse {
  bytes response = 1;
 }

+message InspectContainerRequest {
+  string id = 1;
+}
+
+message InspectContainerResponse {
+  // JSON serialized container.InspectResponse.
+  bytes response = 1;
+}
+
 message StartContainerRequest {
  string id = 1;
  // JSON serialized container.StartOptions.
  bytes options = 2;
 }

+message StopContainerRequest {
+  string id = 1;
+  // JSON serialized container.StopOptions.
+  bytes options = 2;
+}
+
 message ListContainersRequest {
  // JSON serialized container.ListOptions.
  bytes options = 1;
@@ -50,7 +67,7 @@ message ListContainersResponse {

 message MachineContainers {
  Metadata metadata = 1;
-  // JSON serialized []container.Summary.
+  // JSON serialized []container.ContainerJSON.
  bytes containers = 2;
 }

@@ -20,11 +20,13 @@ import (
 const _ = grpc.SupportPackageIsVersion9

 const (
-	Docker_CreateContainer_FullMethodName = "/api.Docker/CreateContainer"
-	Docker_StartContainer_FullMethodName  = "/api.Docker/StartContainer"
-	Docker_ListContainers_FullMethodName  = "/api.Docker/ListContainers"
-	Docker_RemoveContainer_FullMethodName = "/api.Docker/RemoveContainer"
-	Docker_PullImage_FullMethodName       = "/api.Docker/PullImage"
+	Docker_CreateContainer_FullMethodName  = "/api.Docker/CreateContainer"
+	Docker_InspectContainer_FullMethodName = "/api.Docker/InspectContainer"
+	Docker_StartContainer_FullMethodName   = "/api.Docker/StartContainer"
+	Docker_StopContainer_FullMethodName    = "/api.Docker/StopContainer"
+	Docker_ListContainers_FullMethodName   = "/api.Docker/ListContainers"
+	Docker_RemoveContainer_FullMethodName  = "/api.Docker/RemoveContainer"
+	Docker_PullImage_FullMethodName        = "/api.Docker/PullImage"
 )

 // DockerClient is the client API for Docker service.
@@ -32,7 +34,9 @@ const (
 // For semantics around ctx use and closing/ending streaming RPCs, please refer to https://pkg.go.dev/google.golang.org/grpc/?tab=doc#ClientConn.NewStream.
 type DockerClient interface {
 	CreateContainer(ctx context.Context, in *CreateContainerRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*CreateContainerResponse, error)
+	InspectContainer(ctx context.Context, in *InspectContainerRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*InspectContainerResponse, error)
 	StartContainer(ctx context.Context, in *StartContainerRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
+	StopContainer(ctx context.Context, in *StopContainerRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	ListContainers(ctx context.Context, in *ListContainersRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ListContainersResponse, error)
 	RemoveContainer(ctx context.Context, in *RemoveContainerRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	PullImage(ctx context.Context, in *PullImageRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[JSONMessage], error)
@@ -56,6 +60,16 @@ func (c *dockerClient) CreateContainer(ctx context.Context, in *CreateContainerR
 	return out, nil
 }

+func (c *dockerClient) InspectContainer(ctx context.Context, in *InspectContainerRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*InspectContainerResponse, error) {
+	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
+	out := new(InspectContainerResponse)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, Docker_InspectContainer_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
 func (c *dockerClient) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, in *StartContainerRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
 	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
 	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
@@ -66,6 +80,16 @@ func (c *dockerClient) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, in *StartContainerReq
 	return out, nil
 }

+func (c *dockerClient) StopContainer(ctx context.Context, in *StopContainerRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
+	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
+	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, Docker_StopContainer_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
 func (c *dockerClient) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, in *ListContainersRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ListContainersResponse, error) {
 	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
 	out := new(ListContainersResponse)
@@ -110,7 +134,9 @@ type Docker_PullImageClient = grpc.ServerStreamingClient[JSONMessage]
 // for forward compatibility.
 type DockerServer interface {
 	CreateContainer(context.Context, *CreateContainerRequest) (*CreateContainerResponse, error)
+	InspectContainer(context.Context, *InspectContainerRequest) (*InspectContainerResponse, error)
 	StartContainer(context.Context, *StartContainerRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
+	StopContainer(context.Context, *StopContainerRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	ListContainers(context.Context, *ListContainersRequest) (*ListContainersResponse, error)
 	RemoveContainer(context.Context, *RemoveContainerRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
 	PullImage(*PullImageRequest, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[JSONMessage]) error
@@ -127,9 +153,15 @@ type UnimplementedDockerServer struct{}
 func (UnimplementedDockerServer) CreateContainer(context.Context, *CreateContainerRequest) (*CreateContainerResponse, error) {
 	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method CreateContainer not implemented")
 }
+func (UnimplementedDockerServer) InspectContainer(context.Context, *InspectContainerRequest) (*InspectContainerResponse, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method InspectContainer not implemented")
+}
 func (UnimplementedDockerServer) StartContainer(context.Context, *StartContainerRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
 	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method StartContainer not implemented")
 }
+func (UnimplementedDockerServer) StopContainer(context.Context, *StopContainerRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method StopContainer not implemented")
+}
 func (UnimplementedDockerServer) ListContainers(context.Context, *ListContainersRequest) (*ListContainersResponse, error) {
 	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ListContainers not implemented")
 }
@@ -178,6 +210,24 @@ func _Docker_CreateContainer_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec f
 	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
 }

+func _Docker_InspectContainer_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(InspectContainerRequest)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(DockerServer).InspectContainer(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: Docker_InspectContainer_FullMethodName,
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(DockerServer).InspectContainer(ctx, req.(*InspectContainerRequest))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
 func _Docker_StartContainer_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
 	in := new(StartContainerRequest)
 	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
@@ -196,6 +246,24 @@ func _Docker_StartContainer_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec fu
 	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
 }

+func _Docker_StopContainer_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(StopContainerRequest)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(DockerServer).StopContainer(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: Docker_StopContainer_FullMethodName,
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(DockerServer).StopContainer(ctx, req.(*StopContainerRequest))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
 func _Docker_ListContainers_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
 	in := new(ListContainersRequest)
 	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
@@ -254,10 +322,18 @@ var Docker_ServiceDesc = grpc.ServiceDesc{
 			MethodName: "CreateContainer",
 			Handler:    _Docker_CreateContainer_Handler,
 		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "InspectContainer",
+			Handler:    _Docker_InspectContainer_Handler,
+		},
 		{
 			MethodName: "StartContainer",
 			Handler:    _Docker_StartContainer_Handler,
 		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "StopContainer",
+			Handler:    _Docker_StopContainer_Handler,
+		},
 		{
 			MethodName: "ListContainers",
 			Handler:    _Docker_ListContainers_Handler,
@@ -89,18 +89,18 @@ func (c *Controller) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 	}
 }

-// filterAvailableContainers filters out containers that are likely unavailable from this machine. The availability
+// filterAvailableContainers filters out containers from this machine that are likely unavailable. The availability
 // is determined by the cluster membership state of the machine that the container is running on.
 // TODO: implement machine membership check using Corrossion Admin client.
-func (c *Controller) filterAvailableContainers(containerRecords []*store.ContainerRecord) ([]*api.Container, error) {
-	containers := make([]*api.Container, len(containerRecords))
+func (c *Controller) filterAvailableContainers(containerRecords []store.ContainerRecord) ([]api.Container, error) {
+	containers := make([]api.Container, len(containerRecords))
 	for i, cr := range containerRecords {
 		containers[i] = cr.Container
 	}
 	return containers, nil
 }

-func (c *Controller) generateConfig(containers []*api.Container) error {
+func (c *Controller) generateConfig(containers []api.Container) error {
 	// Maps hostnames to lists of upstreams (container IP:port pairs).
 	httpHostUpstreams := make(map[string][]string)
 	httpsHostUpstreams := make(map[string][]string)
@@ -210,9 +210,13 @@ func (c *Cluster) ListMachines(ctx context.Context, _ *emptypb.Empty) (*pb.ListM
 		state := pb.MachineMember_DOWN
 		addr, _ := m.Network.ManagementIp.ToAddr()
 		for _, s := range states {
-			if s.Addr.Addr().Compare(addr) == 0 &&
-				(s.State == corrosion.MembershipStateAlive || s.State == corrosion.MembershipStateSuspect) {
-				state = pb.MachineMember_UP
+			if s.Addr.Addr().Compare(addr) == 0 {
+				switch s.State {
+				case corrosion.MembershipStateAlive:
+					state = pb.MachineMember_UP
+				case corrosion.MembershipStateSuspect:
+					state = pb.MachineMember_SUSPECT
+				}
 				break
 			}
 		}
@@ -86,6 +86,26 @@ func (c *Client) CreateContainer(
 	return resp, nil
 }

+// InspectContainer returns the container information for the given container ID.
+func (c *Client) InspectContainer(ctx context.Context, id string) (types.ContainerJSON, error) {
+	var resp types.ContainerJSON
+
+	grpcResp, err := c.grpcClient.InspectContainer(ctx, &pb.InspectContainerRequest{Id: id})
+	if err != nil {
+		if s, ok := status.FromError(err); ok {
+			if s.Code() == codes.NotFound {
+				return resp, errdefs.NotFound(err)
+			}
+		}
+		return resp, err
+	}
+
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(grpcResp.Response, &resp); err != nil {
+		return resp, fmt.Errorf("unmarshal gRPC response: %w", err)
+	}
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
 // StartContainer starts a container with the given ID and options.
 func (c *Client) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, id string, opts container.StartOptions) error {
 	optsBytes, err := json.Marshal(opts)
@@ -107,9 +127,30 @@ func (c *Client) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, id string, opts container.S
 	return err
 }

+// StopContainer stops a container with the given ID and options.
+func (c *Client) StopContainer(ctx context.Context, id string, opts container.StopOptions) error {
+	optsBytes, err := json.Marshal(opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = c.grpcClient.StopContainer(ctx, &pb.StopContainerRequest{
+		Id:      id,
+		Options: optsBytes,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		if s, ok := status.FromError(err); ok {
+			if s.Code() == codes.NotFound {
+				return errdefs.NotFound(err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
 type MachineContainers struct {
 	Metadata   *pb.Metadata
-	Containers []types.Container
+	Containers []types.ContainerJSON
 }

 func (c *Client) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, opts container.ListOptions) ([]MachineContainers, error) {
@@ -149,8 +149,9 @@ func (m *Manager) syncContainersToStore(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("list containers from store: %w", err)
 	}
+
 	// List only Uncloud service containers identified by their labels.
-	containers, err := m.client.ContainerList(ctx, dockercontainer.ListOptions{
+	containerSummaries, err := m.client.ContainerList(ctx, dockercontainer.ListOptions{
 		Filters: filters.NewArgs(
 			filters.Arg("label", api.LabelServiceID),
 			filters.Arg("label", api.LabelServiceName),
@@ -161,11 +162,21 @@ func (m *Manager) syncContainersToStore(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("list Docker containers: %w", err)
 	}

-	// Delete containers that are not present in the Docker daemon from the store.
+	// Inspect each container to get the full container details.
+	containers := make([]api.Container, len(containerSummaries))
+	for i, cs := range containerSummaries {
+		ctr, err := m.client.ContainerInspect(ctx, cs.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("inspect container '%s': %w", cs.ID, err)
+		}
+		containers[i] = api.Container{ContainerJSON: ctr}
+	}
+
+	// Delete containers from the store that are no longer present in the Docker daemon.
 	var deleteIDs []string
 	for _, sc := range storeContainers {
 		found := false
-		for i, _ := range containers {
+		for i := range containers {
 			if containers[i].ID == sc.Container.ID {
 				found = true
 				break
@@ -184,8 +195,7 @@ func (m *Manager) syncContainersToStore(ctx context.Context) error {
 	}

 	// Create or update the current Docker containers in the store.
-	for _, dc := range containers {
-		c := &api.Container{Container: dc}
+	for _, c := range containers {
 		if err = m.store.CreateOrUpdateContainer(ctx, c, m.machineID); err != nil {
 			storeErr = errors.Join(storeErr, fmt.Errorf("create or update container %q: %w", c.ID, err))
 		}
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ import (
 )

 // EnsureUncloudNetwork is a stub for darwin.
-func (d *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix) error {
+func (m *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("not supported on darwin")
 }
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ import (
 // EnsureUncloudNetwork creates the Docker bridge network NetworkName with the provided machine subnet
 // if it doesn't exist. If the network exists but has a different subnet, it removes and recreates the network.
 // It also configures iptables to allow container access from the WireGuard network.
-func (d *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix) error {
+func (m *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix) error {
 	// Ensure the Docker network 'uncloud' is created with the correct subnet.
 	needsCreation := false
-	nw, err := d.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{})
+	nw, err := m.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{})
 	if err != nil {
 		if !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("inspect Docker network %q: %w", NetworkName, err)
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func (d *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix)
 		slog.Info(
 			"Removing Docker network with old subnet.", "name", NetworkName, "subnet", nw.IPAM.Config[0].Subnet,
 		)
-		if err = d.client.NetworkRemove(ctx, NetworkName); err != nil {
+		if err = m.client.NetworkRemove(ctx, NetworkName); err != nil {
 			// It can still fail if the network is in use by a container. Leave it to the user to resolve the issue.
 			return fmt.Errorf("remove Docker network %q: %w", NetworkName, err)
 		}
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func (d *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix)
 	}

 	if needsCreation {
-		if _, err = d.client.NetworkCreate(
+		if _, err = m.client.NetworkCreate(
 			ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.CreateOptions{
 				Driver: "bridge",
 				Scope:  "local",
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func (d *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix)
 		}
 		slog.Info("Docker network created.", "name", NetworkName, "subnet", subnet.String())

-		if nw, err = d.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{}); err != nil {
+		if nw, err = m.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{}); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("inspect Docker network %q: %w", NetworkName, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/image"
@@ -53,9 +54,9 @@ func (s *Server) CreateContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.CreateContainerReq
 	resp, err := s.client.ContainerCreate(ctx, &config, &hostConfig, &networkConfig, &platform, req.Name)
 	if err != nil {
 		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, "create container: %v", err)
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "create container: %v", err)
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}

 	respBytes, err := json.Marshal(resp)
@@ -66,6 +67,24 @@ func (s *Server) CreateContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.CreateContainerReq
 	return &pb.CreateContainerResponse{Response: respBytes}, nil
 }

+// InspectContainer returns the container information for the given container ID.
+func (s *Server) InspectContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.InspectContainerRequest) (*pb.InspectContainerResponse, error) {
+	resp, err := s.client.ContainerInspect(ctx, req.Id)
+	if err != nil {
+		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		}
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+	}
+
+	respBytes, err := json.Marshal(resp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "marshal response: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return &pb.InspectContainerResponse{Response: respBytes}, nil
+}
+
 // StartContainer starts a container with the given ID and options.
 func (s *Server) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.StartContainerRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
 	var opts container.StartOptions
@@ -77,9 +96,28 @@ func (s *Server) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.StartContainerReque

 	if err := s.client.ContainerStart(ctx, req.Id, opts); err != nil {
 		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, "start container: %v", err)
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "start container: %v", err)
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+	}
+
+	return &emptypb.Empty{}, nil
+}
+
+// StopContainer stops a container with the given ID and options.
+func (s *Server) StopContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.StopContainerRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
+	var opts container.StopOptions
+	if len(req.Options) > 0 {
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(req.Options, &opts); err != nil {
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "unmarshal options: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := s.client.ContainerStop(ctx, req.Id, opts); err != nil {
+		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		}
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}

 	return &emptypb.Empty{}, nil
@@ -107,9 +145,17 @@ func (s *Server) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListContainersReque
 		}
 	}

-	containers, err := s.client.ContainerList(ctx, opts)
+	containerSummaries, err := s.client.ContainerList(ctx, opts)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "list container: %v", err)
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+	}
+	containers := make([]types.ContainerJSON, len(containerSummaries))
+	for i, cs := range containerSummaries {
+		c, err := s.client.ContainerInspect(ctx, cs.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "inspect container %s: %v", cs.ID, err)
+		}
+		containers[i] = c
 	}

 	containersBytes, err := json.Marshal(containers)
@@ -137,9 +183,9 @@ func (s *Server) RemoveContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.RemoveContainerReq

 	if err := s.client.ContainerRemove(ctx, req.Id, opts); err != nil {
 		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, "remove container: %v", err)
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "remove container: %v", err)
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}

 	return &emptypb.Empty{}, nil
@@ -158,7 +204,7 @@ func (s *Server) PullImage(req *pb.PullImageRequest, stream grpc.ServerStreaming

 	respBody, err := s.client.ImagePull(ctx, req.Image, opts)
 	if err != nil {
-		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "pull image: %v", err)
+		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 	defer respBody.Close()

@@ -189,7 +235,7 @@ func (s *Server) PullImage(req *pb.PullImageRequest, stream grpc.ServerStreaming
 		case err = <-errCh:
 			return err
 		case <-ctx.Done():
-			return status.Errorf(codes.Canceled, "pull image: %v", ctx.Err())
+			return status.Errorf(codes.Canceled, ctx.Err().Error())
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ const (
 )

 type ContainerRecord struct {
-	Container  *api.Container
+	Container  api.Container
 	MachineID  string
 	SyncStatus string
 	UpdatedAt  time.Time
@@ -47,8 +47,11 @@ type DeleteOptions struct {

 // CreateOrUpdateContainer creates a new container record or updates an existing one in the store database.
 // The container is associated with the given machine ID that indicates which machine the container is running on.
-func (s *Store) CreateOrUpdateContainer(ctx context.Context, c *api.Container, machineID string) error {
-	cJSON, err := json.Marshal(c)
+func (s *Store) CreateOrUpdateContainer(ctx context.Context, ctr api.Container, machineID string) error {
+	// Remove the environment variables from the container record before storing it in the database
+	// to avoid leaking secrets.
+	ctr.Config.Env = nil
+	cJSON, err := json.Marshal(ctr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("marshal container: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -63,19 +66,19 @@ func (s *Store) CreateOrUpdateContainer(ctx context.Context, c *api.Container, m
 									   updated_at  = excluded.updated_at
 		WHERE containers.container != excluded.container
 		  OR containers.machine_id != excluded.machine_id`,
-		c.ID, string(cJSON), machineID, SyncStatusSynced)
+		ctr.ID, string(cJSON), machineID, SyncStatusSynced)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("upsert query: %w", err)
 	}
 	if res.RowsAffected > 0 {
-		slog.Debug("Container record updated in store DB.", "id", c.ID, "machine_id", machineID)
+		slog.Debug("Container record updated in store DB.", "id", ctr.ID, "machine_id", machineID)
 	}

 	return nil
 }

 // ListContainers returns a list of container records from the store database that match the given options.
-func (s *Store) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, opts ListOptions) ([]*ContainerRecord, error) {
+func (s *Store) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, opts ListOptions) ([]ContainerRecord, error) {
 	q := sq.Select("container", "machine_id", "sync_status", "updated_at").From("containers").
 		Where(sq.Eq{"sync_status": SyncStatusSynced})

@@ -105,7 +108,7 @@ func (s *Store) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, opts ListOptions) ([]*Contai
 	}
 	defer rows.Close()

-	var containers []*ContainerRecord
+	var containers []ContainerRecord
 	var cJSON, machineID, syncStatus, updatedAtStr string
 	var updatedAt time.Time

@@ -121,8 +124,8 @@ func (s *Store) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, opts ListOptions) ([]*Contai
 		if updatedAt, err = time.Parse(time.DateTime, updatedAtStr); err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse updated_at: %w", err)
 		}
-		containers = append(containers, &ContainerRecord{
-			Container:  &c,
+		containers = append(containers, ContainerRecord{
+			Container:  c,
 			MachineID:  machineID,
 			SyncStatus: syncStatus,
 			UpdatedAt:  updatedAt,
@@ -158,7 +161,7 @@ func (s *Store) DeleteContainers(ctx context.Context, opts DeleteOptions) error

 // SubscribeContainers returns a list of containers and a channel that signals changes to the list. The channel doesn't
 // receive any values, it just signals when a container(s) has been added, updated, or deleted in the database.
-func (s *Store) SubscribeContainers(ctx context.Context) ([]*ContainerRecord, <-chan struct{}, error) {
+func (s *Store) SubscribeContainers(ctx context.Context) ([]ContainerRecord, <-chan struct{}, error) {
 	// TODO: figure out whether we need sync_status at all.
 	q := sq.Select("container", "machine_id", "sync_status", "updated_at").From("containers").
 		Where(sq.Eq{"sync_status": SyncStatusSynced})
@@ -172,7 +175,7 @@ func (s *Store) SubscribeContainers(ctx context.Context) ([]*ContainerRecord, <-
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}

-	var containers []*ContainerRecord
+	var containers []ContainerRecord
 	var cJSON, updatedAtStr string

 	rows := sub.Rows()
@@ -188,7 +191,7 @@ func (s *Store) SubscribeContainers(ctx context.Context) ([]*ContainerRecord, <-
 		if cr.UpdatedAt, err = time.Parse(time.DateTime, updatedAtStr); err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("parse updated_at: %w", err)
 		}
-		containers = append(containers, &cr)
+		containers = append(containers, cr)
 	}
 	events, err := sub.Changes()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ CREATE TABLE containers
    -- container is a JSON-serialized api.Container struct.
    container    TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}' CHECK (json_valid(container)),
    machine_id   TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
-    service_id   TEXT AS (json_extract(container, '$.Labels."uncloud.service.id"')),
-    service_name TEXT AS (json_extract(container, '$.Labels."uncloud.service.name"')),
+    service_id   TEXT AS (json_extract(container, '$.Config.Labels."uncloud.service.id"')),
+    service_name TEXT AS (json_extract(container, '$.Config.Labels."uncloud.service.name"')),
    -- sync_status indicates if the record reflects the actual Docker state of the container.
    sync_status  TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
    -- updated_at is the last time the record was updated.
@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@ package sshexec

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/agent"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/agent"
 )

 func Connect(user, host string, port int, sshKeyPath string) (*ssh.Client, error) {
@@ -34,6 +35,9 @@ func Connect(user, host string, port int, sshKeyPath string) (*ssh.Client, error
 	}

 	keyAuth, err := privateKeyAuth(sshKeyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	config := &ssh.ClientConfig{
 		User:            user,
 		Auth:            []ssh.AuthMethod{keyAuth},
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ install_uncloud_binaries() {
        error "Failed to download uncloudd binary."
    fi
    tar -xf "${uncloudd_download_path}"
-    if ! install "${uncloudd_download_path%.gz}" "${uncloudd_install_path}"; then
+    if ! install ./uncloudd "${uncloudd_install_path}"; then
        error "Failed to install uncloud binary to ${uncloudd_install_path}"
    fi
    log "✓ uncloudd binary installed: ${uncloudd_install_path}"
@@ -8,25 +8,25 @@ INSTALL_DIR=${INSTALL_DIR:-/usr/local/bin}
 VERSION=${VERSION:-latest}

 print_manual_install() {
-    # TODO: review
-    echo "You can manually install uncloud by:"
-    echo "1. Opening $RELEASES_URL"
-    echo "2. Downloading uncloud_*_${OS}_${ARCH}.tar.gz for your platform"
-    echo "3. Verifying the checksum from checksums.txt"
-    echo "4. Extracting the archive: tar xzf uncloud_*_${OS}_${ARCH}.tar.gz"
-    echo "5. Installing the binary: sudo install -m 755 uncloud /usr/local/bin/"
-    echo "6. Creating symlink: sudo ln -sf /usr/local/bin/uncloud /usr/local/bin/uc"
+    RELEASES_URL="https://github.com/${GITHUB_REPO}/releases/${VERSION}"
+    echo "Failed while attempting to install uncloud CLI. You can install it manually:"
+    echo "  1. Open your web browser and go to ${RELEASES_URL}"
+    echo "  2. Download uncloud_<OS>_<ARCH>.tar.gz for your platform (OS: linux/macos, ARCH: amd64/arm64)."
+    echo "  3. Extract the 'uncloud' binary from the archive: tar -xvf uncloud_*.tar.gz"
+    echo "  4. Install the binary to /usr/local/bin: sudo install ./uncloud ${INSTALL_DIR}/uncloud"
+    echo "  5. Optionally create a 'uc' symlink: sudo ln -sf ${INSTALL_DIR}/uncloud ${INSTALL_DIR}/uc"
+    echo "  6. Delete the downloaded archive and extracted binary: rm uncloud*"
+    echo "  7. Run 'uncloud --help' to verify the installation. Enjoy! ✨"
 }

-latest_version() {
+fetch_latest_version() {
    api_url="https://api.github.com/repos/${GITHUB_REPO}/releases/latest"
-    version=$(curl -fsSL "$api_url" | grep -o '"tag_name": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
-    if [ -z "$version" ]; then
+    VERSION=$(curl -fsSL "$api_url" | grep -o '"tag_name": "[^"]*' | cut -d'"' -f4)
+    if [ -z "$VERSION" ]; then
        echo "Failed to fetch the latest version from GitHub."
        print_manual_install
        exit 1
    fi
-    echo "$version"
 }

 # Check if not running as root and need to use sudo to write to INSTALL_DIR.
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ esac

 # Use the latest version if not specified explicitly.
 if [ "$VERSION" = "latest" ]; then
-    VERSION=$(latest_version)
+    fetch_latest_version
 fi
 BINARY_NAME="uncloud_${BINARY_OS}_${BINARY_ARCH}.tar.gz"
 BINARY_URL="https://github.com/${GITHUB_REPO}/releases/download/${VERSION}/${BINARY_NAME}"
@@ -78,15 +78,14 @@ curl -fsSL "$BINARY_URL" -o "${TMP_DIR}/${BINARY_NAME}"
 curl -fsSL "$CHECKSUM_URL" -o "${TMP_DIR}/checksums.txt"
 echo "Download complete."

-# TODO: fix name_template in goreleaser config.
-#echo "Verifying checksum..."
+echo "Verifying checksum..."
 cd "$TMP_DIR"
-#if ! sha256sum --check --ignore-missing "checksums.txt"; then
-#    echo "Checksum verification failed."
-#    print_manual_install
-#    exit 1
-#fi
-#echo "Checksum is valid."
+if ! sha256sum --check --ignore-missing "checksums.txt"; then
+    echo "Checksum verification failed."
+    print_manual_install
+    exit 1
+fi
+echo "Checksum is valid."

 # Decompress and install the binary.
 tar -xf "${BINARY_NAME}"
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ if [ -z "${SUDO}" ]; then
 else
    echo "Installing uncloud binary to ${INSTALL_DIR} using sudo. You may be prompted for your password."
 fi
-if ! $SUDO install "${BINARY_NAME%.tar.gz}" "${INSTALL_DIR}/uncloud"; then
+if ! $SUDO install ./uncloud "${INSTALL_DIR}/uncloud"; then
    echo "Failed to install uncloud binary to ${INSTALL_DIR}"
    print_manual_install
    exit 1
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ package e2e

 import (
 	"context"
-	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	"errors"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"testing"
@@ -11,6 +12,161 @@ import (
 	"uncloud/internal/ucind"
 )

+func TestDeployment(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	clusterName := "ucind-test.deployment"
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	c, _ := createTestCluster(t, clusterName, ucind.CreateClusterOptions{Machines: 3}, true)
+
+	cli, err := c.Machines[0].Connect(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Run("global", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		name := "global-deployment"
+		t.Cleanup(func() {
+			err := cli.RemoveService(ctx, name)
+			if errors.Is(err, client.ErrNotFound) {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+
+			_, err = cli.InspectService(ctx, name)
+			require.ErrorIs(t, err, client.ErrNotFound)
+		})
+
+		spec := api.ServiceSpec{
+			Name: name,
+			Mode: api.ServiceModeGlobal,
+			Container: api.ContainerSpec{
+				Image: "portainer/pause:latest",
+			},
+		}
+		deploy, err := cli.NewDeployment(spec, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = deploy.Validate(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		plan, err := deploy.Plan(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.IsType(t, &client.SequenceOperation{}, plan.Operation)
+		assert.Len(t, plan.Operation.(*client.SequenceOperation).Operations, 3) // 3 run
+
+		svcID, err := deploy.Run(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, svcID)
+
+		svc, err := cli.InspectService(ctx, name)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, name, svc.Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, api.ServiceModeGlobal, svc.Mode)
+		assert.Len(t, svc.Containers, 3)
+
+		svcSpec, err := svc.Containers[0].Container.ServiceSpec()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, svcSpec.Equals(spec))
+
+		// Deploy a published port.
+		specWithPort := api.ServiceSpec{
+			Name: name,
+			Mode: api.ServiceModeGlobal,
+			Container: api.ContainerSpec{
+				Image: "portainer/pause:latest",
+			},
+			Ports: []api.PortSpec{
+				{
+					PublishedPort: 8000,
+					ContainerPort: 8000,
+					Protocol:      api.ProtocolTCP,
+					Mode:          api.PortModeHost,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		deploy, err = cli.NewDeployment(specWithPort, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		plan, err = deploy.Plan(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.IsType(t, &client.SequenceOperation{}, plan.Operation)
+		assert.Len(t, plan.Operation.(*client.SequenceOperation).Operations, 6) // 3 run + 3 remove
+
+		svcID, err = deploy.Run(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, svcID)
+
+		svc, err = cli.InspectService(ctx, name)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, name, svc.Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, api.ServiceModeGlobal, svc.Mode)
+		assert.Len(t, svc.Containers, 3)
+
+		svcSpec, err = svc.Containers[0].Container.ServiceSpec()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, svcSpec.Equals(specWithPort))
+
+		// Deploy the same conflicting port but with container spec changes
+		init := true
+		specWithPortAndInit := api.ServiceSpec{
+			Name: name,
+			Mode: api.ServiceModeGlobal,
+			Container: api.ContainerSpec{
+				Image: "portainer/pause:latest",
+				Init:  &init,
+			},
+			Ports: []api.PortSpec{
+				{
+					PublishedPort: 8000,
+					ContainerPort: 8000,
+					Protocol:      api.ProtocolTCP,
+					Mode:          api.PortModeHost,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		deploy, err = cli.NewDeployment(specWithPortAndInit, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		plan, err = deploy.Plan(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.IsType(t, &client.SequenceOperation{}, plan.Operation)
+		assert.Len(t, plan.Operation.(*client.SequenceOperation).Operations, 9) // 3 stop + 3 run + 3 remove
+
+		svcID, err = deploy.Run(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, svcID)
+
+		svc, err = cli.InspectService(ctx, name)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, name, svc.Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, api.ServiceModeGlobal, svc.Mode)
+		assert.Len(t, svc.Containers, 3)
+
+		svcSpec, err = svc.Containers[0].Container.ServiceSpec()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, svcSpec.Equals(specWithPortAndInit))
+
+		// Deploying the same spec should be a no-op.
+		deploy, err = cli.NewDeployment(specWithPortAndInit, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		plan, err = deploy.Plan(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.IsType(t, &client.SequenceOperation{}, plan.Operation)
+		assert.Len(t, plan.Operation.(*client.SequenceOperation).Operations, 0) // no-op
+
+		svcID, err = deploy.Run(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, svcID)
+
+		svc, err = cli.InspectService(ctx, name)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, name, svc.Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, api.ServiceModeGlobal, svc.Mode)
+		assert.Len(t, svc.Containers, 3)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestRunService(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

@@ -21,13 +177,50 @@ func TestRunService(t *testing.T) {
 	cli, err := c.Machines[0].Connect(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

+	t.Run("container lifecycle", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		svcName := "pause-container-lifecycle"
+		spec := api.ServiceSpec{
+			Name: svcName,
+			Container: api.ContainerSpec{
+				Image: "portainer/pause:latest",
+			},
+		}
+		machineID := c.Machines[0].Name
+
+		ctr, err := cli.CreateContainer(ctx, svcName, spec, machineID)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, ctr.ID)
+
+		t.Cleanup(func() {
+			err := cli.RemoveContainer(ctx, svcName, ctr.ID, container.RemoveOptions{Force: true})
+			if !errors.Is(err, client.ErrNotFound) {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+
+		err = cli.StartContainer(ctx, svcName, ctr.ID)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		timeout := 1
+		err = cli.StopContainer(ctx, svcName, ctr.ID, container.StopOptions{Timeout: &timeout})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = cli.RemoveContainer(ctx, svcName, ctr.ID, container.RemoveOptions{})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = cli.RemoveContainer(ctx, svcName, ctr.ID, container.RemoveOptions{})
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, client.ErrNotFound)
+	})
+
 	t.Run("1 replica", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()

-		name := "busybox-1-replica"
+		name := "pause-1-replica"
 		t.Cleanup(func() {
 			err := cli.RemoveService(ctx, name)
-			if !dockerclient.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			if errors.Is(err, client.ErrNotFound) {
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 			}

@@ -39,15 +232,13 @@ func TestRunService(t *testing.T) {
 			Name: name,
 			Mode: api.ServiceModeReplicated,
 			Container: api.ContainerSpec{
-				Command: []string{"sleep", "infinity"},
-				Image:   "busybox:latest",
+				Image: "portainer/pause:latest",
 			},
 		})
 		require.NoError(t, err)

 		assert.NotEmpty(t, resp.ID)
 		assert.Equal(t, name, resp.Name)
-		assert.Len(t, resp.Containers, 1)

 		svc, err := cli.InspectService(ctx, name)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -76,10 +267,10 @@ func TestRunService(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("1 replica with ports", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()

-		name := "busybox-1-replica-ports"
+		name := "pause-1-replica-ports"
 		t.Cleanup(func() {
 			err := cli.RemoveService(ctx, name)
-			if !dockerclient.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			if errors.Is(err, client.ErrNotFound) {
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 			}

@@ -91,8 +282,7 @@ func TestRunService(t *testing.T) {
 			Name: name,
 			Mode: api.ServiceModeReplicated,
 			Container: api.ContainerSpec{
-				Command: []string{"sleep", "infinity"},
-				Image:   "busybox:latest",
+				Image: "portainer/pause:latest",
 			},
 			Ports: []api.PortSpec{
 				{
@@ -131,10 +321,10 @@ func TestRunService(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("global mode", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()

-		name := "busybox-global"
+		name := "pause-global"
 		t.Cleanup(func() {
 			err := cli.RemoveService(ctx, name)
-			if !dockerclient.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			if errors.Is(err, client.ErrNotFound) {
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 			}

@@ -146,15 +336,13 @@ func TestRunService(t *testing.T) {
 			Name: name,
 			Mode: api.ServiceModeGlobal,
 			Container: api.ContainerSpec{
-				Command: []string{"sleep", "infinity"},
-				Image:   "busybox:latest",
+				Image: "portainer/pause:latest",
 			},
 		})
 		require.NoError(t, err)

 		assert.NotEmpty(t, resp.ID)
 		assert.Equal(t, name, resp.Name)
-		assert.Len(t, resp.Containers, 3, "expected 1 container on each machine")

 		svc, err := cli.InspectService(ctx, name)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Pavel Sviderski	c4398f9f06	refactor: deploy global service using Deployment with RollingStrategy	2025-02-14 20:45:23 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	a53fa2c1d8	feat: do not redeploy global service if spec hasn't changed	2025-02-14 17:49:46 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	5e2b2ac836	refactor: api.Container to use the detailed ContainerJSON struct instead of Container (Summary)	2025-02-14 16:37:40 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	43f28284f1	feat: rolling deploy strategy for global service, always recreate	2025-02-13 21:32:08 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	b17fd7531f	feat: detect conflicing service port on a container	2025-02-13 11:50:34 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	9859be50a6	feat: add Deployment, Strategy, Operation primitives to compose service deployments	2025-02-12 21:17:30 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	f209851986	feat: progress for removing service(s)	2025-02-11 21:21:50 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	4da51636fd	refactor: remove service with StopContainer and RemoveContainer	2025-02-11 20:43:31 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	76a9f8e8b6	refactor: client StartContainer pass serviceID	2025-02-11 16:47:52 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	a477db6b16	refactor: client CreateContainer and StartContainer methods	2025-02-11 15:59:36 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	04fd1b1425	feat: introduce client.Service entity for managing service containers	2025-02-10 20:21:42 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	c0bf1f2930	add contributors section to README, feature @cedws	2025-02-10 11:38:35 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	0bf759333a	fix: populate ssh_key_file in the config when adding machine to cluster	2025-02-10 09:14:54 +10:00
Pavel SviderskiandGitHub	b482d836aa	Merge pull request #21 from cedws/identityfile feat: add ssh_key_file field to connections config	2025-02-10 09:03:13 +10:00
Connor Edwards	3d2d9b78e8	fix: rename IdentityFile to SSHKeyFile	2025-02-09 18:39:44 +00:00
Connor Edwards	99219dc376	fix: set identity_file in config after init	2025-02-08 15:59:05 +00:00
Connor Edwards	408703360c	fix: use os.UserHomeDir() instead of $HOME	2025-02-08 15:56:18 +00:00
Connor Edwards	ac48b8bee6	feat: add identity_file field to config connections config	2025-02-08 15:56:18 +00:00
Pavel SviderskiandGitHub	e3a310397b	Merge pull request #20 from cedws/init-19 fix: execute valid bash cmd when running init as root	2025-02-08 16:42:14 +10:00
Connor Edwards	b2f7c6fb33	fix: execute valid bash cmd when running init as root	2025-02-07 21:14:27 +00:00
Pavel Sviderski	653f47f507	add clean up step to quick start	2025-02-07 14:53:30 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	5b66cec627	verify checksum in install_cli.sh	2025-02-06 15:17:33 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	0d9a2b6e07	add brew install command to README	2025-02-06 14:54:55 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	fb68303825	fix: cli install script, add manual instruction	2025-02-06 14:38:55 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	cfe5b018f3	fix: install.sh install command	2025-02-06 14:01:55 +10:00
Pavel Sviderski	b451f2cf7c	fix: install_cli.sh install command	2025-02-06 13:56:56 +10:00