docs: add Image tag format reference doc

* Connect to remote SSH nodes using SSH CLI

Replace Go-native SSH implementation with SSH CLI execution
to support diverse SSH configurations and agents. Implements
'uncloudd dial-stdio' subcommand that proxies gRPC connections
over stdin/stdout, similar to Docker's approach.

This change addresses compatibility issues with:
- SSH agents exposing many keys (1Password, causing "too many
  authentication failures")
- Tailscale SSH (which doesn't support advanced SSH channel
  types like direct-streamlocal)
- Custom SSH configurations in ~/.ssh/config

The dial-stdio approach reduces SSH feature requirements by
streaming the unix socket connection over stdin/stdout instead
of using SSH channel forwarding.

Changes:
- Add 'uncloudd dial-stdio' hidden subcommand for socket proxy
- Add SSHCLIConnector using ssh command + dial-stdio
- Update connection logic to use SSH CLI connector
- Maintain backward compatibility with SSHKeyFile config

Resolves #131

* Fix sshcli tests missing ConnectionTimeout

Introduced short connection timeout on the first change but forgot to
update tests to match.

* Add SSHCLI field and update MachineConnection String() format

- Add SSHCLI field to support ssh_cli YAML configuration
- Update String() to use URI-like format (ssh://, ssh+cli://, tcp://)

* Add Validate() method and tests for MachineConnection

- Add Validate() to ensure connection methods are mutually exclusive
- Add tests for validation and String() method

* Unify SSH connector configs to use SSHConnectorConfig

* Update connectCluster to support both SSH connector types

* Restore Go SSH connector as default for machine init/add

Revert provisionOrConnectRemoteMachine to use Go SSH connector:
- Root users: reuse SSH connection from provisioning
- Non-root users: establish new connection for group membership
- Remove SSH CLI as default connector

SSH CLI connector remains available via ssh_cli config field.

* Add sshCLIDialer with DialContext method

Implement proxy.ContextDialer for SSHCLIConnector using SSH -W flag.
Each dial spawns a new SSH process for TCP forwarding, enabling
independent connections separate from the gRPC dial-stdio connection.

* Implement SSHCLIConnector.Dialer() method

Return sshCLIDialer instead of error, enabling uc image push
functionality with SSHCLIConnector. Validates connector is
configured before returning dialer.

* Fix half-closing implementation matchin Docker's approach

* Use testify assertions for connection tests

* Allow ssh+cli:// to be used with --connect

This way I can skip the configuration file while testing things out,
and confirm it works correctly:

  $ unset SSH_AUTH_SOCK

  $ ./uncloud --connect ssh://provision@blatta11 machine ls
  Error: connect to cluster: connect to machine: SSH login to
    provision@blatta11:22: connect using SSH agent: connect to SSH
    agent: dial unix: missing address

  $ ./uncloud --connect ssh+cli://provision@blatta11 machine ls
  NAME       STATE   ADDRESS         PUBLIC IP   WIREGUARD ENDPOINTS                                                                                                                  MACHINE ID
  blatta11   Up      10.210.0.1/24   -           100.64.0.22:51820, ...

* Validates configuration before connecting to cluster

* Do not tie client constructor with real validation

No longer attempt to validate the connection when instantiating a new
client.

Later on we could validate it in different places.

* Cleanup test and remove AI-slop

There were some serious slop in those tests, so took the time to clean
them up and kept only the relevant ones.

There is some repetition between buildSSHArgs and buildDialArgs but can
be tackled at a later stage.

* Fix connection representation tests

Prefix connection with ssh ssh+cli respectively.

* Wait for stdout before returning

Missed copy & pasta from Docker dial-stdio implementation (this happens
when you stare at the code for too long that it burns your eyes).

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+name: Bug Report
+about: Create a report to help us improve
+title: "[BUG] "
+labels: bug
+assignees: ""
+---
+
+**Describe the bug**
+
+<!-- A clear and concise description of what the bug is. -->
+
+**How to reproduce**
+
+<!-- Steps to reproduce the behavior:
+
+1. Run ...
+2. Do ...
+-->
+
+**Expected behavior**
+
+<!-- A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen. -->
+
+**Environment:**
+
+- Uncloud versions:
+  - Control (client) node (`uc --version`):
+  - Uncloud daemon (from the server) (`uncloudd --version`):
+- OS version (`uname -a`):
+  - Client (control node):
+  - Server:
+
+**Additional context**
+
+<!-- Add any other context about the problem here. -->

.github/workflows/go-tests.yml

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@d35c59abb061a4a6fb18e82ac0862c26744d6ab5 # v5.5.0
         with:
-          go-version: "1.23.2"
+          go-version: "1.25.1"
 
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           make ucind-image
           make test
-    timeout-minutes: 10
+    timeout-minutes: 15
 
   check-protobuf:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install Mise
         uses: jdx/mise-action@13abe502c30c1559a5c37dff303831bab82c9402 # v2.2.3
         with:
-          version: "2025.6.5"
+          version: "2025.9.6"
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
 

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@d35c59abb061a4a6fb18e82ac0862c26744d6ab5 # v5.5.0
         with:
-          go-version: "1.23.2"
+          go-version: "1.25.1"
 
       - name: golangci-lint
         uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@4afd733a84b1f43292c63897423277bb7f4313a9 # v8.0.0
         with:
-          version: v2.2.2
+          version: v2.4.0
 
       - name: Format code
         run: |

.mise.lock

@@ -1,39 +1,97 @@
-[tools.go]
-version = "1.23.10"
+[[tools."aqua:vektra/mockery"]]
+version = "3.5.3"
+backend = "aqua:vektra/mockery"
+
+[tools."aqua:vektra/mockery".platforms.linux-x64]
+checksum = "sha256:ebce416b0175338525246c376885a1579ca6cd4d4015140ba0c70e6b5339a39c"
+size = 5498859
+url = "https://github.com/vektra/mockery/releases/download/v3.5.3/mockery_3.5.3_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz"
+
+[tools."aqua:vektra/mockery".platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "sha256:a3a94b14c7414e148f2252199ffc4a0108d311358f3d336cbe05bb73cb203704"
+size = 5238877
+url = "https://github.com/vektra/mockery/releases/download/v3.5.3/mockery_3.5.3_Darwin_arm64.tar.gz"
+
+[[tools.go]]
+version = "1.25.1"
 backend = "core:go"
 
-[tools.go.checksums]
-"go1.23.10.darwin-arm64.tar.gz" = "sha256:25c64bfa8a8fd8e7f62fb54afa4354af8409a4bb2358c2699a1003b733e6fce5"
-"go1.23.10.linux-amd64.tar.gz" = "sha256:535f9f81802499f2a7dbfa70abb8fda3793725fcc29460f719815f6e10b5fd60"
+[tools.go.platforms.linux-x64]
+checksum = "sha256:7716a0d940a0f6ae8e1f3b3f4f36299dc53e31b16840dbd171254312c41ca12e"
+size = 59660846
+url = "https://dl.google.com/go/go1.25.1.linux-amd64.tar.gz"
 
-[tools.golangci-lint]
-version = "2.2.2"
+[tools.go.platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "sha256:68deebb214f39d542e518ebb0598a406ab1b5a22bba8ec9ade9f55fb4dd94a6c"
+size = 57906702
+url = "https://dl.google.com/go/go1.25.1.darwin-arm64.tar.gz"
+
+[[tools.golangci-lint]]
+version = "2.4.0"
 backend = "aqua:golangci/golangci-lint"
 
-[tools.golangci-lint.checksums]
-"golangci-lint-2.2.2-darwin-arm64.tar.gz" = "sha256:d84d94d042c0d495fd1746f3d18948a75de163b17a14e8de3ef840928dd2df74"
-"golangci-lint-2.2.2-linux-amd64.tar.gz" = "sha256:c27fbde948a87d326feacd21df2f61a9c54dbd2e3bfa185c0a1cd6917a6f964f"
+[tools.golangci-lint.platforms.linux-x64]
+checksum = "sha256:fae792524c04424c0ac369f5b8076f04b45cf29fc945a370e55d369a8dc11840"
+size = 14126779
+url = "https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/download/v2.4.0/golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz"
 
-[tools.protoc]
+[tools.golangci-lint.platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "sha256:cd4dd53fa09b6646baff5fd22b8c64d91db02c21c7496df27992d75d34feec59"
+size = 13542526
+url = "https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/download/v2.4.0/golangci-lint-2.4.0-darwin-arm64.tar.gz"
+
+[[tools.node]]
+version = "22.20.0"
+backend = "core:node"
+
+[tools.node.platforms.linux-x64]
+checksum = "sha256:eeaccb0378b79406f2208e8b37a62479c70595e20be6b659125eb77dd1ab2a29"
+size = 56645685
+url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/v22.20.0/node-v22.20.0-linux-x64.tar.gz"
+
+[tools.node.platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "sha256:cc04a76a09f79290194c0646f48fec40354d88969bec467789a5d55dd097f949"
+size = 49838299
+url = "https://nodejs.org/dist/v22.20.0/node-v22.20.0-darwin-arm64.tar.gz"
+
+[[tools.protoc]]
 version = "27.3"
 backend = "aqua:protocolbuffers/protobuf/protoc"
 
-[tools.protoc.checksums]
-"protoc-27.3-linux-x86_64.zip" = "sha256:6dab2adab83f915126cab53540d48957c40e9e9023969c3e84d44bfb936c7741"
-"protoc-27.3-osx-aarch_64.zip" = "sha256:b22116bd97cdbd7ea25346abe635a9df268515fe5ef5afa93cd9a68fc2513f84"
+[tools.protoc.platforms.linux-x64]
+checksum = "blake3:8c2938accf7061164ea3968529a47ced1db4824ca553857f6903c68ae4347739"
+size = 3235873
+url = "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v27.3/protoc-27.3-linux-x86_64.zip"
 
-[tools.protoc-gen-go]
+[tools.protoc.platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "blake3:650c2494c003e9fddd6f4164a0a36e31da51ae7e1e5208da8cb560a4fe886fcd"
+size = 2372763
+url = "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v27.3/protoc-27.3-osx-aarch_64.zip"
+
+[[tools.protoc-gen-go]]
 version = "1.34.2"
 backend = "aqua:protocolbuffers/protobuf-go/protoc-gen-go"
 
-[tools.protoc-gen-go.checksums]
-"protoc-gen-go.v1.34.2.darwin.arm64.tar.gz" = "sha256:17aca7f948dbb624049030cf841e35895cf34183ba006e721247fdeb95ff2780"
-"protoc-gen-go.v1.34.2.linux.amd64.tar.gz" = "sha256:b87bc134dee55576a842141bf0ed27761c635d746780fce5dee038c6dd16554f"
+[tools.protoc-gen-go.platforms.linux-x64]
+checksum = "blake3:f765e393e0f0b25070c13848d88f5e6303e66090132afa1b753e981507a4174e"
+size = 1848331
+url = "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf-go/releases/download/v1.34.2/protoc-gen-go.v1.34.2.linux.amd64.tar.gz"
 
-[tools.protoc-gen-go-grpc]
+[tools.protoc-gen-go.platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "blake3:c237256a7f718ac4ccdc037ee30025a0b7c3f79300d7831ec59d76d782443fd5"
+size = 1784028
+url = "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf-go/releases/download/v1.34.2/protoc-gen-go.v1.34.2.darwin.arm64.tar.gz"
+
+[[tools.protoc-gen-go-grpc]]
 version = "1.5.1"
 backend = "aqua:grpc/grpc-go/protoc-gen-go-grpc"
 
-[tools.protoc-gen-go-grpc.checksums]
-"protoc-gen-go-grpc.v1.5.1.darwin.arm64.tar.gz" = "sha256:d6083feb51dcfe59f26793e99ef01ef5eac68b64294ec2546711f614ac5878f3"
-"protoc-gen-go-grpc.v1.5.1.linux.amd64.tar.gz" = "sha256:a6cac4ea731e54aea304ad44d704a69d1cdc82997084b33637e21a89dc9229d6"
+[tools.protoc-gen-go-grpc.platforms.linux-x64]
+checksum = "blake3:197739132f0408f017d0c83773ac1ace85c0572473fdd658ec6e4ccbf20e0552"
+size = 4859466
+url = "https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/releases/download/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc/v1.5.1/protoc-gen-go-grpc.v1.5.1.linux.amd64.tar.gz"
+
+[tools.protoc-gen-go-grpc.platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "blake3:3c668207565d23ea2cf006d699207e3a804ebb929a534bd38a3b4ff4e941e00c"
+size = 4565944
+url = "https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/releases/download/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc/v1.5.1/protoc-gen-go-grpc.v1.5.1.darwin.arm64.tar.gz"

.mise.toml

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@
 experimental = true
 
 [tools]
-go = "1.23"
-golangci-lint = "2.2.2"
+"aqua:vektra/mockery" = "3.5.3"
+go = "1.25.1"
+golangci-lint = "2.4.0"
+node = "22.20.0"
 protoc = "27.3"
 protoc-gen-go = "1.34.2"
 protoc-gen-go-grpc = "1.5.1"

.mockery.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+packages:
+  github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/caddyconfig:
+    interfaces:
+      CaddyfileValidator:

AI.md

@@ -88,6 +88,10 @@ This document provides comprehensive information about the Uncloud project for A
 - **`scripts/`**: Installation and utility scripts
 - **`test/`**: Test suites and test infrastructure
 - **`website/`**: Documentation website (Docusaurus)
+
+  - `landing/`: Landing page
+  - `docs/`: User documentation
+
 - **`misc/`**: Design documents and guides
 
 ## Key Technologies
@@ -184,9 +188,11 @@ uc context use <name>           # Switch context
 
 ### Testing
 
-- Unit tests alongside source files (`*_test.go`)
-- Integration tests in `test/e2e/`
-- Test fixtures in `test/fixtures/`
+- Test files and locations
+  - Unit tests alongside source files (`*_test.go`)
+  - Integration tests in `test/e2e/`
+  - Test fixtures in `test/fixtures/`
+- Use table driven tests whenever possible
 
 ### Dependencies
 
@@ -233,7 +239,7 @@ uc context use <name>           # Switch context
 - `internal/machine/machine.go`: Core machine management
 - `pkg/api/`: Public API definitions
 - `misc/design.md`: Architecture and design philosophy
-- `README.md`: User-facing documentation
+- `README.md`: Repository README
 
 ### Configuration Files
 
@@ -242,3 +248,11 @@ uc context use <name>           # Switch context
 - `Dockerfile`: Container build instructions forUncloud-in-Docker (used for testing)
 
 This document should help AI assistants understand the project structure, make informed suggestions, and contribute effectively to the Uncloud codebase.
+
+## Documentation
+
+Instructions when generating documentation:
+
+- Use conversational language – write as if you were speaking to a friend.
+- Keep sentences simple, optimize for clarity and understanding.
+- Place the subject before the action whenever possible. Example: prefer “The function loads data” over “Data is loaded by the function.”

Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.20.3
 
-FROM golang:1.23.2-alpine AS uncloudd
+FROM golang:1.25.1-alpine AS uncloudd
 
 ARG TARGETOS
 ARG TARGETARCH
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download && go mod verify
 
 COPY . .
-RUN GOOS=${TARGETOS} GOARCH=${TARGETARCH} go build -o uncloudd cmd/uncloudd/main.go
+RUN GOOS=${TARGETOS} GOARCH=${TARGETARCH} go build -o uncloudd ./cmd/uncloudd
 
 
 FROM alpine:${ALPINE_VERSION} AS corrosion-download

Makefile

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ demo-reset:
 
 .PHONY: ucind-cluster
 ucind-cluster:
-	go run ./cmd/ucind cluster rm && go run ./cmd/ucind cluster create -m 3
+	go run ./cmd/ucind cluster rm && go run ./cmd/ucind cluster create -m $(if $(MACHINES_COUNT),$(MACHINES_COUNT),3)
 
 .PHONY: proto
 proto:
@@ -66,6 +66,10 @@ ucind-image:
 ucind-multiarch-image-push:
 	docker buildx build --push --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 -t "$(UCIND_IMAGE)" --target ucind .
 
+.PHONY: mocks
+mocks:
+	@mockery
+
 .PHONY: test
 test:
 ifeq ($(TEST_NAME),)
@@ -111,3 +115,6 @@ _lint:
 # Uncloud daemon won't likely support OS other than Linux anytime soon, so for now we can rely on that.
 	GOOS=linux golangci-lint run $(ARGS)
 
+.PHONY: cli-docs
+cli-docs:
+	go run ./cmd/uncloud docs

README.md

@@ -25,12 +25,14 @@ complexity of Kubernetes.
 
 ## ✨ Features
 
-* **Deploy anywhere**: Combine cloud VMs, dedicated servers, and bare metal into a unified computing environment —
+* **Deploy anywhere**: Combine cloud VMs, dedicated servers, and bare metal into a unified computing environment,
   regardless of location or provider.
 * **Docker Compose**: Familiar [Docker Compose](https://compose-spec.io/) format for defining services and volumes. No
   need to learn a new bespoke DSL.
 * **Zero-downtime deployments**: Rolling updates without service interruption. Automatic rollback on failure is coming
   soon.
+* **[Unregistry](https://github.com/psviderski/unregistry) integration**: Build and push your Docker images directly to
+  your machines without an external registry. It will transfer only the missing layers, making it fast and efficient.
 * **Service discovery**: Built-in DNS server resolves service names to container IPs.
 * **Persistent storage**: Run stateful services with Docker volumes managed across machines.
 * **Zero-config private network**: Automatic WireGuard mesh with peer discovery and NAT traversal. Containers get unique
@@ -45,11 +47,6 @@ complexity of Kubernetes.
 * **Docker-like CLI**: Familiar commands for managing both infrastructure and applications.
 * **Remote management**: Control your entire infrastructure through SSH access to any single machine in the cluster.
 
-### 🚀 Coming soon
-
-* **[Unregistry](https://github.com/psviderski/unregistry) integration**: Push your Docker images directly to your
-  machines without an external registry. It will transfer only the missing layers, making it fast and efficient.
-
 ## 🎬 Quick demo
 
 The screenshot below demonstrates how I use Uncloud to deploy https://uncloud.run website to 2 remote machines from
@@ -67,6 +64,12 @@ on-premises in just a couple minutes.
 <img src="https://embed-ssl.wistia.com/deliveries/3cf7014a48b93afc556444bed3e39a8c.jpg?image_crop_resized=900x526&image_play_button_rounded=true&image_play_button_size=2x&image_play_button_color=18181Be0" alt="Uncloud demo" width="450" height="263" />
 </a>
 
+<br>
+<br>
+
+> **📚 Want more examples?** Check out the [**uncloud-recipes**](https://github.com/psviderski/uncloud-recipes)
+> repository for community recipes and templates for deploying popular services on Uncloud.
+
 ## 💫 Why Uncloud?
 
 Modern cloud platforms like Heroku and Render offer amazing developer experiences but at a premium price. Traditional

cmd/uncloud/build.go

@@ -10,68 +10,103 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-// NewBuildCommand creates a new command to build services from a Compose file.
+type buildOptions struct {
+	cli.BuildServicesOptions
+	files    []string
+	profiles []string
+}
+
+// NewBuildCommand creates a new command to build images for services from a Compose file.
 func NewBuildCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	opts := cli.BuildOptions{}
+	opts := buildOptions{}
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "build [FLAGS] [SERVICE...]",
 		Short: "Build services from a Compose file.",
+		Long: `Build images for services from a Compose file using local Docker.
+
+By default, built images remain on the local Docker host. Use --push to upload them
+to cluster machines or --push-registry to upload them to external registries.`,
+		Example: `  # Build all services that have a build section in compose.yaml.
+  uc build
+
+  # Build specific services that have a build section.
+  uc build web api
+
+  # Build services and push images to all cluster machines or service x-machines if specified.
+  uc build --push
+
+  # Build services and push images to specific machines.
+  uc build --push -m machine1,machine2
+
+  # Build services and push images to external registries (e.g., Docker Hub).
+  uc build --push-registry
+
+  # Build services with build arguments, pull newer base images before building, and don't use cache.
+  uc build --build-arg NODE_VERSION=24 --build-arg ENV=production --no-cache --pull`,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
-
-			if len(args) > 0 {
-				opts.Services = args
-			}
+			opts.Services = args
 
 			return runBuild(cmd.Context(), uncli, opts)
 		},
 	}
 
-	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.Files, "file", "f", nil,
-		"One or more Compose files to build (default compose.yaml)")
-	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.Profiles, "profile", "p", nil,
+	cmd.Flags().StringArrayVar(&opts.BuildArgs, "build-arg", nil,
+		"Set a build-time variable for services. Used in Dockerfiles that declare the variable with ARG.\n"+
+			"Can be specified multiple times. Format: --build-arg VAR=VALUE")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Check, "check", false,
+		"Check the build configuration for services without building them.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Deps, "deps", false,
+		"Also build services declared as dependencies of the selected services.")
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.files, "file", "f", nil,
+		"One or more Compose files to build. (default compose.yaml)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.Machines, "machine", "m", nil,
+		"Machine names or IDs to push the built images to (requires --push).\n"+
+			"Can be specified multiple times or as a comma-separated list. (default is all machines or x-machines)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.NoCache, "no-cache", false,
+		"Do not use cache when building images.")
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.profiles, "profile", "p", nil,
 		"One or more Compose profiles to enable.")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&opts.Push, "push", "P", false,
-		"Push built images to the registry after building. (default false)")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&opts.NoCache, "no-cache", "n", false,
-		"Do not use cache when building images. (default false)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Pull, "pull", false,
+		"Always attempt to pull newer versions of base images before building.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.PushCluster, "push", false,
+		"Upload the built images to cluster machines after building.\n"+
+			"Use --machine to specify which machines. (default is all machines)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.PushRegistry, "push-registry", false,
+		"Upload the built images to external registries (e.g., Docker Hub) after building.")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.Context, "context", "c", "",
+		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)")
 
 	return cmd
 }
 
-// TODO: deduplicate with a similar functino for deploy options
-// projectOpts returns the project options for the Compose file(s).
-func projectOptsFromBuildOpts(opts cli.BuildOptions) []composecli.ProjectOptionsFn {
-	projectOpts := []composecli.ProjectOptionsFn{}
-
-	if len(opts.Profiles) > 0 {
-		projectOpts = append(projectOpts, composecli.WithDefaultProfiles(opts.Profiles...))
+// runBuild parses the Compose file(s) and builds the images for selected services.
+func runBuild(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts buildOptions) error {
+	// Validate push flags.
+	if opts.PushCluster && opts.PushRegistry {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify both --push and --push-registry: choose one push target")
 	}
 
-	return projectOpts
-}
+	machines := cli.ExpandCommaSeparatedValues(opts.Machines)
+	// Special handling for an explicit "all" keyword to push to all machines.
+	if len(machines) == 1 && machines[0] == "all" {
+		machines = nil
+	}
+	opts.Machines = machines
 
-// runBuild parses the Compose file(s), builds the services, and pushes them if requested.
-func runBuild(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts cli.BuildOptions) error {
-	projectOpts := projectOptsFromBuildOpts(opts)
-	project, err := compose.LoadProject(ctx, opts.Files, projectOpts...)
+	project, err := compose.LoadProject(ctx, opts.files, composecli.WithDefaultProfiles(opts.profiles...))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("load compose file(s): %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if len(opts.Services) > 0 {
-		project, err = project.WithSelectedServices(opts.Services)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("select services: %w", err)
-		}
+	servicesToBuild, err := cli.ServicesThatNeedBuild(project, opts.Services, opts.Deps)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("determine services to build: %w", err)
 	}
-
-	servicesToBuild := cli.GetServicesThatNeedBuild(project)
-
 	if len(servicesToBuild) == 0 {
 		fmt.Println("No services to build.")
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	return cli.BuildServices(ctx, servicesToBuild, opts)
+	return uncli.BuildServices(ctx, project, opts.BuildServicesOptions)
 }

cmd/uncloud/caddy/config.go

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package caddy
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/quick"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type configOptions struct {
+	machine string
+	noColor bool
+	context string
+}
+
+func NewConfigCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	opts := configOptions{}
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "config",
+		Short: "Show the current Caddy configuration (Caddyfile).",
+		Long:  "Display the current Caddy configuration (Caddyfile) from the connected machine or a specified one.",
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
+			return runConfig(cmd.Context(), uncli, opts)
+		},
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.machine, "machine", "m", "",
+		"Name or ID of the machine to get the configuration from. (default is connected machine)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.noColor, "no-color", false,
+		"Disable syntax highlighting for the output.")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
+		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
+	)
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func runConfig(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts configOptions) error {
+	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer clusterClient.Close()
+
+	if opts.machine != "" {
+		// If a specific machine is requested, use it to get the Caddy configuration.
+		ctx, _, err = api.ProxyMachinesContext(ctx, clusterClient, []string{opts.machine})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	config, err := clusterClient.Caddy.GetConfig(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get Caddy config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Print the Caddyfile with syntax highlighting.
+	if opts.noColor {
+		fmt.Print(config.Caddyfile)
+	} else {
+		if err = quick.Highlight(os.Stdout, config.Caddyfile, "caddy", "terminal256", "monokai"); err != nil {
+			// If highlighting fails, fall back to plain output.
+			fmt.Print(config.Caddyfile)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

cmd/uncloud/caddy/deploy.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"maps"
+	"os"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -18,9 +19,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 type deployOptions struct {
-	image    string
-	machines []string
-	context  string
+	caddyfile string
+	image     string
+	machines  []string
+	context   string
 }
 
 func NewDeployCommand() *cobra.Command {
@@ -37,11 +39,13 @@ func NewDeployCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.caddyfile, "caddyfile", "",
+		"Path to a custom global Caddy config (Caddyfile) that will be prepended to the auto-generated Caddy config.")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.image, "image", "",
 		"Caddy Docker image to deploy. (default caddy:LATEST_VERSION)")
 	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.machines, "machine", "m", nil,
-		"Machine names to deploy to. Can be specified multiple times or as a comma-separated "+
-			"list of machine names. (default is all machines)")
+		"Machine names or IDs to deploy to. Can be specified multiple times or as a comma-separated "+
+			"list. (default is all machines)")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
 		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context to deploy to. (default is the current context)",
@@ -51,6 +55,15 @@ func NewDeployCommand() *cobra.Command {
 }
 
 func runDeploy(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts deployOptions) error {
+	caddyfile := ""
+	if opts.caddyfile != "" {
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(opts.caddyfile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("read Caddyfile: %w", err)
+		}
+		caddyfile = strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
+	}
+
 	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
@@ -91,7 +104,7 @@ func runDeploy(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts deployOptions) error {
 	placement := api.Placement{
 		Machines: cli.ExpandCommaSeparatedValues(opts.machines),
 	}
-	d, err := clusterClient.NewCaddyDeployment(opts.image, placement)
+	d, err := clusterClient.NewCaddyDeployment(opts.image, caddyfile, placement)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create caddy deployment: %w", err)
 	}

cmd/uncloud/caddy/root.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ func NewRootCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		Short: "Manage Caddy reverse proxy service.",
 	}
 	cmd.AddCommand(
+		NewConfigCommand(),
 		NewDeployCommand(),
 	)
 	return cmd

cmd/uncloud/context/ls.go

@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 func NewListCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	var clusterContext string
-
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "ls",
 		Aliases: []string{"list"},
@@ -24,11 +22,6 @@ func NewListCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&clusterContext, "context", "c", "",
-		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
-	)
-
 	return cmd
 }
 
@@ -51,7 +44,7 @@ func list(uncli *cli.CLI) error {
 	for _, name := range contextNames {
 		current := ""
 		if name == currentContext {
-			current = "*"
+			current = "✓"
 		}
 		connCount := len(uncli.Config.Contexts[name].Connections)
 		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\t%s\t%d\n", name, current, connCount)

cmd/uncloud/deploy.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss"
 	composecli "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/compose/v2/pkg/progress"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli"
@@ -17,11 +18,14 @@ import (
 )
 
 type deployOptions struct {
+	cli.BuildServicesOptions
+
 	files    []string
 	profiles []string
 	services []string
 	noBuild  bool
 	recreate bool
+	yes      bool
 
 	context string
 }
@@ -33,26 +37,35 @@ func NewDeployCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		Use:   "deploy [FLAGS] [SERVICE...]",
 		Short: "Deploy services from a Compose file.",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
+			cli.BindEnvToFlag(cmd, "yes", "UNCLOUD_AUTO_CONFIRM")
 
-			if len(args) > 0 {
-				opts.services = args
-			}
+			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
+			opts.services = args
 
 			return runDeploy(cmd.Context(), uncli, opts)
 		},
 	}
 
-	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.files, "file", "f", nil,
-		"One or more Compose files to deploy services from. (default compose.yaml)")
-	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.profiles, "profile", "p", nil,
-		"One or more Compose profiles to enable.")
+	cmd.Flags().StringArrayVar(&opts.BuildServicesOptions.BuildArgs, "build-arg", nil,
+		"Set a build-time variable for services. Used in Dockerfiles that declare the variable with ARG.\n"+
+			"Can be specified multiple times. Format: --build-arg VAR=VALUE")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.BuildServicesOptions.Pull, "build-pull", false,
+		"Always attempt to pull newer versions of base images before building service images.")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context to deploy to (default is the current context)")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&opts.noBuild, "no-build", "n", false,
-		"Do not build images before deploying services. (default false)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.files, "file", "f", nil,
+		"One or more Compose files to deploy services from. (default compose.yaml)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.noBuild, "no-build", false,
+		"Do not build new images before deploying services.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.BuildServicesOptions.NoCache, "no-cache", false,
+		"Do not use cache when building images.")
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.profiles, "profile", "p", nil,
+		"One or more Compose profiles to enable.")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.recreate, "recreate", false,
 		"Recreate containers even if their configuration and image haven't changed.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&opts.yes, "yes", "y", false,
+		"Auto-confirm deployment plan. Should be explicitly set when running non-interactively,\n"+
+			"e.g., in CI/CD pipelines. [$UNCLOUD_AUTO_CONFIRM]")
 
 	// TODO: Consider adding a filter flag to specify which machines to deploy to but keep the rest running.
 	//  Could be useful to test a new version on a subset of machines before rolling out to all.
@@ -60,22 +73,9 @@ func NewDeployCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	return cmd
 }
 
-// projectOpts returns the project options for the Compose file(s).
-func projectOpts(opts deployOptions) []composecli.ProjectOptionsFn {
-	projectOpts := []composecli.ProjectOptionsFn{}
-
-	if len(opts.profiles) > 0 {
-		projectOpts = append(projectOpts, composecli.WithDefaultProfiles(opts.profiles...))
-	}
-
-	return projectOpts
-}
-
 // runDeploy parses the Compose file(s) and deploys the services.
 func runDeploy(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts deployOptions) error {
-	projectOpts := projectOpts(opts)
-
-	project, err := compose.LoadProject(ctx, opts.files, projectOpts...)
+	project, err := compose.LoadProject(ctx, opts.files, composecli.WithDefaultProfiles(opts.profiles...))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("load compose file(s): %w", err)
 	}
@@ -88,21 +88,24 @@ func runDeploy(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts deployOptions) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	servicesToBuild := cli.GetServicesThatNeedBuild(project)
+	servicesToBuild, err := cli.ServicesThatNeedBuild(project, opts.services, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("determine services to build: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	if len(servicesToBuild) > 0 {
 		if opts.noBuild {
 			fmt.Println("Not building services as requested.")
 		} else {
-			buildOpts := cli.BuildOptions{
-				Push:    true,
-				NoCache: false,
-			}
+			// Build service images without pushing them to cluster yet to not connect to the cluster twice.
+			opts.BuildServicesOptions.Deps = true // build dependencies as deploy includes them by default
+			opts.BuildServicesOptions.Services = opts.services
 
-			if err := cli.BuildServices(ctx, servicesToBuild, buildOpts); err != nil {
+			if err = uncli.BuildServices(ctx, project, opts.BuildServicesOptions); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("build services: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
+		fmt.Println()
 	}
 
 	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
@@ -111,6 +114,43 @@ func runDeploy(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts deployOptions) error {
 	}
 	defer clusterClient.Close()
 
+	if len(servicesToBuild) > 0 && !opts.noBuild {
+		// Push built service images to cluster machines one at a time.
+		var errs []error
+		for _, s := range servicesToBuild {
+			if s.Image == "" {
+				// Skip services without an image name (shouldn't happen for services with build config).
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Push to the specified x-machines or to *all* cluster machines if not specified.
+			var pushOpts client.PushImageOptions
+			if machines, ok := s.Extensions[compose.MachinesExtensionKey].(compose.MachinesSource); ok {
+				pushOpts.Machines = machines
+			}
+			if len(pushOpts.Machines) == 0 {
+				pushOpts.AllMachines = true
+			}
+
+			boldStyle := lipgloss.NewStyle().Bold(true)
+			err = progress.RunWithTitle(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+				if err = clusterClient.PushImage(ctx, s.Image, pushOpts); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("push image '%s' for service '%s': %w", s.Image, s.Name, err)
+				}
+				return nil
+			}, uncli.ProgressOut(), fmt.Sprintf("Pushing image %s to cluster", boldStyle.Render(s.Image)))
+			// Collect errors to try pushing all images.
+			if err != nil {
+				errs = append(errs, err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err = errors.Join(errs...); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		fmt.Println()
+	}
+
 	var strategy deploy.Strategy
 	if opts.recreate {
 		strategy = &deploy.RollingStrategy{ForceRecreate: true}
@@ -130,19 +170,27 @@ func runDeploy(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts deployOptions) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	fmt.Println("Deployment plan:")
+	fmt.Println(lipgloss.NewStyle().Bold(true).Render("Deployment plan"))
 	if err = printPlan(ctx, clusterClient, plan); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("print deployment plan: %w", err)
 	}
 	fmt.Println()
 
-	confirmed, err := cli.Confirm()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("confirm deployment: %w", err)
-	}
-	if !confirmed {
-		fmt.Println("Cancelled. No changes were made.")
-		return nil
+	// Ask for plan confirmation before proceeding with the deployment unless auto-confirmed with --yes.
+	if !opts.yes {
+		if !cli.IsStdinTerminal() {
+			return errors.New("cannot ask to confirm deployment plan in non-interactive mode, " +
+				"use --yes flag or set UNCLOUD_AUTO_CONFIRM=true to auto-confirm")
+		}
+
+		confirmed, err := cli.Confirm()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("confirm deployment: %w", err)
+		}
+		if !confirmed {
+			fmt.Println("Cancelled. No changes were made.")
+			return nil
+		}
 	}
 
 	return progress.RunWithTitle(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {

cmd/uncloud/docs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra/doc"
+)
+
+const docsDir = "website/docs/9-cli-reference"
+
+type cmdWrapper struct {
+	cmd *cobra.Command
+}
+
+// NewDocsCommand creates a new hidden command to generate CLI reference docs.
+func NewDocsCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	wrapper := &cmdWrapper{}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:                   "docs",
+		Short:                 "Generate Uncloud CLI reference docs",
+		SilenceUsage:          true,
+		DisableFlagsInUseLine: true,
+		Hidden:                true,
+		Args:                  cobra.NoArgs,
+		ValidArgsFunction:     cobra.NoFileCompletions,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
+			// Remove existing markdown files.
+			mdFiles, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(docsDir, "*.md"))
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("list existing CLI docs: %w", err)
+			}
+			for _, f := range mdFiles {
+				if err = os.Remove(f); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("remove '%s': %w", f, err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Generate new CLI reference docs.
+			wrapper.cmd.Root().DisableAutoGenTag = true
+			if err := doc.GenMarkdownTree(cmd.Root(), docsDir); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("generate CLI docs: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			// Remove *completion*.md files that contain malformatted code blocks that break Docusaurus.
+			mdFiles, err = filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(docsDir, "*completion*.md"))
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("list generated CLI docs: %w", err)
+			}
+			for _, f := range mdFiles {
+				if err = os.Remove(f); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("remove '%s': %w", f, err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Post-process generated markdown files.
+			mdFiles, err = filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(docsDir, "*.md"))
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("list generated CLI docs: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			for _, f := range mdFiles {
+				if err = postProcessMarkdown(f); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("post-process '%s': %w", f, err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+
+	wrapper.cmd = cmd
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// postProcessMarkdown applies transformations to generated markdown files.
+func postProcessMarkdown(filename string) error {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	content := string(data)
+
+	// Replace "SEE ALSO" with "See also".
+	content = strings.ReplaceAll(content, "SEE ALSO", "See also")
+	// Escape <id> to avoid Docusaurus treating it as an HTML tag.
+	content = strings.ReplaceAll(content, "<id>", "\\<id>")
+
+	// Remove broken links to completion docs.
+	if strings.Contains(content, "[uc completion") {
+		lines := strings.Split(content, "\n")
+		var filteredLines []string
+		for _, line := range lines {
+			if !strings.Contains(line, "[uc completion") {
+				filteredLines = append(filteredLines, line)
+			}
+		}
+		content = strings.Join(filteredLines, "\n")
+	}
+
+	// Adjust heading levels. Process from shortest to longest to avoid double replacements.
+	replacements := []struct {
+		old, new string
+	}{
+		{`(?m)^## `, `# `},
+		{`(?m)^### `, `## `},
+		{`(?m)^#### `, `### `},
+		{`(?m)^##### `, `#### `},
+	}
+
+	for _, r := range replacements {
+		re := regexp.MustCompile(r.old)
+		content = re.ReplaceAllString(content, r.new)
+	}
+
+	return os.WriteFile(filename, []byte(content), 0o644)
+}

cmd/uncloud/image/ls.go

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+package image
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss"
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss/table"
+	"github.com/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/image"
+	"github.com/docker/go-units"
+	"github.com/muesli/termenv"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type listOptions struct {
+	machines   []string
+	nameFilter string
+	context    string
+}
+
+func NewListCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	opts := listOptions{}
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:     "ls [REPO:[TAG]]",
+		Aliases: []string{"list"},
+		Short:   "List images on machines in the cluster.",
+		Long:    "List images on machines in the cluster. By default, on all machines. Optionally filter by image name.",
+		Example: `  # List all images on all machines.
+  uc image ls
+
+  # List images on specific machine.
+  uc image ls -m machine1
+
+  # List images on multiple machines.
+  uc image ls -m machine1,machine2
+
+  # List images filtered by name (with any tag) on all machines.
+  uc image ls myapp
+
+  # List images filtered by name pattern on specific machine.
+  uc image ls "myapp:1.*" -m machine1`,
+		Args: cobra.MaximumNArgs(1),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				opts.nameFilter = args[0]
+			}
+			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
+			return list(cmd.Context(), uncli, opts)
+		},
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.machines, "machine", "m", nil,
+		"Filter images by machine name or ID. Can be specified multiple times or as a comma-separated list. "+
+			"(default is include all machines)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
+		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
+	)
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// imageRow represents a single image with its metadata for display.
+type imageRow struct {
+	id           string
+	name         string
+	platforms    string
+	createdHuman string
+	createdUnix  int64
+	size         string
+	inUse        string
+	store        string
+	machine      string
+}
+
+func list(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts listOptions) error {
+	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer clusterClient.Close()
+
+	// Get all machines to create ID to name mapping.
+	allMachines, err := clusterClient.ListMachines(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("list machines: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	machineIDToName := make(map[string]string)
+	for _, machineMember := range allMachines {
+		if machineMember.Machine != nil && machineMember.Machine.Id != "" && machineMember.Machine.Name != "" {
+			machineIDToName[machineMember.Machine.Id] = machineMember.Machine.Name
+		}
+	}
+
+	machines := cli.ExpandCommaSeparatedValues(opts.machines)
+
+	clusterImages, err := clusterClient.ListImages(ctx, api.ImageFilter{
+		Machines: machines,
+		Name:     opts.nameFilter,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("list images: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Collect all images from all machines.
+	var rows []imageRow
+
+	for _, machineImages := range clusterImages {
+		// Get machine name for better readability.
+		machineName := machineImages.Metadata.Machine
+		if m := allMachines.FindByNameOrID(machineName); m != nil {
+			machineName = m.Machine.Name
+		}
+
+		store := "docker"
+		if machineImages.ContainerdStore {
+			store = "containerd"
+		}
+
+		// Process each image for this machine.
+		for _, img := range machineImages.Images {
+			// Show the first 12 chars without 'sha256:' as the image ID like Docker does.
+			id := strings.TrimPrefix(img.ID, "sha256:")[:12]
+
+			name := "<none>"
+			if len(img.RepoTags) > 0 && img.RepoTags[0] != "<none>:<none>" {
+				name = img.RepoTags[0]
+			}
+
+			imgPlatforms, _ := imagePlatforms(img)
+			formattedPlatforms := formatPlatforms(imgPlatforms)
+
+			created := ""
+			createdAt := time.Unix(img.Created, 0)
+			if !createdAt.IsZero() {
+				created = units.HumanDuration(time.Now().UTC().Sub(createdAt)) + " ago"
+			}
+
+			size := units.HumanSizeWithPrecision(float64(img.Size), 3)
+
+			// Check if the image is in use by any containers. Only supported by Docker API >=1.51
+			inUse := "-"
+			if img.Containers != -1 { // -1 means the info is not available.
+				if img.Containers > 0 {
+					inUse = lipgloss.NewStyle().Foreground(lipgloss.Color("10")).Render("●")
+				} else {
+					inUse = lipgloss.NewStyle().Foreground(lipgloss.Color("8")).Render("○")
+				}
+			}
+
+			rows = append(rows, imageRow{
+				id:           id,
+				name:         name,
+				platforms:    formattedPlatforms,
+				createdHuman: created,
+				createdUnix:  img.Created,
+				size:         size,
+				inUse:        inUse,
+				store:        store,
+				machine:      machineName,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(rows) == 0 {
+		if opts.nameFilter != "" {
+			fmt.Printf("No images matching '%s' found.\n", opts.nameFilter)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("No images found.")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Sort images by name, then by machine name.
+	sort.Slice(rows, func(i, j int) bool {
+		if rows[i].name != rows[j].name {
+			return rows[i].name < rows[j].name
+		}
+		return rows[i].machine < rows[j].machine
+	})
+
+	// Print the images in a table format.
+	fmt.Println(formatImageTable(rows))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// imagePlatforms returns a list of platforms supported by the image and a boolean indicating if it's multi-platform.
+func imagePlatforms(img image.Summary) ([]string, bool) {
+	var formattedPlatforms []string
+	multiPlatform := false
+
+	for _, m := range img.Manifests {
+		if m.Kind != image.ManifestKindImage || !m.Available {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if m.ID != img.ID {
+			// There is an image manifest that has digest different from the main image digest.
+			// This means the image manifest is an index or a manifest list (multi-platform image).
+			multiPlatform = true
+		}
+		formattedPlatforms = append(formattedPlatforms, platforms.Format(m.ImageData.Platform))
+	}
+
+	slices.Sort(formattedPlatforms)
+
+	return formattedPlatforms, multiPlatform
+}
+
+func formatPlatforms(platforms []string) string {
+	if len(platforms) == 0 {
+		return "-"
+	}
+
+	platformStyle := lipgloss.NewStyle().
+		BorderForeground(lipgloss.Color("152")).
+		Foreground(lipgloss.Color("0")).
+		Background(lipgloss.Color("152"))
+	// Use fancy pill borders only if the output is a terminal with color support.
+	if lipgloss.ColorProfile() != termenv.Ascii {
+		platformStyle = platformStyle.Border(lipgloss.Border{Left: "", Right: ""}, false, true, false, true)
+	}
+
+	styledPlatforms := make([]string, len(platforms))
+	for i, p := range platforms {
+		styledPlatforms[i] = platformStyle.Render(p)
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(styledPlatforms, " ")
+}
+
+func formatImageTable(rows []imageRow) string {
+	columns := []struct {
+		name string
+		hide bool
+	}{
+		{name: "IMAGE ID"},
+		{name: "NAME"},
+		{name: "PLATFORMS"},
+		{name: "CREATED"},
+		{name: "SIZE"},
+		{name: "IN USE"},
+		{name: "STORE"},
+		{name: "MACHINE"},
+	}
+
+	// Hide the "IN USE" column if none of the images have that info available.
+	inUseInfoAvailable := slices.ContainsFunc(rows, func(r imageRow) bool {
+		return r.inUse != "-"
+	})
+	if !inUseInfoAvailable {
+		// Hide "IN USE" column.
+		columns[5].hide = true
+	}
+
+	t := table.New().
+		// Remove the default border.
+		Border(lipgloss.Border{}).
+		BorderTop(false).
+		BorderBottom(false).
+		BorderLeft(false).
+		BorderRight(false).
+		BorderHeader(false).
+		BorderColumn(false).
+		StyleFunc(func(row, col int) lipgloss.Style {
+			if row == table.HeaderRow {
+				return lipgloss.NewStyle().Bold(true).PaddingRight(3)
+			}
+			// Regular style for data rows with padding.
+			return lipgloss.NewStyle().PaddingRight(3)
+		})
+
+	var headers []string
+	for _, col := range columns {
+		if !col.hide {
+			headers = append(headers, col.name)
+		}
+	}
+	t.Headers(headers...)
+
+	for _, row := range rows {
+		values := []string{
+			row.id,
+			row.name,
+			row.platforms,
+			row.createdHuman,
+			row.size,
+			row.inUse,
+			row.store,
+			row.machine,
+		}
+		var filteredValues []string
+		for i, v := range values {
+			if !columns[i].hide {
+				filteredValues = append(filteredValues, v)
+			}
+		}
+		t.Row(filteredValues...)
+	}
+
+	return t.String()
+}

cmd/uncloud/image/push.go

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+package image
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/platforms"
+	"github.com/docker/compose/v2/pkg/progress"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/client"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type pushOptions struct {
+	image    string
+	machines []string
+	platform string
+	context  string
+}
+
+func NewPushCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	opts := pushOptions{}
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "push IMAGE",
+		Short: "Upload a local Docker image to the cluster.",
+		Long: `Upload a local Docker image to the cluster transferring only the missing layers.
+The image is uploaded to all cluster machines (default) or the specified machine(s).`,
+		Example: `  # Push image to all machines in the cluster.
+  uc image push myapp:latest
+
+  # Push image to specific machine.
+  uc image push myapp:latest -m machine1
+
+  # Push image to multiple machines.
+  uc image push myapp:latest -m machine1,machine2,machine3
+
+  # Push a specific platform of a multi-platform image.
+  uc image push myapp:latest --platform linux/amd64`,
+		Args: cobra.ExactArgs(1),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
+
+			opts.image = args[0]
+			return push(cmd.Context(), uncli, opts)
+		},
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.machines, "machine", "m", nil,
+		"Machine names or IDs to push the image to. Can be specified multiple times or as a comma-separated list. "+
+			"(default is all machines)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(
+		&opts.platform, "platform", "",
+		"Push a specific platform of a multi-platform image (e.g., linux/amd64, linux/arm64).\n"+
+			"Local Docker must be configured to use containerd image store to support multi-platform images.",
+	)
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
+		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
+	)
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func push(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts pushOptions) error {
+	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer clusterClient.Close()
+
+	machines := cli.ExpandCommaSeparatedValues(opts.machines)
+	pushOpts := client.PushImageOptions{}
+
+	// Special handling for an explicit "all" keyword to push to all machines.
+	if len(machines) == 1 && machines[0] == "all" {
+		pushOpts.AllMachines = true
+	} else if len(machines) > 0 {
+		pushOpts.Machines = machines
+	} else {
+		// Default is to push to all machines in the cluster.
+		pushOpts.AllMachines = true
+	}
+
+	if opts.platform != "" {
+		p, err := platforms.Parse(opts.platform)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid platform '%s': %w", opts.platform, err)
+		}
+		pushOpts.Platform = &p
+	}
+
+	return progress.RunWithTitle(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		if err = clusterClient.PushImage(ctx, opts.image, pushOpts); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("push image to cluster: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}, uncli.ProgressOut(), fmt.Sprintf("Pushing image %s to cluster", opts.image))
+}

cmd/uncloud/image/root.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package image
+
+import (
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func NewRootCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "image",
+		Short: "Manage images on machines in the cluster.",
+	}
+
+	cmd.AddCommand(
+		NewListCommand(),
+		NewPushCommand(),
+	)
+
+	return cmd
+}

cmd/uncloud/images.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/cmd/uncloud/image"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// NewImagesCommand returns the 'image ls' command modified to work as 'images'.
+func NewImagesCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	listCmd := image.NewListCommand()
+	listCmd.Use = "images [IMAGE]"
+	// Remove 'list' alias since this command is already an alias.
+	listCmd.Aliases = nil
+	listCmd.Example = strings.ReplaceAll(listCmd.Example, "uc image ls", "uc images")
+
+	return listCmd
+}

cmd/uncloud/machine/add.go

@@ -20,12 +20,13 @@ import (
 )
 
 type addOptions struct {
-	name     string
-	noCaddy  bool
-	publicIP string
-	sshKey   string
-	context  string
-	version  string
+	name      string
+	noCaddy   bool
+	noInstall bool
+	publicIP  string
+	sshKey    string
+	context   string
+	version   string
 }
 
 func NewAddCommand() *cobra.Command {
@@ -56,6 +57,11 @@ func NewAddCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		&opts.noCaddy, "no-caddy", false,
 		"Don't deploy Caddy reverse proxy service to the machine.",
 	)
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(
+		&opts.noInstall, "no-install", false,
+		"Skip installation of Docker, Uncloud daemon, and dependencies on the machine. "+
+			"Assumes they're already installed and running.",
+	)
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(
 		&opts.publicIP, "public-ip", "auto",
 		"Public IP address of the machine for ingress configuration. Use 'auto' for automatic detection, "+
@@ -98,6 +104,7 @@ func add(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, remoteMachine *cli.RemoteMachine,
 		MachineName:   opts.name,
 		PublicIP:      publicIP,
 		RemoteMachine: remoteMachine,
+		SkipInstall:   opts.noInstall,
 		Version:       opts.version,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -146,7 +153,7 @@ func add(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, remoteMachine *cli.RemoteMachine,
 
 	// TODO: scale the existing Caddy service to the new machine instead of running a new deployment
 	//  that may cause a small downtime.
-	d, err := clusterClient.NewCaddyDeployment(caddyImage, api.Placement{})
+	d, err := clusterClient.NewCaddyDeployment(caddyImage, "", api.Placement{})
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create caddy deployment: %w", err)
 	}

cmd/uncloud/machine/init.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ type initOptions struct {
 	network     string
 	noCaddy     bool
 	noDNS       bool
+	noInstall   bool
 	publicIP    string
 	sshKey      string
 	version     string
@@ -33,7 +34,20 @@ func NewInitCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "init [USER@HOST:PORT]",
 		Short: "Initialise a new cluster with a remote machine as the first member.",
-		// TODO: include usage examples of initialising a remote machine.
+		Long: "Initialise a new cluster by setting up a remote machine as the first member.\n" +
+			"This command creates a new context in your Uncloud config to manage the cluster.",
+		Example: `  # Initialise a new cluster with default settings.
+  uc machine init root@<your-server-ip>
+
+  # Initialise with a context name 'prod' in the Uncloud config (~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml) and machine name 'vps1'.
+  uc machine init root@<your-server-ip> -c prod -n vps1
+
+  # Initialise with a non-root user and custom SSH port and key.
+  uc machine init ubuntu@<your-server-ip>:2222 -i ~/.ssh/mykey
+
+  # Initialise without Caddy (no reverse proxy) and without an automatically managed domain name (xxxxxx.cluster.uncloud.run).
+  # You can deploy Caddy with 'uc caddy deploy' and reserve a domain with 'uc dns reserve' later.
+  uc machine init root@<your-server-ip> --no-caddy --no-dns`,
 		// TODO: support initialising a cluster on the local machine.
 		Args: cobra.MaximumNArgs(1),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -68,11 +82,16 @@ func NewInitCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	)
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(
 		&opts.noCaddy, "no-caddy", false,
-		"Don't deploy Caddy reverse proxy service to the machine.",
+		"Don't deploy Caddy reverse proxy service to the machine. You can deploy it later with 'uc caddy deploy'.",
 	)
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(
 		&opts.noDNS, "no-dns", false,
-		"Don't reserve a cluster domain in Uncloud DNS.",
+		"Don't reserve a cluster domain in Uncloud DNS. You can reserve it later with 'uc dns reserve'.",
+	)
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(
+		&opts.noInstall, "no-install", false,
+		"Skip installation of Docker, Uncloud daemon, and dependencies on the machine. "+
+			"Assumes they're already installed and running.",
 	)
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(
 		&opts.publicIP, "public-ip", "auto",
@@ -89,8 +108,8 @@ func NewInitCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		"Version of the Uncloud daemon to install on the machine.",
 	)
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&opts.context, "context", "c", "default",
-		"Name of the created context for the initialised cluster in the Uncloud config.",
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", cli.DefaultContextName,
+		"Name of the new context to be created in the Uncloud config to manage the cluster.",
 	)
 
 	return cmd
@@ -121,6 +140,7 @@ func initCluster(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, remoteMachine *cli.RemoteM
 		Network:       netPrefix,
 		PublicIP:      publicIP,
 		RemoteMachine: remoteMachine,
+		SkipInstall:   opts.noInstall,
 		Version:       opts.version,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -147,7 +167,7 @@ func initCluster(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, remoteMachine *cli.RemoteM
 	}
 
 	if !opts.noCaddy {
-		d, err := client.NewCaddyDeployment("", api.Placement{})
+		d, err := client.NewCaddyDeployment("", "", api.Placement{})
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create caddy deployment: %w", err)
 		}

cmd/uncloud/machine/ls.go

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func list(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, clusterName string) error {
 	// Print the list of machines in a table format.
 	tw := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 0, 0, 3, ' ', 0)
 	// Print header.
-	if _, err = fmt.Fprintln(tw, "NAME\tSTATE\tADDRESS\tPUBLIC IP\tWIREGUARD ENDPOINTS"); err != nil {
+	if _, err = fmt.Fprintln(tw, "NAME\tSTATE\tADDRESS\tPUBLIC IP\tWIREGUARD ENDPOINTS\tMACHINE ID"); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("write header: %w", err)
 	}
 	// Print rows.
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ func list(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, clusterName string) error {
 		}
 
 		if _, err = fmt.Fprintf(
-			tw, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", m.Name, capitalise(member.State.String()), subnet, publicIP,
-			strings.Join(endpoints, ", "),
+			tw, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", m.Name, capitalise(member.State.String()), subnet, publicIP,
+			strings.Join(endpoints, ", "), member.Machine.Id,
 		); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("write row: %w", err)
 		}

cmd/uncloud/main.go

@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/cmd/uncloud/caddy"
 	cmdcontext "github.com/psviderski/uncloud/cmd/uncloud/context"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/cmd/uncloud/dns"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/cmd/uncloud/image"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/cmd/uncloud/machine"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/cmd/uncloud/service"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/cmd/uncloud/volume"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli/config"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/fs"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/log"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/version"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -25,14 +27,19 @@ type globalOptions struct {
 }
 
 func main() {
+	log.InitLoggerFromEnv()
+
 	opts := globalOptions{}
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:           "uncloud",
-		Short:         "A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as clusters, machines, and services.",
+		Use:           "uc",
+		Short:         "A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as machines, services, and volumes.",
 		Version:       version.String(),
 		SilenceUsage:  true,
 		SilenceErrors: true,
 		PersistentPreRunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			cli.BindEnvToFlag(cmd, "connect", "UNCLOUD_CONNECT")
+			cli.BindEnvToFlag(cmd, "uncloud-config", "UNCLOUD_CONFIG")
+
 			var conn *config.MachineConnection
 			if opts.connect != "" {
 				if strings.HasPrefix(opts.connect, "tcp://") {
@@ -43,6 +50,11 @@ func main() {
 					conn = &config.MachineConnection{
 						TCP: &addrPort,
 					}
+				} else if strings.HasPrefix(opts.connect, "ssh+cli://") {
+					dest := opts.connect[len("ssh+cli://"):]
+					conn = &config.MachineConnection{
+						SSHCLI: config.SSHDestination(dest),
+					}
 				} else {
 					dest := opts.connect
 					if strings.HasPrefix(dest, "ssh://") {
@@ -65,22 +77,25 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.connect, "connect", "",
-		"Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file.\n"+
-			"Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port")
-	// TODO: allow to override using UNCLOUD_CONFIG env var.
+		"Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]\n"+
+			"Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port], ssh+cli://user@host[:port], or tcp://host:port")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.configPath, "uncloud-config", "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml",
-		"Path to the Uncloud configuration file.")
+		"Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG]")
 	_ = cmd.MarkPersistentFlagFilename("uncloud-config", "yaml", "yml")
 	// TODO: make --context a global flag and pass it as a value of the command context.
 
 	cmd.AddCommand(
 		NewDeployCommand(),
+		NewDocsCommand(),
 		NewBuildCommand(),
+		NewImagesCommand(),
 		caddy.NewRootCommand(),
 		cmdcontext.NewRootCommand(),
 		dns.NewRootCommand(),
+		image.NewRootCommand(),
 		machine.NewRootCommand(),
 		service.NewRootCommand(),
+		service.NewExecCommand(),
 		service.NewInspectCommand(),
 		service.NewListCommand(),
 		service.NewRmCommand(),

cmd/uncloud/service/exec.go

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/streams"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type execCliOptions struct {
+	detach      bool
+	interactive bool
+	noTty       bool
+	context     string
+	containerId string
+}
+
+var DEFAULT_COMMAND = []string{"sh", "-c", "command -v bash >/dev/null 2>&1 && exec bash || exec sh"}
+
+func NewExecCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	opts := execCliOptions{}
+
+	execCmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "exec [OPTIONS] SERVICE [COMMAND ARGS...]",
+		Short: "Execute a command in a running service container",
+		Long: `Execute a command (interactive shell by default) in a running container within a service.
+If the service has multiple replicas and no container ID is specified, the command will be executed in a random container.
+	`,
+		Example: `
+  # Start an interactive shell ("bash" or "sh" will be tried by default)
+  uc exec web-service
+
+  # Start an interactive shell with explicit command
+  uc exec web-service /bin/zsh
+
+  # List files in the specific container of the service; --container accepts full ID or a (unique) prefix
+  uc exec --container d792e web-service ls -la
+
+  # Pipe input to a command inside the service container
+  cat backup.sql | uc exec -T db-service psql -U postgres mydb
+
+  # Run a task in the background (detached mode)
+  uc exec -d web-service /scripts/cleanup.sh`,
+		Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
+			serviceName := args[0]
+			command := args[1:]
+			if len(command) == 0 {
+				command = DEFAULT_COMMAND
+			}
+			return runExec(cmd.Context(), uncli, serviceName, command, opts)
+		},
+	}
+
+	execCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&opts.detach, "detach", "d", false, "Detached mode: run command in the background")
+
+	execCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&opts.noTty, "no-tty", "T", !cli.IsStdoutTerminal(),
+		"Disable pseudo-TTY allocation. By default 'uc exec' allocates a TTY when connected to a terminal.")
+
+	// Keep "-i" and "-t" flags hidden for compatibility with docker exec
+	execCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&opts.interactive, "interactive", "i", true, "Keep STDIN open even if not attached")
+	execCmd.Flags().MarkHidden("interactive")
+
+	execCmd.Flags().BoolP("tty", "t", false, "Allocate a pseudo-TTY")
+	execCmd.Flags().MarkHidden("tty")
+
+	execCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
+		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)")
+
+	// Common flags
+	execCmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.containerId, "container", "",
+		"ID of the container to exec into. Accepts full ID or a unique prefix "+
+			"(default is the random container of the service)")
+
+	// This tells Cobra that all flags must come before positional arguments, so that
+	// commands with their own flags can be handled correctly.
+	execCmd.Flags().SetInterspersed(false)
+
+	return execCmd
+}
+
+func runExec(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, serviceName string, command []string, opts execCliOptions) error {
+	if !opts.detach {
+		// Check if we're trying to attach to a TTY from a non-TTY client, e.g.
+		// when doing an 'cmd | uc exec ...'
+		stdin := streams.NewIn(os.Stdin)
+		// TODO: this logic/behavior mirrors docker-compose, but we can be smarter about it and detect TTY dynamically
+		if err := stdin.CheckTty(opts.interactive, !opts.noTty); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("check TTY: %w; use -T option to disable TTY allocation", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	client, err := uncli.ConnectClusterWithOptions(ctx, opts.context, cli.ConnectOptions{
+		ShowProgress: false,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	execConfig := api.ExecOptions{
+		Command:     command,
+		AttachStdin: opts.interactive,
+		Tty:         !opts.noTty,
+		Detach:      opts.detach,
+	}
+
+	if !opts.detach {
+		execConfig.AttachStdout = true
+		execConfig.AttachStderr = true
+	}
+
+	exitCode, err := client.ExecContainer(ctx, serviceName, opts.containerId, execConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("exec container: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// For non-detached mode, exit with the same code as the executed command
+	if !opts.detach {
+		if exitCode != 0 {
+			os.Exit(exitCode)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

cmd/uncloud/service/inspect.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 
 type inspectOptions struct {
 	service string
-	cluster string
+	context string
 }
 
 func NewInspectCommand() *cobra.Command {
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ func NewInspectCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&opts.cluster, "context", "c", "",
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
 	)
 	return cmd
 }
 
 func inspect(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts inspectOptions) error {
-	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.cluster)
+	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ func inspect(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts inspectOptions) error {
 		machinesNamesByID[m.Machine.Id] = m.Machine.Name
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("ID:    %s\n", svc.ID)
-	fmt.Printf("Name:  %s\n", svc.Name)
-	fmt.Printf("Mode:  %s\n", svc.Mode)
+	fmt.Printf("Service ID: %s\n", svc.ID)
+	fmt.Printf("Name:       %s\n", svc.Name)
+	fmt.Printf("Mode:       %s\n", svc.Mode)
 	fmt.Println()
 
 	// Print the list of containers in a table format.

cmd/uncloud/service/ls.go

@@ -12,26 +12,25 @@ import (
 )
 
 func NewListCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	// TODO(lhf): rename to context
-	var cluster string
+	var contextName string
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "ls",
 		Aliases: []string{"list"},
 		Short:   "List services.",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
-			return list(cmd.Context(), uncli, cluster)
+			return list(cmd.Context(), uncli, contextName)
 		},
 	}
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&cluster, "context", "c", "",
+		&contextName, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
 	)
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func list(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, clusterName string) error {
-	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, clusterName)
+func list(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, contextName string) error {
+	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, contextName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -61,19 +60,29 @@ func list(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, clusterName string) error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("write header: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
-	if _, err = fmt.Fprintln(tw, "NAME\tMODE\tREPLICAS\tENDPOINTS"); err != nil {
+	if _, err = fmt.Fprintln(tw, "NAME\tMODE\tREPLICAS\tIMAGE\tENDPOINTS"); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("write header: %w", err)
 	}
 	for _, s := range services {
-		endpointsSlice := s.Endpoints()
-		endpoints := strings.Join(endpointsSlice, ", ")
+		images := strings.Join(s.Images(), ", ")
+		endpoints := strings.Join(s.Endpoints(), ", ")
+
+		// If no endpoints from ports, check if the service uses custom Caddy config.
+		if endpoints == "" {
+			for _, ctr := range s.Containers {
+				if ctr.Container.ServiceSpec.CaddyConfig() != "" {
+					endpoints = "(custom Caddy config)"
+				}
+			}
+		}
 
 		if haveDuplicateNames {
 			if _, err = fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\t", s.ID); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("write row: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
-		if _, err = fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\t%s\t%d\t%s\n", s.Name, s.Mode, len(s.Containers), endpoints); err != nil {
+		if _, err = fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\t%s\t%d\t%s\t%s\n",
+			s.Name, s.Mode, len(s.Containers), images, endpoints); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("write row: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

cmd/uncloud/service/rm.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 type rmOptions struct {
 	services []string
-	cluster  string
+	context  string
 }
 
 func NewRmCommand() *cobra.Command {
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ func NewRmCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&opts.cluster, "context", "c", "",
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
 	)
 	return cmd
 }
 
 func rm(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts rmOptions) error {
-	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.cluster)
+	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -50,5 +50,5 @@ func rm(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts rmOptions) error {
 		}, uncli.ProgressOut(), "Removing service "+s)
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	return err
 }

cmd/uncloud/service/root.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ func NewRootCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		NewRmCommand(),
 		NewRunCommand(),
 		NewScaleCommand(),
+		NewExecCommand(),
 	)
 	return cmd
 }

cmd/uncloud/service/run.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 type runOptions struct {
+	caddyfile         string
 	command           []string
 	cpu               dockeropts.NanoCPUs
 	entrypoint        string
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ type runOptions struct {
 	user              string
 	volumes           []string
 
-	cluster string
+	context string
 }
 
 func NewRunCommand() *cobra.Command {
@@ -57,6 +58,9 @@ func NewRunCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.caddyfile, "caddyfile", "",
+		"Path to a custom Caddy config (Caddyfile) for the service. "+
+			"Cannot be used together with non-@host published ports.")
 	cmd.Flags().VarP(&opts.cpu, "cpu", "",
 		"Maximum number of CPU cores a service container can use. Fractional values are allowed: "+
 			"0.5 for half a core or 2.25 for two and a quarter cores.")
@@ -82,7 +86,7 @@ func NewRunCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		"Give extended privileges to service containers. This is a security risk and should be used with caution.")
 	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.publish, "publish", "p", nil,
 		"Publish a service port to make it accessible outside the cluster. Can be specified multiple times.\n"+
-			"Format: [hostname:][load_balancer_port:]container_port[/protocol] or [host_ip:]:host_port:container_port[/protocol]@host\n"+
+			"Format: [hostname:]container_port[/protocol] or [host_ip:]host_port:container_port[/protocol]@host\n"+
 			"Supported protocols: tcp, udp, http, https (default is tcp). If a hostname for http(s) port is not specified\n"+
 			"and a cluster domain is reserved, service-name.cluster-domain will be used as the hostname.\n"+
 			"Examples:\n"+
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ func NewRunCommand() *cobra.Command {
 			"  -v /host/path:/container/path:ro 		 Bind mount a host directory or file as read-only")
 
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&opts.cluster, "context", "c", "",
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context to run the service in. (default is the current context)",
 	)
 
@@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ func run(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts runOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.cluster)
+	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -161,6 +165,15 @@ func run(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts runOptions) error {
 func prepareServiceSpec(opts runOptions) (api.ServiceSpec, error) {
 	var spec api.ServiceSpec
 
+	caddyfile := ""
+	if opts.caddyfile != "" {
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(opts.caddyfile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return spec, fmt.Errorf("read Caddyfile: %w", err)
+		}
+		caddyfile = strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
+	}
+
 	env, err := parseEnv(opts.env)
 	if err != nil {
 		return spec, err
@@ -218,6 +231,12 @@ func prepareServiceSpec(opts runOptions) (api.ServiceSpec, error) {
 		Volumes:   volumes,
 	}
 
+	if caddyfile != "" {
+		spec.Caddy = &api.CaddySpec{
+			Config: caddyfile,
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image or reset it if an empty string is passed.
 	if opts.entrypoint != "" {
 		spec.Container.Entrypoint = []string{opts.entrypoint}

cmd/uncloud/service/scale.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 type scaleOptions struct {
 	service  string
 	replicas uint
-	cluster  string
+	context  string
 }
 
 func NewScaleCommand() *cobra.Command {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func NewScaleCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	}
 
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&opts.cluster, "context", "c", "",
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
 	)
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func scale(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts scaleOptions) error {
 		)
 	}
 
-	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.cluster)
+	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
 	}

cmd/uncloudd/dialstdio.go

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func newDialStdioCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	var socketPath string
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:    "dial-stdio",
+		Short:  "Proxy stdin/stdout to the Uncloud API socket",
+		Hidden: true,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			return runDialStdio(cmd.Context(), socketPath, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
+		},
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&socketPath, "socket", machine.DefaultUncloudSockPath,
+		"Path to the Uncloud API socket")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// halfReadCloser is the read side of a half-duplex connection.
+type halfReadCloser interface {
+	io.Reader
+	CloseRead() error
+}
+
+// halfWriteCloser is the write side of a half-duplex connection.
+type halfWriteCloser interface {
+	io.Writer
+	CloseWrite() error
+}
+
+// halfReadCloserWrapper wraps an io.ReadCloser to implement halfReadCloser.
+type halfReadCloserWrapper struct {
+	io.ReadCloser
+}
+
+func (x *halfReadCloserWrapper) CloseRead() error {
+	return x.Close()
+}
+
+// halfWriteCloserWrapper wraps an io.WriteCloser to implement halfWriteCloser.
+type halfWriteCloserWrapper struct {
+	io.WriteCloser
+}
+
+func (x *halfWriteCloserWrapper) CloseWrite() error {
+	return x.Close()
+}
+
+func runDialStdio(ctx context.Context, socketPath string, stdin io.Reader, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	// Connect to the unix socket.
+	var dialer net.Dialer
+	conn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, "unix", socketPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("connect to socket %q: %w", socketPath, err)
+	}
+	defer conn.Close()
+
+	// Wrap stdin/stdout to support half-closing.
+	var stdinCloser halfReadCloser
+	if c, ok := stdin.(halfReadCloser); ok {
+		stdinCloser = c
+	} else if c, ok := stdin.(io.ReadCloser); ok {
+		stdinCloser = &halfReadCloserWrapper{c}
+	}
+
+	var stdoutCloser halfWriteCloser
+	if c, ok := stdout.(halfWriteCloser); ok {
+		stdoutCloser = c
+	} else if c, ok := stdout.(io.WriteCloser); ok {
+		stdoutCloser = &halfWriteCloserWrapper{c}
+	}
+
+	// Copy data bidirectionally between stdin/stdout and the socket.
+	stdin2socket := make(chan error, 1)
+	socket2stdout := make(chan error, 1)
+
+	// Copy from stdin to socket.
+	go func() {
+		_, err := io.Copy(conn, stdin)
+		stdin2socket <- err
+		// Close write side of connection after stdin is done.
+		if unixConn, ok := conn.(*net.UnixConn); ok {
+			unixConn.CloseWrite()
+		}
+		if stdinCloser != nil {
+			stdinCloser.CloseRead()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Copy from socket to stdout.
+	go func() {
+		_, err := io.Copy(stdout, conn)
+		socket2stdout <- err
+		// Close read side of connection after socket is done sending.
+		if unixConn, ok := conn.(*net.UnixConn); ok {
+			unixConn.CloseRead()
+		}
+		if stdoutCloser != nil {
+			stdoutCloser.CloseWrite()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case err = <-stdin2socket:
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// wait for stdout
+		err = <-socket2stdout
+	case err = <-socket2stdout:
+		// return immediately, matching Docker's approach
+		// (stdin is never closed when TTY)
+	}
+	return err
+}

cmd/uncloudd/main.go

@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ func main() {
 		"Directory for storing persistent machine state")
 	_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("data-dir")
 
+	// Add dial-stdio subcommand.
+	cmd.AddCommand(newDialStdioCommand())
+
 	// ctx is canceled when the daemon command is interrupted.
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 

go.mod

@@ -1,24 +1,29 @@
 module github.com/psviderski/uncloud
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.25
 
 require (
-	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.4.0
+	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver v1.5.0
 	github.com/Masterminds/squirrel v1.5.4
+	github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.20.0
 	github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2 v2.8.4
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0
+	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles v0.20.0
+	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea v1.3.9
 	github.com/charmbracelet/huh v0.6.0
-	github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss v0.13.0
-	github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2 v2.4.5
+	github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss v1.1.0
+	github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2 v2.9.0
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0
+	github.com/containerd/platforms v1.0.0-rc.1
 	github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20191104093116-d3cd4ed1dbcf
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.8.0
 	github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v3 v3.2103.5
 	github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0
-	github.com/docker/cli v27.5.0+incompatible
-	github.com/docker/compose/v2 v2.31.0
-	github.com/docker/docker v27.4.0-rc.2+incompatible
-	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.5.0
+	github.com/docker/cli v28.5.0+incompatible
+	github.com/docker/compose/v2 v2.40.0
+	github.com/docker/docker v28.5.0+incompatible
+	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.6.0
 	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0
 	github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.17.1
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0
@@ -36,45 +41,66 @@ require (
 	github.com/lmittmann/tint v1.0.5
 	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.65
 	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0
-	github.com/moby/term v0.5.0
+	github.com/moby/term v0.5.2
+	github.com/muesli/termenv v0.16.0
 	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0
-	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.0
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1
+	github.com/psviderski/unregistry v0.3.1
 	github.com/siderolabs/discovery-api v0.1.4
 	github.com/siderolabs/discovery-client v0.1.9
 	github.com/siderolabs/grpc-proxy v0.5.1
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.1
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.1
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
+	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0
 	go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20231129151722-fdeea329fbba
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.33.0
-	golang.org/x/net v0.35.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.41.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.43.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.17.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.34.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241209162323-e6fa225c2576
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.68.1
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.3
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250528174236-200df99c418a
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.74.2
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.9
 	modernc.org/sqlite v1.36.3
 )
 
 require (
+	cloud.google.com/go/kms v1.19.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.0 // indirect
 	filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230811130428-ced1acdcaa24 // indirect
+	github.com/AlecAivazis/survey/v2 v2.3.7 // indirect
 	github.com/AndreasBriese/bbloom v0.0.0-20190825152654-46b345b51c96 // indirect
-	github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20250102033503-faa5f7b0171c // indirect
+	github.com/DefangLabs/secret-detector v0.0.0-20250403165618-22662109213e // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 // indirect
-	github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.8 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.13.0 // indirect
+	github.com/acarl005/stripansi v0.0.0-20180116102854-5a71ef0e047d // indirect
 	github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.0 // indirect
+	github.com/apparentlymart/go-textseg/v15 v15.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/armon/circbuf v0.0.0-20190214190532-5111143e8da2 // indirect
 	github.com/armon/go-metrics v0.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/armon/go-radix v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/aryann/difflib v0.0.0-20210328193216-ff5ff6dc229b // indirect
 	github.com/atotto/clipboard v0.1.4 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.30.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.27.27 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.27 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.11 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.15 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.15 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.11.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.11.17 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.22.4 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.26.4 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.30.3 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.20.3 // indirect
 	github.com/aymanbagabas/go-osc52/v2 v2.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/bgentry/speakeasy v0.2.0 // indirect
@@ -84,67 +110,86 @@ require (
 	github.com/catppuccin/go v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles v0.20.0 // indirect
-	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/charmbracelet/x/ansi v0.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/colorprofile v0.2.3-0.20250311203215-f60798e515dc // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/x/ansi v0.10.1 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/x/cellbuf v0.0.13-0.20250311204145-2c3ea96c31dd // indirect
 	github.com/charmbracelet/x/exp/strings v0.0.0-20240919170804-a4978c8e603a // indirect
-	github.com/charmbracelet/x/term v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/x/term v0.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/chzyer/readline v1.5.1 // indirect
-	github.com/cloudflare/cfssl v1.6.4 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/console v1.0.4 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.24 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/containerd/api v1.7.19 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/continuity v0.4.4 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/errdefs v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/cgroups/v3 v3.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/console v1.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/containerd/api v1.9.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/containerd/v2 v2.1.4 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/continuity v0.4.5 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/fifo v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/plugin v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/estargz v0.16.3 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/ttrpc v1.2.5 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.6 // indirect
-	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/ttrpc v1.2.7 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.7 // indirect
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dgraph-io/badger v1.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v2 v2.2007.4 // indirect
 	github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/dgryski/go-farm v0.0.0-20200201041132-a6ae2369ad13 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/buildx v0.18.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f // indirect
+	github.com/distribution/distribution/v3 v3.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.5 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/buildx v0.29.1 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool v0.10.0 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.3+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.8.2 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go v1.5.1-1.0.20160303222718-d30aec9fd63c // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-events v0.0.0-20190806004212-e31b211e4f1c // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-metrics v0.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/eiannone/keyboard v0.0.0-20220611211555-0d226195f203 // indirect
+	github.com/emicklei/go-restful/v3 v3.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/erikgeiser/coninput v0.0.0-20211004153227-1c3628e74d0f // indirect
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.17.0 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsevents v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/fvbommel/sortorder v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3 v3.0.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-kit/kit v0.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-kit/log v0.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.21.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/jsonreference v0.20.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.23.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-task/slim-sprig/v3 v3.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/golang/glog v1.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/glog v1.2.5 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/cel-go v0.20.1 // indirect
 	github.com/google/flatbuffers v24.3.25+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20250317173921-a4b03ec1a45e // indirect
+	github.com/google/gnostic-models v0.6.8 // indirect
+	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20250403155104-27863c87afa6 // indirect
 	github.com/google/shlex v0.0.0-20191202100458-e7afc7fbc510 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gorilla/handlers v1.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.1 // indirect
-	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.24.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.26.1 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix v1.3.1 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-msgpack v0.5.5 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-msgpack/v2 v2.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
@@ -152,13 +197,15 @@ require (
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-syslog v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-version v1.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/arc/v2 v2.0.7 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2 v2.0.7 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/logutils v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/mdns v1.0.5 // indirect
 	github.com/huandu/xstrings v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.16 // indirect
-	github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/in-toto/in-toto-golang v0.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/inhies/go-bytesize v0.0.0-20220417184213-4913239db9cf // indirect
 	github.com/ipfs/bbloom v0.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/ipfs/go-block-format v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs-util v0.0.3 // indirect
@@ -176,8 +223,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/jackc/pgtype v1.14.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgx/v4 v4.18.3 // indirect
 	github.com/jbenet/goprocess v0.1.4 // indirect
+	github.com/jonboulle/clockwork v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 // indirect
+	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
+	github.com/kballard/go-shellquote v0.0.0-20180428030007-95032a82bc51 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.9 // indirect
 	github.com/lann/builder v0.0.0-20180802200727-47ae307949d0 // indirect
 	github.com/lann/ps v0.0.0-20150810152359-62de8c46ede0 // indirect
@@ -187,6 +238,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub v0.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/libp2p/go-msgio v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/lucasb-eyer/go-colorful v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mailru/easyjson v0.7.7 // indirect
 	github.com/manifoldco/promptui v0.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
@@ -206,19 +258,26 @@ require (
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-ps v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure/v2 v2.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/reflectwalk v1.0.2 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/buildkit v0.17.2 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/buildkit v0.25.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/go-archive v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/locker v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/patternmatcher v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/spdystream v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/atomicwriter v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/capability v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo v0.7.2 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/sequential v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/signal v0.7.1 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/sys/user v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/symlink v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/user v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/userns v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/muesli/ansi v0.0.0-20230316100256-276c6243b2f6 // indirect
 	github.com/muesli/cancelreader v0.2.2 // indirect
-	github.com/muesli/termenv v0.15.3-0.20240618155329-98d742f6907a // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-base32 v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-base36 v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr v0.13.0 // indirect
@@ -229,93 +288,131 @@ require (
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multistream v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-varint v0.0.7 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
+	github.com/mxk/go-flowrate v0.0.0-20140419014527-cca7078d478f // indirect
 	github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2 v2.22.0 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.12.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.9.5 // indirect
 	github.com/pires/go-proxyproto v0.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10 // indirect
-	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
 	github.com/polydawn/refmt v0.89.0 // indirect
 	github.com/posener/complete v1.2.3 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.61.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
 	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.48.2 // indirect
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/extra/rediscmd/v9 v9.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/extra/redisotel/v9 v9.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.3 // indirect
 	github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec // indirect
 	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.7 // indirect
 	github.com/rs/xid v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/santhosh-tekuri/jsonschema/v6 v6.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/sean-/seed v0.0.0-20170313163322-e2103e2c3529 // indirect
-	github.com/secure-systems-lab/go-securesystemslib v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/secure-systems-lab/go-securesystemslib v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/serialx/hashring v0.0.0-20200727003509-22c0c7ab6b1b // indirect
 	github.com/shibumi/go-pathspec v1.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/shopspring/decimal v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/siderolabs/gen v0.4.8 // indirect
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 // indirect
+	github.com/skratchdot/open-golang v0.0.0-20200116055534-eef842397966 // indirect
 	github.com/slackhq/nebula v1.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/certificates v0.26.1 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/smallstep/pkcs7 v0.0.0-20231024181729-3b98ecc1ca81 // indirect
+	github.com/smallstep/pkcs7 v0.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/scep v0.0.0-20231024192529-aee96d7ad34d // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/truststore v0.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0 // indirect
-	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.10 // indirect
 	github.com/stoewer/go-strcase v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/tailscale/tscert v0.0.0-20240517230440-bbccfbf48933 // indirect
 	github.com/theupdateframework/notary v0.7.0 // indirect
-	github.com/tonistiigi/dchapes-mode v0.0.0-20241001053921-ca0759fec205 // indirect
-	github.com/tonistiigi/fsutil v0.0.0-20241028165955-397af5306b5c // indirect
-	github.com/tonistiigi/go-csvvalue v0.0.0-20240710180619-ddb21b71c0b4 // indirect
+	github.com/tilt-dev/fsnotify v1.4.8-0.20220602155310-fff9c274a375 // indirect
+	github.com/tonistiigi/dchapes-mode v0.0.0-20250318174251-73d941a28323 // indirect
+	github.com/tonistiigi/fsutil v0.0.0-20250605211040-586307ad452f // indirect
+	github.com/tonistiigi/go-csvvalue v0.0.0-20240814133006-030d3b2625d0 // indirect
 	github.com/tonistiigi/units v0.0.0-20180711220420-6950e57a87ea // indirect
 	github.com/tonistiigi/vt100 v0.0.0-20240514184818-90bafcd6abab // indirect
-	github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.16 // indirect
-	github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.11.6 // indirect
-	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 // indirect
-	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer v0.0.0-20190905194746-02993c407bfb // indirect
-	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonreference v0.0.0-20180127040603-bd5ef7bd5415 // indirect
-	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.17 // indirect
+	github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.12.1 // indirect
+	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 // indirect
+	github.com/xhit/go-str2duration/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/xo/terminfo v0.0.0-20220910002029-abceb7e1c41e // indirect
+	github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.17.0 // indirect
 	github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.4 // indirect
-	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.11 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.4.3 // indirect
 	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.49.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/httptrace/otelhttptrace v0.46.1 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.58.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.33.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v0.44.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.33.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.27.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.33.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.33.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.32.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.33.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.4.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/prometheus v0.57.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport v0.57.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.60.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/httptrace/otelhttptrace v0.60.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.60.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.36.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploggrpc v0.8.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploghttp v0.8.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetrichttp v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.54.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutlog v0.8.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutmetric v1.32.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.32.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.8.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.36.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.36.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log v0.8.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.36.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.36.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0 // indirect
 	go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.9.0 // indirect
 	go.step.sm/crypto v0.45.0 // indirect
 	go.step.sm/linkedca v0.20.1 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.3 // indirect
-	go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/mock v0.6.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/zap/exp v0.2.0 // indirect
+	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto/x509roots/fallback v0.0.0-20240507223354-67b13616a595 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20241215155358-4a5509556b9e // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/term v0.29.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.22.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/time v0.8.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250408133849-7e4ce0ab07d0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.27.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.28.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.11.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.36.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240401170217-c3f982113cda // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241209162323-e6fa225c2576 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250528174236-200df99c418a // indirect
+	gopkg.in/evanphx/json-patch.v4 v4.12.0 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20230927004350-cbd86285d259 // indirect
 	howett.net/plist v1.0.0 // indirect
+	k8s.io/api v0.32.3 // indirect
+	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.32.3 // indirect
+	k8s.io/client-go v0.32.3 // indirect
+	k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.130.1 // indirect
+	k8s.io/kube-openapi v0.0.0-20241105132330-32ad38e42d3f // indirect
+	k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20241104100929-3ea5e8cea738 // indirect
 	lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.3.0 // indirect
 	modernc.org/libc v1.61.13 // indirect
 	modernc.org/mathutil v1.7.1 // indirect
 	modernc.org/memory v1.8.2 // indirect
+	sigs.k8s.io/json v0.0.0-20241010143419-9aa6b5e7a4b3 // indirect
+	sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4 v4.4.2 // indirect
+	sigs.k8s.io/yaml v1.4.0 // indirect
+	tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface v1.0.1 // indirect
 )

internal/cli/build.go

@@ -2,175 +2,200 @@ package cli
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
+	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss"
 	composetypes "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2/types"
-	"github.com/distribution/reference"
-	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/image"
-	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/archive"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/jsonmessage"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/registry"
-	"github.com/moby/term"
+	mapset "github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/flags"
+	composeapi "github.com/docker/compose/v2/pkg/api"
+	composev2 "github.com/docker/compose/v2/pkg/compose"
+	"github.com/docker/compose/v2/pkg/progress"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/client"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/client/compose"
 )
 
-type BuildOptions struct {
-	Files    []string
-	Profiles []string
+// BuildServicesOptions contains options for building services in a Compose project.
+type BuildServicesOptions struct {
+	// BuildArgs sets build-time variables for services. Used in Dockerfiles that declare variables with ARG.
+	BuildArgs []string
+	// Check the build configuration for services without building them.
+	Check bool
+	// Deps enables to also build services declared as dependencies of the selected Services.
+	Deps bool
+	// NoCache disables the use of cache when building images.
+	NoCache bool
+	// Pull attempts to pull newer versions of the base images before building.
+	Pull bool
+	// Services specifies which services to build. If empty, all services with a build config are built.
 	Services []string
-	Push     bool
-	NoCache  bool
+
+	// Push targets are mutually exclusive.
+	// PushCluster uploads the built images to cluster machines after building.
+	PushCluster bool
+	// PushRegistry uploads the built images to external registries after building.
+	PushRegistry bool
+
+	// Cluster-specific options (only used if PushCluster is true).
+	// Context is the name of the cluster context.
+	Context string
+	// Machines is a list of machine names or IDs to push the image to. If empty, images are pushed to all machines.
+	Machines []string
 }
 
-// GetServicesThatNeedBuild returns a map of services that require building
-func GetServicesThatNeedBuild(project *composetypes.Project) map[string]composetypes.ServiceConfig {
-	servicesToBuild := make(map[string]composetypes.ServiceConfig, len(project.Services))
-	for serviceName, service := range project.Services {
-		if service.Build == nil {
+// BuildServices builds images for services in the Compose project.
+func (cli *CLI) BuildServices(ctx context.Context, project *composetypes.Project, opts BuildServicesOptions) error {
+	// Validate push targets.
+	if opts.PushCluster && opts.PushRegistry {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify both PushCluster and PushRegistry: choose one push target")
+	}
+
+	// Build service images using Compose implementation.
+	dockerCli, err := command.NewDockerCli()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create docker client: %w", err)
+	}
+	// Initialise the Docker CLI with default options.
+	if err = dockerCli.Initialize(flags.NewClientOptions()); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("initialise docker client: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	composeService := composev2.NewComposeService(dockerCli)
+	buildOpts := composeapi.BuildOptions{
+		Args:     composetypes.NewMappingWithEquals(opts.BuildArgs),
+		Check:    opts.Check,
+		Deps:     opts.Deps,
+		NoCache:  opts.NoCache,
+		Pull:     opts.Pull,
+		Push:     opts.PushRegistry,
+		Services: opts.Services,
+	}
+
+	if err = composeService.Build(ctx, project, buildOpts); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if !opts.PushCluster {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Push built service images to cluster machines.
+	builtServices, err := ServicesThatNeedBuild(project, opts.Services, opts.Deps)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("determine built services: %w", err)
+	}
+	if len(builtServices) == 0 {
+		// No services were built, nothing to push.
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Add a line break after the build output.
+	fmt.Fprintln(cli.ProgressOut())
+
+	clusterClient, err := cli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.Context)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer clusterClient.Close()
+
+	// Push one service image at a time.
+	var errs []error
+	for _, s := range builtServices {
+		if s.Image == "" {
+			// Skip services without an image name (shouldn't happen for services with build config).
 			continue
 		}
-		servicesToBuild[serviceName] = service
-	}
-	return servicesToBuild
-}
 
-// BuildServices builds the services defined in the provided map.
-func BuildServices(ctx context.Context, servicesToBuild map[string]composetypes.ServiceConfig, opts BuildOptions) error {
-	fmt.Println("Building services...")
+		// Push to the specified machines falling back to service x-machines.
+		// If none specified, push to *all* cluster machines.
+		var pushOpts client.PushImageOptions
 
-	// Init docker client (can be local or remote, depending on DOCKER_HOST environment variable)
-	dockerCli, err := dockerclient.NewClientWithOpts(dockerclient.FromEnv, dockerclient.WithAPIVersionNegotiation())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer dockerCli.Close()
+		if len(opts.Machines) > 0 {
+			pushOpts.Machines = opts.Machines
+		} else if machines, ok := s.Extensions[compose.MachinesExtensionKey].(compose.MachinesSource); ok {
+			pushOpts.Machines = machines
+		}
 
-	serviceImages := make(map[string]string, len(servicesToBuild))
+		if len(pushOpts.Machines) == 0 {
+			pushOpts.AllMachines = true
+		}
 
-	// Build the services using the local docker client and compose libraries
-	for _, service := range servicesToBuild {
-		fmt.Printf("Building service: %s\n", service.Name)
-		imageName, err := buildSingleService(ctx, dockerCli, service, opts)
+		boldStyle := lipgloss.NewStyle().Bold(true)
+		err = progress.RunWithTitle(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
+			if err = clusterClient.PushImage(ctx, s.Image, pushOpts); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("push image '%s' for service '%s': %w", s.Image, s.Name, err)
+			}
+			return nil
+		}, cli.ProgressOut(), fmt.Sprintf("Pushing image %s to cluster", boldStyle.Render(s.Image)))
+		// Collect errors to try pushing all images.
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("build service %s: %w", service.Name, err)
-		}
-		serviceImages[service.Name] = imageName
-	}
-	fmt.Printf("Service images are built.\n")
-
-	if opts.Push {
-		err = pushServiceImages(ctx, dockerCli, serviceImages)
-	}
-
-	return err
-}
-
-// buildSingleService builds a single service using the Docker client and Compose libraries.
-func buildSingleService(ctx context.Context, dockerCli *dockerclient.Client, service composetypes.ServiceConfig, opts BuildOptions) (string, error) {
-	if service.Build == nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("service %s has no build configuration", service.Name)
-	}
-	if service.Image == "" {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("service %s has no image specified; building services without image is not supported yet", service.Name)
-	}
-
-	buildContextPath := service.Build.Context
-	imageName := service.Image
-
-	// Create a tar archive of the build context
-	buildContext, err := archive.TarWithOptions(buildContextPath, &archive.TarOptions{})
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to create build context for service %s: %w", service.Name, err)
-	}
-
-	buildOptions := types.ImageBuildOptions{
-		// TODO: Support Dockerfiles outside the build context
-		// See https://github.com/docker/compose/blob/cf89fd1aa1328d5af77658ccc5a1e1b29981ae80/pkg/compose/build_classic.go#L92
-		Dockerfile: service.Build.Dockerfile,
-		Tags:       []string{imageName},
-		Remove:     true, // Remove intermediate containers
-		NoCache:    opts.NoCache,
-	}
-
-	buildResponse, err := dockerCli.ImageBuild(ctx, buildContext, buildOptions)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to build image for service %s: %w", service.Name, err)
-	}
-	defer buildResponse.Body.Close()
-
-	// Display the build response
-	fd, isTerminal := term.GetFdInfo(os.Stdout)
-	if err := jsonmessage.DisplayJSONMessagesStream(buildResponse.Body, os.Stdout, fd, isTerminal, nil); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to display build response for service %s: %w", service.Name, err)
-	}
-
-	return imageName, nil
-}
-
-// pushSingleServiceImage pushes a single service image.
-func pushSingleServiceImage(ctx context.Context, dockerCli *dockerclient.Client, serviceName string, imageName string) error {
-	ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(imageName)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	repoInfo, err := registry.ParseRepositoryInfo(ref)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	registryKey := repoInfo.Index.Name
-	if repoInfo.Index.Official {
-		registryKey = registry.IndexServer
-	}
-
-	// Load the Docker config file with auth details, if available
-	configFile := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
-
-	authConfig, err := configFile.GetAuthConfig(registryKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	authJSON, err := json.Marshal(authConfig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal auth config for registry %s: %w", registryKey, err)
-	}
-
-	authStr := base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(authJSON)
-
-	pushOptions := image.PushOptions{
-		RegistryAuth: authStr,
-	}
-	pushResponse, err := dockerCli.ImagePush(ctx, imageName, pushOptions)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to push image %s: %w", imageName, err)
-	}
-	defer pushResponse.Close()
-
-	fmt.Printf("Pushing image %s for service %s...\n", imageName, serviceName)
-
-	fd, isTerminal := term.GetFdInfo(os.Stdout)
-	if err := jsonmessage.DisplayJSONMessagesStream(pushResponse, os.Stdout, fd, isTerminal, nil); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to display push response for image %s: %w", imageName, err)
-	}
-
-	fmt.Printf("Image %s pushed successfully.\n", imageName)
-	return nil
-}
-
-// pushServiceImages pushes all built service images to the registry.
-func pushServiceImages(ctx context.Context, dockerCli *dockerclient.Client, serviceImages map[string]string) error {
-	fmt.Printf("Pushing images...\n")
-	for serviceName, imageName := range serviceImages {
-		if err := pushSingleServiceImage(ctx, dockerCli, serviceName, imageName); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("push image for service %s: %w", serviceName, err)
+			errs = append(errs, err)
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+
+	return errors.Join(errs...)
+}
+
+// ServicesThatNeedBuild returns a list of services that require building.
+// deps indicates whether to include services that are dependencies of the selected services.
+// Implementation is based on the logic from docker/compose/v2/pkg/compose/build.go.
+func ServicesThatNeedBuild(
+	project *composetypes.Project, selectedServices []string, deps bool,
+) ([]composetypes.ServiceConfig, error) {
+	servicesToBuild := make([]composetypes.ServiceConfig, 0, len(project.Services))
+
+	var policy composetypes.DependencyOption = composetypes.IgnoreDependencies
+	if deps {
+		policy = composetypes.IncludeDependencies
+	}
+
+	// Also include services used as build.additional_contexts with service: prefix.
+	selectedServices = includeAdditionalContextsServices(project, selectedServices)
+	// Some build dependencies we just introduced may not be enabled, enable them.
+	var err error
+	if project, err = project.WithServicesEnabled(selectedServices...); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if project, err = project.WithSelectedServices(selectedServices); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	err = project.ForEachService(selectedServices, func(serviceName string, service *composetypes.ServiceConfig) error {
+		if service.Build != nil {
+			servicesToBuild = append(servicesToBuild, *service)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}, policy)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return servicesToBuild, nil
+}
+
+// includeAdditionalContextsServices adds services referenced in build.additional_contexts to the list
+// of selected services.
+func includeAdditionalContextsServices(project *composetypes.Project, selectedServices []string) []string {
+	servicesWithDependencies := mapset.NewSet(selectedServices...)
+	for _, service := range selectedServices {
+		s, ok := project.Services[service]
+		if !ok {
+			s = project.DisabledServices[service]
+		}
+		if s.Build != nil {
+			for _, target := range s.Build.AdditionalContexts {
+				if name, found := strings.CutPrefix(target, composetypes.ServicePrefix); found {
+					servicesWithDependencies.Add(name)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if servicesWithDependencies.Cardinality() > len(selectedServices) {
+		return includeAdditionalContextsServices(project, servicesWithDependencies.ToSlice())
+	}
+
+	return servicesWithDependencies.ToSlice()
 }

internal/cli/cli.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package cli
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/streams"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli/config"
-	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/fs"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/sshexec"
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ const (
 	// DefaultSSHKeyPath is the fallback location for the SSH private key when provisioning remote machines.
 	// Used when no key is explicitly provided and SSH agent authentication fails.
 	DefaultSSHKeyPath  = "~/.ssh/id_ed25519"
-	defaultContextName = "default"
+	DefaultContextName = "default"
 )
 
 type CLI struct {
@@ -73,8 +71,18 @@ func (cli *CLI) SetCurrentContext(name string) error {
 // ConnectCluster connects to a cluster using the given context name or the current context if not specified.
 // If the CLI was initialised with a machine connection, the config is ignored and the connection is used instead.
 func (cli *CLI) ConnectCluster(ctx context.Context, contextName string) (*client.Client, error) {
+	return cli.ConnectClusterWithOptions(ctx, contextName, ConnectOptions{
+		// Default to showing progress for CLI usage.
+		ShowProgress: true,
+	})
+}
+
+// ConnectClusterWithOptions connects to a cluster using the given context name and options.
+// If the CLI was initialised with a machine connection, the config is ignored and the connection is used instead.
+// Options are useful when using the CLI as a library where you may want to disable visual feedback.
+func (cli *CLI) ConnectClusterWithOptions(ctx context.Context, contextName string, opts ConnectOptions) (*client.Client, error) {
 	if cli.conn != nil {
-		return connectCluster(ctx, *cli.conn)
+		return ConnectCluster(ctx, *cli.conn, opts)
 	}
 
 	if len(cli.Config.Contexts) == 0 {
@@ -116,38 +124,20 @@ func (cli *CLI) ConnectCluster(ctx context.Context, contextName string) (*client
 		)
 	}
 
-	// TODO: iterate over all connections and try to connect to the cluster using the first successful connection.
-	conn := cfg.Connections[0]
-
-	c, err := connectCluster(ctx, conn)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster (context '%s'): %w", contextName, err)
-	}
-
-	return c, nil
-}
-
-func connectCluster(ctx context.Context, conn config.MachineConnection) (*client.Client, error) {
-	if conn.SSH != "" {
-		user, host, port, err := conn.SSH.Parse()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse SSH connection %q: %w", conn.SSH, err)
+	// Try each connection in order until one succeeds.
+	var lastErr error
+	for _, conn := range cfg.Connections {
+		c, err := ConnectCluster(ctx, conn, opts)
+		if err == nil {
+			return c, nil
 		}
 
-		keyPath := fs.ExpandHomeDir(conn.SSHKeyFile)
-
-		sshConfig := &connector.SSHConnectorConfig{
-			User:    user,
-			Host:    host,
-			Port:    port,
-			KeyPath: keyPath,
-		}
-		return client.New(ctx, connector.NewSSHConnector(sshConfig))
-	} else if conn.TCP != nil && conn.TCP.IsValid() {
-		return client.New(ctx, connector.NewTCPConnector(*conn.TCP))
+		lastErr = err
 	}
 
-	return nil, errors.New("connection configuration is invalid")
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to cluster context '%s': "+
+		"all connections (%d) in the Uncloud config (%s) failed; last error: %w",
+		contextName, len(cfg.Connections), cli.Config.Path(), lastErr)
 }
 
 type InitClusterOptions struct {
@@ -156,6 +146,7 @@ type InitClusterOptions struct {
 	Network       netip.Prefix
 	PublicIP      *netip.Addr
 	RemoteMachine *RemoteMachine
+	SkipInstall   bool
 	Version       string
 }
 
@@ -170,15 +161,12 @@ func (cli *CLI) InitCluster(ctx context.Context, opts InitClusterOptions) (*clie
 }
 
 func (cli *CLI) initRemoteMachine(ctx context.Context, opts InitClusterOptions) (*client.Client, error) {
-	contextName := opts.Context
-	if contextName == "" {
-		contextName = defaultContextName
-	}
-	if _, ok := cli.Config.Contexts[contextName]; ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cluster context '%s' already exists", contextName)
+	contextName, err := cli.newContextName(opts.Context)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	machineClient, err := provisionRemoteMachine(ctx, opts.RemoteMachine, opts.Version)
+	machineClient, err := provisionOrConnectRemoteMachine(ctx, opts.RemoteMachine, opts.SkipInstall, opts.Version)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -250,11 +238,38 @@ func (cli *CLI) initRemoteMachine(ctx context.Context, opts InitClusterOptions)
 	return machineClient, nil
 }
 
+// newContextName returns a unique name for a new cluster context. If the provided name is not DefaultContextName,
+// and it's already taken, an error is returned. If the name is not provided or is DefaultContextName, the first
+// available name "default[-N]" is returned.
+func (cli *CLI) newContextName(name string) (string, error) {
+	if name == "" {
+		name = DefaultContextName
+	}
+
+	if _, exists := cli.Config.Contexts[name]; !exists {
+		return name, nil
+	}
+
+	// If non-default context already exists, error out.
+	if name != DefaultContextName {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("cluster context '%s' already exists", name)
+	}
+
+	// The default context already exists, generate a numbered suffix to make it unique.
+	for i := 1; ; i++ {
+		name = fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", DefaultContextName, i)
+		if _, exists := cli.Config.Contexts[name]; !exists {
+			return name, nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 type AddMachineOptions struct {
 	Context       string
 	MachineName   string
 	PublicIP      *netip.Addr
 	RemoteMachine *RemoteMachine
+	SkipInstall   bool
 	Version       string
 }
 
@@ -277,7 +292,7 @@ func (cli *CLI) AddMachine(ctx context.Context, opts AddMachineOptions) (*client
 		}
 	}()
 
-	machineClient, err := provisionRemoteMachine(ctx, opts.RemoteMachine, opts.Version)
+	machineClient, err := provisionOrConnectRemoteMachine(ctx, opts.RemoteMachine, opts.SkipInstall, opts.Version)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
@@ -395,15 +410,16 @@ func (cli *CLI) AddMachine(ctx context.Context, opts AddMachineOptions) (*client
 	return c, machineClient, nil
 }
 
-// provisionRemoteMachine installs the Uncloud daemon and dependencies on the remote machine over SSH and returns
-// a machine API client to interact with the machine. The client should be closed after use by the caller.
+// provisionOrConnectRemoteMachine installs the Uncloud daemon and dependencies on the remote machine over SSH and
+// returns a machine API client to interact with the machine. The client should be closed after use by the caller.
 // The version parameter specifies the version of the Uncloud daemon to install. If empty, the latest version is used.
+// If skipInstall is true, the installation step is skipped, and it is assumed that the Uncloud daemon and dependencies
+// are already installed and running.
 // The remoteMachine.SSHKeyPath could be updated to the default SSH key path if it is not set and the SSH agent
 // authentication fails.
-func provisionRemoteMachine(
-	ctx context.Context, remoteMachine *RemoteMachine, version string,
+func provisionOrConnectRemoteMachine(
+	ctx context.Context, remoteMachine *RemoteMachine, skipInstall bool, version string,
 ) (*client.Client, error) {
-	// Provision the remote machine by installing the Uncloud daemon and dependencies over SSH.
 	sshClient, err := sshexec.Connect(remoteMachine.User, remoteMachine.Host, remoteMachine.Port, remoteMachine.KeyPath)
 	// If the SSH connection using SSH agent fails and no key path is provided, try to use the default SSH key.
 	if err != nil && remoteMachine.KeyPath == "" {
@@ -418,14 +434,17 @@ func provisionRemoteMachine(
 			config.NewSSHDestination(remoteMachine.User, remoteMachine.Host, remoteMachine.Port), err,
 		)
 	}
-	exec := sshexec.NewRemote(sshClient)
-	// Install and run the Uncloud daemon and dependencies on the remote machine.
-	if err = provisionMachine(ctx, exec, version); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("provision machine: %w", err)
+
+	if !skipInstall {
+		// Provision the remote machine by installing the Uncloud daemon and dependencies over SSH.
+		exec := sshexec.NewRemote(sshClient)
+		if err = provisionMachine(ctx, exec, version); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("provision machine: %w", err)
+		}
 	}
 
 	var machineClient *client.Client
-	if remoteMachine.User == "root" {
+	if remoteMachine.User == "root" || skipInstall {
 		// Create a machine API client over the established SSH connection to the remote machine.
 		machineClient, err = client.New(ctx, connector.NewSSHConnectorFromClient(sshClient))
 	} else {

internal/cli/config/config.go

@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ func (c *Config) Read() error {
 
 func (c *Config) Save() error {
 	dir, _ := filepath.Split(c.path)
+	// If dir is empty (e.g., when path is just a filename), use current directory
+	if dir == "" {
+		dir = "."
+	}
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o700); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create config directory '%s': %w", dir, err)
 	}

internal/cli/config/config_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestConfig_Save(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Create a temporary directory for the test
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Change to temp directory so relative paths resolve correctly
+	originalDir, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get current directory: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := os.Chdir(originalDir); err != nil {
+			t.Logf("Failed to restore original directory: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name            string
+		configPath      string
+		contextName     string
+		expectFileAt    string // Expected file location for verification
+		useAbsolutePath bool   // Whether to use absolute path for expectFileAt
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "relative path without prefix",
+			configPath:  "test-config.yaml",
+			contextName: "test",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "relative path with prefix",
+			configPath:  "./test-config-2.yaml",
+			contextName: "test2",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "absolute path",
+			configPath:  filepath.Join(tmpDir, "absolute-config.yaml"),
+			contextName: "test3",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			if err := os.Chdir(tmpDir); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Failed to change to temp directory: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			cfg := &Config{
+				CurrentContext: tt.contextName,
+				Contexts: map[string]*Context{
+					tt.contextName: {
+						Name: tt.contextName,
+					},
+				},
+				path: tt.configPath,
+			}
+
+			// This should not fail when saving the config
+			err := cfg.Save()
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Expected no error when saving config, got: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// Verify the file was created
+			if _, err := os.Stat(tt.configPath); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				t.Errorf("Config file was not created at expected path: %s", tt.configPath)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/cli/config/connection.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package config
 
 import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"strconv"
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ const (
 
 type MachineConnection struct {
 	SSH        SSHDestination `yaml:"ssh,omitempty"`
+	SSHCLI     SSHDestination `yaml:"ssh_cli,omitempty"`
 	SSHKeyFile string         `yaml:"ssh_key_file,omitempty"`
 	// TCP is the address and port of the machine's API server.
 	// The pointer is used to omit the field when not set. Otherwise, yaml marshalling includes an empty object.
@@ -24,6 +27,39 @@ type MachineConnection struct {
 	PublicKey secret.Secret   `yaml:"public_key,omitempty"`
 }
 
+func (c MachineConnection) String() string {
+	if c.SSH != "" {
+		return "ssh://" + string(c.SSH)
+	} else if c.SSHCLI != "" {
+		return "ssh+cli://" + string(c.SSHCLI)
+	} else if c.TCP != nil && c.TCP.IsValid() {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("tcp://%s", c.TCP)
+	}
+	return "unknown connection"
+}
+
+func (c *MachineConnection) Validate() error {
+	setCount := 0
+	if c.SSH != "" {
+		setCount++
+	}
+	if c.SSHCLI != "" {
+		setCount++
+	}
+	if c.TCP != nil && c.TCP.IsValid() {
+		setCount++
+	}
+
+	if setCount == 0 {
+		return errors.New("no connection method specified (ssh, ssh_cli, or tcp required)")
+	}
+	if setCount > 1 {
+		return errors.New("only one connection method allowed per connection (ssh, ssh_cli, or tcp)")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // SSHDestination represents an SSH destination string in the canonical form of "user@host:port".
 // The default user "root" and port 22 can be omitted.
 type SSHDestination string

internal/cli/config/connection_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestMachineConnection_String(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		conn MachineConnection
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "ssh connection",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				SSH: "user@host.com",
+			},
+			want: "ssh://user@host.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ssh connection with port",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				SSH: "user@host.com:2222",
+			},
+			want: "ssh://user@host.com:2222",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ssh_cli connection",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				SSHCLI: "user@host.com",
+			},
+			want: "ssh+cli://user@host.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ssh_cli connection with port",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				SSHCLI: "user@host.com:2222",
+			},
+			want: "ssh+cli://user@host.com:2222",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "tcp connection",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				TCP: func() *netip.AddrPort {
+					addr := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.1:8080")
+					return &addr
+				}(),
+			},
+			want: "tcp://10.0.0.1:8080",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "no connection",
+			conn: MachineConnection{},
+			want: "unknown connection",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := tt.conn.String()
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMachineConnection_Validate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		conn    MachineConnection
+		wantErr bool
+		errMsg  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "ssh only - valid",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				SSH: "user@host",
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ssh_cli only - valid",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				SSHCLI: "user@host",
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "tcp only - valid",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				TCP: func() *netip.AddrPort {
+					addr := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.1:8080")
+					return &addr
+				}(),
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "no connection method - error",
+			conn:    MachineConnection{},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "no connection method specified",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ssh and ssh_cli - error",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				SSH:    "user@host",
+				SSHCLI: "user@host",
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "only one connection method allowed",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ssh and tcp - error",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				SSH: "user@host",
+				TCP: func() *netip.AddrPort {
+					addr := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.1:8080")
+					return &addr
+				}(),
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "only one connection method allowed",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ssh_cli and tcp - error",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				SSHCLI: "user@host",
+				TCP: func() *netip.AddrPort {
+					addr := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.1:8080")
+					return &addr
+				}(),
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "only one connection method allowed",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "all three - error",
+			conn: MachineConnection{
+				SSH:    "user@host",
+				SSHCLI: "user@host2",
+				TCP: func() *netip.AddrPort {
+					addr := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.1:8080")
+					return &addr
+				}(),
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "only one connection method allowed",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			err := tt.conn.Validate()
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+				assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.errMsg)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/cli/connect.go

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+package cli
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles/spinner"
+	tea "github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea"
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli/config"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/fs"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/client"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/client/connector"
+)
+
+// ConnectOptions configures the behavior of cluster connection attempts.
+type ConnectOptions struct {
+	// Whether to show connection progress spinner if stdout is a terminal or progress logs if not.
+	ShowProgress bool
+}
+
+func ConnectCluster(ctx context.Context, conn config.MachineConnection, opts ConnectOptions) (*client.Client, error) {
+	if opts.ShowProgress {
+		return connectClusterWithProgress(ctx, conn)
+	}
+	return connectCluster(ctx, conn)
+}
+
+// connectClusterWithProgress connects to the cluster while displaying a progress spinner.
+// If the stdout is not a terminal, it falls back to simple progress logs to stderr.
+func connectClusterWithProgress(ctx context.Context, conn config.MachineConnection) (*client.Client, error) {
+	// If stdout is not a terminal, fall back to simple progress logs.
+	if !IsStdoutTerminal() {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "Connecting to", conn.String())
+		cli, err := connectCluster(ctx, conn)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "Connection failed:", err)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "Connected to cluster.")
+		}
+		return cli, err
+	}
+
+	// Run the connection TUI model.
+	p := tea.NewProgram(newConnectModel(ctx, conn))
+	model, err := p.Run()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("run connection TUI: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	m := model.(connectModel)
+	return m.result.client, m.result.err
+}
+
+func connectCluster(ctx context.Context, conn config.MachineConnection) (*client.Client, error) {
+	// Determine which SSH type is configured
+	var sshDest config.SSHDestination
+	var useSSHCLI bool
+
+	// Validate connection configuration early to provide clear error messages.
+	if err := conn.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid connection configuration: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if conn.SSH != "" {
+		sshDest = conn.SSH
+		useSSHCLI = false
+	} else if conn.SSHCLI != "" {
+		sshDest = conn.SSHCLI
+		useSSHCLI = true
+	} else if conn.TCP != nil && conn.TCP.IsValid() {
+		return client.New(ctx, connector.NewTCPConnector(*conn.TCP))
+	} else {
+		return nil, errors.New("connection configuration is invalid")
+	}
+
+	// Parse SSH destination and create config (shared for both types)
+	user, host, port, err := sshDest.Parse()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse SSH connection %q: %w", sshDest, err)
+	}
+
+	keyPath := fs.ExpandHomeDir(conn.SSHKeyFile)
+
+	sshConfig := &connector.SSHConnectorConfig{
+		User:    user,
+		Host:    host,
+		Port:    port,
+		KeyPath: keyPath,
+	}
+
+	// Create appropriate connector based on type
+	if useSSHCLI {
+		return client.New(ctx, connector.NewSSHCLIConnector(sshConfig))
+	}
+	return client.New(ctx, connector.NewSSHConnector(sshConfig))
+}
+
+// connectModel is a TUI model for connecting to a cluster with a progress spinner.
+type connectModel struct {
+	ctx     context.Context
+	conn    config.MachineConnection
+	spinner spinner.Model
+	// showSpinner controls whether the spinner is visible (delayed to avoid flashing).
+	showSpinner bool
+	// done indicates whether the connection attempt has completed (successfully or with error).
+	done bool
+	// result holds the result of the connection attempt.
+	result connectResultMsg
+}
+
+type connectResultMsg struct {
+	client *client.Client
+	err    error
+}
+
+// showSpinnerMsg is sent after a delay to show the spinner.
+type showSpinnerMsg struct{}
+
+func newConnectModel(ctx context.Context, conn config.MachineConnection) connectModel {
+	s := spinner.New()
+	s.Spinner = spinner.MiniDot
+	s.Style = lipgloss.NewStyle().Foreground(lipgloss.Color("3")) // the same yellow as in compose progress
+
+	return connectModel{
+		ctx:     ctx,
+		conn:    conn,
+		spinner: s,
+	}
+}
+
+func (m connectModel) Init() tea.Cmd {
+	return tea.Batch(
+		m.spinner.Tick,
+		m.connect(),
+		m.delayShowSpinner(),
+	)
+}
+
+func (m connectModel) connect() tea.Cmd {
+	return func() tea.Msg {
+		cli, err := connectCluster(m.ctx, m.conn)
+		return connectResultMsg{
+			client: cli,
+			err:    err,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// delayShowSpinner returns a command that sends a message to show the spinner after a delay.
+// This avoids flashing the spinner if the connection is fast.
+func (m connectModel) delayShowSpinner() tea.Cmd {
+	return tea.Tick(500*time.Millisecond, func(t time.Time) tea.Msg {
+		return showSpinnerMsg{}
+	})
+}
+
+func (m connectModel) Update(msg tea.Msg) (tea.Model, tea.Cmd) {
+	select {
+	case <-m.ctx.Done():
+		m.result.err = m.ctx.Err()
+		m.done = true
+		return m, tea.Quit
+	default:
+	}
+
+	switch msg := msg.(type) {
+	case connectResultMsg:
+		m.result = msg
+		m.done = true
+		return m, tea.Quit
+
+	case showSpinnerMsg:
+		// Only show spinner if connection hasn't completed yet.
+		if !m.done {
+			m.showSpinner = true
+		}
+		return m, nil
+
+	case spinner.TickMsg:
+		var cmd tea.Cmd
+		m.spinner, cmd = m.spinner.Update(msg)
+		return m, cmd
+
+	case tea.KeyMsg:
+		if msg.Type == tea.KeyCtrlC {
+			m.result.err = fmt.Errorf("connection cancelled")
+			m.done = true
+			return m, tea.Quit
+		}
+	}
+
+	return m, nil
+}
+
+func (m connectModel) View() string {
+	// Don't show anything if done or spinner not yet visible.
+	if m.done || !m.showSpinner {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	style := lipgloss.NewStyle().Foreground(lipgloss.Color("153"))
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s\n",
+		m.spinner.View(),
+		fmt.Sprintf("Connecting to %s", style.Render(m.conn.String())),
+	)
+}

internal/cli/flags.go

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 package cli
 
 import (
+	"log"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
 // ExpandCommaSeparatedValues takes a slice of strings and expands any comma-separated values into individual elements.
@@ -21,3 +25,12 @@ func ExpandCommaSeparatedValues(values []string) []string {
 
 	return expanded
 }
+
+// BindEnvToFlag assigns the value of an environment variable to the given command flag if the flag has not been set.
+func BindEnvToFlag(cmd *cobra.Command, flagName, envVar string) {
+	if value := os.Getenv(envVar); value != "" && !cmd.Flags().Changed(flagName) {
+		if err := cmd.Flags().Set(flagName, value); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Failed to bind environment variable '%s' to flag '%s': %v", envVar, flagName, err)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/cli/prompt.go

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 package cli
 
-import "github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
+import (
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
+	"golang.org/x/term"
+)
 
 func Confirm() (bool, error) {
 	var confirmed bool
@@ -21,3 +26,13 @@ func Confirm() (bool, error) {
 
 	return confirmed, nil
 }
+
+// IsStdinTerminal checks if the standard input is a terminal (TTY).
+func IsStdinTerminal() bool {
+	return term.IsTerminal(int(os.Stdin.Fd()))
+}
+
+// IsStdoutTerminal checks if the standard output is a terminal (TTY).
+func IsStdoutTerminal() bool {
+	return term.IsTerminal(int(os.Stdout.Fd()))
+}

internal/docker/client.go

@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
 )
 
+type Client struct {
+	*client.Client
+}
+
 // WaitDaemonReady waits for the Docker daemon to start and be ready to serve requests.
+// TODO(lhf): convert into a Client method.
 func WaitDaemonReady(ctx context.Context, cli *client.Client) error {
 	// Retry to ping the Docker daemon until it's ready or the context is canceled.
 	boff := backoff.WithContext(backoff.NewExponentialBackOff(

internal/docker/container.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+package docker
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/containerd/errdefs"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/image"
+	"github.com/docker/go-connections/nat"
+)
+
+// CreateContainerWithImagePull creates a container. If the image is missing, it pulls the image first.
+func (cli *Client) CreateContainerWithImagePull(
+	ctx context.Context, name string, config *container.Config, hostConfig *container.HostConfig,
+) (container.CreateResponse, error) {
+	resp, err := cli.ContainerCreate(ctx, config, hostConfig, nil, nil, name)
+	if err == nil || !errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
+		return resp, err
+	}
+
+	pullCh, err := cli.PullImage(ctx, config.Image, image.PullOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return resp, fmt.Errorf("pull image: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Drain the pull channel until it's closed (image is fully pulled) or an error occurs.
+	// If the context is canceled during the pull, the channel will receive a context cancellation error.
+	for msg := range pullCh {
+		if msg.Err != nil {
+			return resp, fmt.Errorf("pull image: %w", msg.Err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Create container again after image pull.
+	if resp, err = cli.ContainerCreate(ctx, config, hostConfig, nil, nil, name); err != nil {
+		return resp, err
+	}
+
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
+// WaitPortPublished waits for a container port to be published on the host which happens asynchronously.
+func (cli *Client) WaitPortPublished(ctx context.Context, containerID string, port nat.Port) ([]nat.PortBinding, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	for {
+		c, err := cli.ContainerInspect(ctx, containerID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("inspect container: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		binding, ok := c.NetworkSettings.Ports[port]
+		if ok && len(binding) > 0 {
+			return binding, nil
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-time.After(10 * time.Millisecond):
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			if errors.Is(ctx.Err(), context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+				return nil, errors.New("timeout")
+			}
+			return nil, ctx.Err()
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/docker/image.go

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+package docker
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+
+	dockercommand "github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	dockerconfig "github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/image"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/registry"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/jsonmessage"
+)
+
+type PullPushImageMessage struct {
+	Message jsonmessage.JSONMessage
+	Err     error
+}
+
+// PullImage pulls an image and returns a channel to receive progress messages.
+func (cli *Client) PullImage(
+	ctx context.Context, image string, opts image.PullOptions,
+) (<-chan PullPushImageMessage, error) {
+	if opts.RegistryAuth == "" {
+		// Try to retrieve the authentication token for the image from the default local Docker config file.
+		if encodedAuth, err := RetrieveLocalDockerRegistryAuth(image); err == nil {
+			opts.RegistryAuth = encodedAuth
+		}
+	}
+
+	respBody, err := cli.ImagePull(ctx, image, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ch := make(chan PullPushImageMessage)
+	go processPullPushImageResp(ctx, respBody, ch)
+
+	return ch, nil
+}
+
+// PushImage pushes an image and returns a channel to receive progress messages.
+func (cli *Client) PushImage(
+	ctx context.Context, image string, opts image.PushOptions,
+) (<-chan PullPushImageMessage, error) {
+	if opts.RegistryAuth == "" {
+		// Try to retrieve the authentication token for the image from the default local Docker config file.
+		encodedAuth, _ := RetrieveLocalDockerRegistryAuth(image)
+		if encodedAuth == "" {
+			// If no credentials are found, provide an encoded empty auth config to work around the bug in Docker:
+			// https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/50729
+			var err error
+			if encodedAuth, err = registry.EncodeAuthConfig(registry.AuthConfig{}); err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("encode empty auth config: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+		opts.RegistryAuth = encodedAuth
+	}
+
+	respBody, err := cli.ImagePush(ctx, image, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ch := make(chan PullPushImageMessage)
+	go processPullPushImageResp(ctx, respBody, ch)
+
+	return ch, nil
+}
+
+// processPullPushImageResp decodes JSON messages from the image pull/push response body and
+// sends them to the provided channel.
+func processPullPushImageResp(ctx context.Context, respBody io.ReadCloser, ch chan<- PullPushImageMessage) {
+	defer respBody.Close()
+	defer close(ch)
+
+	decoder := json.NewDecoder(respBody)
+	for {
+		var jm jsonmessage.JSONMessage
+		if err := decoder.Decode(&jm); err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+				return
+			}
+			ch <- PullPushImageMessage{Err: fmt.Errorf("decode image pull/push message: %w", err)}
+			return
+		}
+
+		msg := PullPushImageMessage{Message: jm}
+		if jm.Error != nil {
+			msg.Err = errors.New(jm.Error.Message)
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			ch <- PullPushImageMessage{Err: ctx.Err()}
+			return
+		default:
+			ch <- msg
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// RetrieveLocalDockerRegistryAuth retrieves the authentication token for the specified image from the local Docker
+// config file. It returns the encoded authentication token if it contains any credentials, or an empty string if
+// no credentials are found.
+func RetrieveLocalDockerRegistryAuth(image string) (string, error) {
+	// Try to retrieve the authentication token for the image from the default local Docker config file.
+	dockerConfig := dockerconfig.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
+	encodedAuth, err := dockercommand.RetrieveAuthTokenFromImage(dockerConfig, image)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	// The encodedAuth can be a base64-encoded "{}" (empty JSON object) or include a server address but no credentials.
+	// Return encodedAuth only if it contains any credentials.
+	auth, err := registry.DecodeAuthConfig(encodedAuth)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("decode auth config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if auth.Username == "" &&
+		auth.Password == "" &&
+		auth.Auth == "" &&
+		auth.IdentityToken == "" &&
+		auth.RegistryToken == "" {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	return encodedAuth, nil
+}

internal/gitutil/state.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package gitutil
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// GitState contains information about the Git repository state.
+type GitState struct {
+	// Date is the current commit datetime.
+	Date time.Time
+	// IsDirty indicates whether there are uncommitted changes.
+	IsDirty bool
+	// IsRepo indicates whether the directory is a Git repository.
+	IsRepo bool
+	// SHA is the full SHA-1 (40 characters) of the current commit.
+	SHA string
+}
+
+// InspectGitState inspects the Git repo state from the specified directory.
+// If the directory is not a Git repository, or if git utility is not available,
+// returns GitState with IsRepo=false and no error.
+func InspectGitState(dir string) (GitState, error) {
+	// Check if git command is available.
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("git"); err != nil {
+		return GitState{}, nil
+	}
+
+	state := GitState{
+		IsRepo: isGitRepo(dir),
+	}
+	if !state.IsRepo {
+		return state, nil
+	}
+
+	// Get the current commit SHA.
+	sha, err := gitCommand(dir, "rev-parse", "HEAD")
+	if err != nil {
+		return state, fmt.Errorf("get current commit SHA: %w", err)
+	}
+	state.SHA = strings.TrimSpace(sha)
+
+	// Get the current commit timestamp.
+	timestamp, err := gitCommand(dir, "log", "-1", "--format=%ct")
+	if err != nil {
+		return state, fmt.Errorf("get current commit timestamp: %w", err)
+	}
+	seconds, err := strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(timestamp), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return state, fmt.Errorf("parse current commit timestamp: %w", err)
+	}
+	state.Date = time.Unix(seconds, 0).UTC()
+
+	// Check for uncommitted changes.
+	status, err := gitCommand(dir, "status", "--porcelain")
+	if err != nil {
+		return state, fmt.Errorf("check git status: %w", err)
+	}
+	state.IsDirty = strings.TrimSpace(status) != ""
+
+	return state, nil
+}
+
+// isGitRepo checks if the directory is a Git repository.
+func isGitRepo(dir string) bool {
+	_, err := gitCommand(dir, "rev-parse", "--git-dir")
+	return err == nil
+}
+
+// gitCommand runs a git command in the specified directory.
+func gitCommand(dir string, args ...string) (string, error) {
+	cmd := exec.Command("git", args...)
+	cmd.Dir = dir
+	output, err := cmd.Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		if exitErr, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("git command failed: %s", exitErr.Stderr)
+		}
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	return string(output), nil
+}
+
+// ShortSHA returns a truncated SHA with the specified length.
+// If length is negative, zero, or greater than the SHA length, it returns the full SHA.
+// Returns empty string if SHA is empty.
+func (s *GitState) ShortSHA(length int) string {
+	if length <= 0 || length > len(s.SHA) {
+		length = len(s.SHA)
+	}
+	return s.SHA[:length]
+}

internal/gitutil/state_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+package gitutil
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestInspectGitState_GitNotAvailable(t *testing.T) {
+	// Reset the PATH env var to simulate git not being available.
+	t.Setenv("PATH", "")
+
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	state, err := InspectGitState(tmpDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.False(t, state.IsRepo)
+	assert.Empty(t, state.SHA)
+	assert.Empty(t, state.ShortSHA(7))
+	assert.True(t, state.Date.IsZero())
+	assert.False(t, state.IsDirty)
+}
+
+func TestInspectGitState_NotARepo(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary directory that's not a git repo.
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	state, err := InspectGitState(tmpDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// If tmpDir happens to be in a git repo (e.g., parent directory), skip this test.
+	// This is common when running tests from within the project itself.
+	if state.IsRepo {
+		t.Skip("tmpDir is within a git repository, skipping test")
+	}
+
+	assert.False(t, state.IsRepo)
+	assert.Empty(t, state.SHA)
+	assert.Empty(t, state.ShortSHA(7))
+	assert.True(t, state.Date.IsZero()) // Should have zero time if not a repo.
+	assert.False(t, state.IsDirty)
+}
+
+func TestInspectGitState_CleanRepo(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary git repo.
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	initGitRepo(t, tmpDir)
+
+	createAndCommitFile(t, tmpDir, "test.txt", "test content")
+
+	state, err := InspectGitState(tmpDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.True(t, state.IsRepo)
+	assert.Len(t, state.SHA, 40)
+	assert.Equal(t, state.ShortSHA(7), state.SHA[:7])
+	assert.False(t, state.Date.IsZero())
+	assert.False(t, state.IsDirty)
+}
+
+func TestInspectGitState_DirtyRepo(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary git repo.
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	initGitRepo(t, tmpDir)
+
+	createAndCommitFile(t, tmpDir, "test.txt", "test content")
+
+	// Modify the file to make the repo dirty.
+	err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "test.txt"), []byte("modified content"), 0o644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	state, err := InspectGitState(tmpDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.True(t, state.IsRepo)
+	assert.True(t, state.IsDirty)
+}
+
+func TestInspectGitState_UntrackedFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary git repo.
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	initGitRepo(t, tmpDir)
+
+	createAndCommitFile(t, tmpDir, "test.txt", "test content")
+
+	// Add an untracked file.
+	err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "untracked.txt"), []byte("untracked"), 0o644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	state, err := InspectGitState(tmpDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.True(t, state.IsRepo)
+	assert.True(t, state.IsDirty) // Untracked files make the repo dirty.
+}
+
+func TestGitState_ShortSHA(t *testing.T) {
+	state := &GitState{
+		SHA: "1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef12345678",
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		length   int
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{"short 7", 7, "1234567"},
+		{"short 10", 10, "1234567890"},
+		{"full SHA", 40, "1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef12345678"},
+		{"longer than SHA", 50, "1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef12345678"},
+		{"negative", -42, "1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef12345678"},
+		{"zero", 0, "1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef12345678"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := state.ShortSHA(tt.length)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGitState_ShortSHA_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	state := &GitState{
+		SHA: "",
+	}
+
+	result := state.ShortSHA(7)
+	assert.Empty(t, result)
+}
+
+// Helper functions.
+
+func initGitRepo(t *testing.T, dir string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// Initialize git repo.
+	runGitCommand(t, dir, "init")
+	runGitCommand(t, dir, "config", "user.email", "test@example.com")
+	runGitCommand(t, dir, "config", "user.name", "Test User")
+}
+
+func createAndCommitFile(t *testing.T, dir, filename, content string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// Create file.
+	path := filepath.Join(dir, filename)
+	err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte(content), 0o644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Commit file.
+	runGitCommand(t, dir, "add", filename)
+	runGitCommand(t, dir, "commit", "-m", "Add "+filename)
+}
+
+func runGitCommand(t *testing.T, dir string, args ...string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	cmd := exec.Command("git", args...)
+	cmd.Dir = dir
+	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	require.NoError(t, err, "git command failed: %s", output)
+}

internal/log/env.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package log
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func InitLoggerFromEnv() {
+	debugValues := []string{"1", "true", "yes"}
+	if slices.Contains(debugValues, strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("DEBUG"))) {
+		logger := slog.New(NewSlogTextHandler(os.Stderr, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+			Level: slog.LevelDebug,
+		}))
+		slog.SetDefault(logger)
+	}
+	slog.Debug("logger initialized")
+}

internal/machine/api/pb/caddy.pb.go

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.34.2
+// 	protoc        v5.27.3
+// source: internal/machine/api/pb/caddy.proto
+
+package pb
+
+import (
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	emptypb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb"
+	timestamppb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+type GetCaddyConfigResponse struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	// The generated Caddyfile content.
+	Caddyfile string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=caddyfile,proto3" json:"caddyfile,omitempty"`
+	// Timestamp when the config was last modified.
+	ModifiedAt *timestamppb.Timestamp `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=modified_at,json=modifiedAt,proto3" json:"modified_at,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *GetCaddyConfigResponse) Reset() {
+	*x = GetCaddyConfigResponse{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *GetCaddyConfigResponse) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*GetCaddyConfigResponse) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *GetCaddyConfigResponse) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use GetCaddyConfigResponse.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*GetCaddyConfigResponse) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+func (x *GetCaddyConfigResponse) GetCaddyfile() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Caddyfile
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *GetCaddyConfigResponse) GetModifiedAt() *timestamppb.Timestamp {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ModifiedAt
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var File_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
+	0x0a, 0x23, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x2f, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x63, 0x68, 0x69,
+	0x6e, 0x65, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x70, 0x69, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x2f, 0x63, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x2e,
+	0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x03, 0x61, 0x70, 0x69, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67,
+	0x6c, 0x65, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2f, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x74,
+	0x79, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x1a, 0x1f, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2f,
+	0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2f, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61,
+	0x6d, 0x70, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x22, 0x73, 0x0a, 0x16, 0x47, 0x65, 0x74, 0x43,
+	0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x69, 0x67, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x6e,
+	0x73, 0x65, 0x12, 0x1c, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x63, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x18,
+	0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x09, 0x63, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65,
+	0x12, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x66, 0x69, 0x65, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x61, 0x74, 0x18,
+	0x02, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x1a, 0x2e, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x70,
+	0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2e, 0x54, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6d,
+	0x70, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x66, 0x69, 0x65, 0x64, 0x41, 0x74, 0x32, 0x49, 0x0a,
+	0x05, 0x43, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x12, 0x40, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x47, 0x65, 0x74, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6e,
+	0x66, 0x69, 0x67, 0x12, 0x16, 0x2e, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f,
+	0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2e, 0x45, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x74, 0x79, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x2e, 0x61, 0x70,
+	0x69, 0x2e, 0x47, 0x65, 0x74, 0x43, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x69, 0x67,
+	0x52, 0x65, 0x73, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x42, 0x37, 0x5a, 0x35, 0x67, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68,
+	0x75, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x73, 0x76, 0x69, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x6b,
+	0x69, 0x2f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x64, 0x2f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x6e,
+	0x61, 0x6c, 0x2f, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x63, 0x68, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x70, 0x69, 0x2f, 0x70,
+	0x62, 0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
+}
+
+var (
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescData = file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDesc
+)
+
+func file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescData)
+	})
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescData
+}
+
+var file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 1)
+var file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_goTypes = []any{
+	(*GetCaddyConfigResponse)(nil), // 0: api.GetCaddyConfigResponse
+	(*timestamppb.Timestamp)(nil),  // 1: google.protobuf.Timestamp
+	(*emptypb.Empty)(nil),          // 2: google.protobuf.Empty
+}
+var file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	1, // 0: api.GetCaddyConfigResponse.modified_at:type_name -> google.protobuf.Timestamp
+	2, // 1: api.Caddy.GetConfig:input_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	0, // 2: api.Caddy.GetConfig:output_type -> api.GetCaddyConfigResponse
+	2, // [2:3] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	1, // [1:2] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	1, // [1:1] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	1, // [1:1] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0, // [0:1] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_init() }
+func file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_init() {
+	if File_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
+			switch v := v.(*GetCaddyConfigResponse); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      0,
+			NumMessages:   1,
+			NumExtensions: 0,
+			NumServices:   1,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_depIdxs,
+		MessageInfos:      file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_msgTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto = out.File
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}

internal/machine/api/pb/caddy.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package api;
+
+option go_package = "github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb";
+
+import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
+import "google/protobuf/timestamp.proto";
+
+service Caddy {
+  // GetConfig retrieves the current Caddy configuration from the machine.
+  rpc GetConfig(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetCaddyConfigResponse);
+}
+
+message GetCaddyConfigResponse {
+  // The generated Caddyfile content.
+  string caddyfile = 1;
+  // Timestamp when the config was last modified.
+  google.protobuf.Timestamp modified_at = 2;
+}

internal/machine/api/pb/caddy_grpc.pb.go

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go-grpc. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// - protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.5.1
+// - protoc             v5.27.3
+// source: internal/machine/api/pb/caddy.proto
+
+package pb
+
+import (
+	context "context"
+	grpc "google.golang.org/grpc"
+	codes "google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	status "google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+	emptypb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb"
+)
+
+// This is a compile-time assertion to ensure that this generated file
+// is compatible with the grpc package it is being compiled against.
+// Requires gRPC-Go v1.64.0 or later.
+const _ = grpc.SupportPackageIsVersion9
+
+const (
+	Caddy_GetConfig_FullMethodName = "/api.Caddy/GetConfig"
+)
+
+// CaddyClient is the client API for Caddy service.
+//
+// For semantics around ctx use and closing/ending streaming RPCs, please refer to https://pkg.go.dev/google.golang.org/grpc/?tab=doc#ClientConn.NewStream.
+type CaddyClient interface {
+	// GetConfig retrieves the current Caddy configuration from the machine.
+	GetConfig(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*GetCaddyConfigResponse, error)
+}
+
+type caddyClient struct {
+	cc grpc.ClientConnInterface
+}
+
+func NewCaddyClient(cc grpc.ClientConnInterface) CaddyClient {
+	return &caddyClient{cc}
+}
+
+func (c *caddyClient) GetConfig(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*GetCaddyConfigResponse, error) {
+	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
+	out := new(GetCaddyConfigResponse)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, Caddy_GetConfig_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// CaddyServer is the server API for Caddy service.
+// All implementations must embed UnimplementedCaddyServer
+// for forward compatibility.
+type CaddyServer interface {
+	// GetConfig retrieves the current Caddy configuration from the machine.
+	GetConfig(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*GetCaddyConfigResponse, error)
+	mustEmbedUnimplementedCaddyServer()
+}
+
+// UnimplementedCaddyServer must be embedded to have
+// forward compatible implementations.
+//
+// NOTE: this should be embedded by value instead of pointer to avoid a nil
+// pointer dereference when methods are called.
+type UnimplementedCaddyServer struct{}
+
+func (UnimplementedCaddyServer) GetConfig(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*GetCaddyConfigResponse, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method GetConfig not implemented")
+}
+func (UnimplementedCaddyServer) mustEmbedUnimplementedCaddyServer() {}
+func (UnimplementedCaddyServer) testEmbeddedByValue()               {}
+
+// UnsafeCaddyServer may be embedded to opt out of forward compatibility for this service.
+// Use of this interface is not recommended, as added methods to CaddyServer will
+// result in compilation errors.
+type UnsafeCaddyServer interface {
+	mustEmbedUnimplementedCaddyServer()
+}
+
+func RegisterCaddyServer(s grpc.ServiceRegistrar, srv CaddyServer) {
+	// If the following call pancis, it indicates UnimplementedCaddyServer was
+	// embedded by pointer and is nil.  This will cause panics if an
+	// unimplemented method is ever invoked, so we test this at initialization
+	// time to prevent it from happening at runtime later due to I/O.
+	if t, ok := srv.(interface{ testEmbeddedByValue() }); ok {
+		t.testEmbeddedByValue()
+	}
+	s.RegisterService(&Caddy_ServiceDesc, srv)
+}
+
+func _Caddy_GetConfig_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(CaddyServer).GetConfig(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: Caddy_GetConfig_FullMethodName,
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(CaddyServer).GetConfig(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+// Caddy_ServiceDesc is the grpc.ServiceDesc for Caddy service.
+// It's only intended for direct use with grpc.RegisterService,
+// and not to be introspected or modified (even as a copy)
+var Caddy_ServiceDesc = grpc.ServiceDesc{
+	ServiceName: "api.Caddy",
+	HandlerType: (*CaddyServer)(nil),
+	Methods: []grpc.MethodDesc{
+		{
+			MethodName: "GetConfig",
+			Handler:    _Caddy_GetConfig_Handler,
+		},
+	},
+	Streams:  []grpc.StreamDesc{},
+	Metadata: "internal/machine/api/pb/caddy.proto",
+}

internal/machine/api/pb/docker.proto

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ service Docker {
   // InspectRemoteImage returns the image metadata for an image in a remote registry using the machine's
   // Docker auth credentials if necessary.
   rpc InspectRemoteImage(InspectRemoteImageRequest) returns (InspectRemoteImageResponse);
+  rpc ListImages(ListImagesRequest) returns (ListImagesResponse);
 
   rpc CreateVolume(CreateVolumeRequest) returns (CreateVolumeResponse);
   rpc ListVolumes(ListVolumesRequest) returns (ListVolumesResponse);
@@ -29,6 +30,8 @@ service Docker {
   rpc InspectServiceContainer(InspectContainerRequest) returns (ServiceContainer);
   rpc ListServiceContainers(ListServiceContainersRequest) returns (ListServiceContainersResponse);
   rpc RemoveServiceContainer(RemoveContainerRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+
+  rpc ExecContainer(stream ExecContainerRequest) returns (stream ExecContainerResponse);
 }
 
 message CreateContainerRequest {
@@ -113,7 +116,7 @@ message InspectImageResponse {
 
 message Image {
   Metadata metadata = 1;
-  // JSON serialised types.ImageInspect.
+  // JSON serialised image.InspectResponse.
   bytes image = 2;
 }
 
@@ -134,6 +137,24 @@ message RemoteImage {
   bytes manifest = 3;
 }
 
+message ListImagesRequest {
+  // JSON serialised image.ListOptions.
+  bytes options = 1;
+}
+
+message ListImagesResponse {
+  // Must contain only one repeated messages field to allow broadcasting ListImages requests to multiple machines.
+  repeated MachineImages messages = 1;
+}
+
+message MachineImages {
+  Metadata metadata = 1;
+  // JSON serialised []image.Summary.
+  bytes images = 2;
+  // True if Docker uses the containerd image store, false if it uses its internal image store.
+  bool containerd_store = 3;
+}
+
 message CreateVolumeRequest {
   // JSON serialised volume.CreateOptions.
   bytes options = 1;
@@ -195,3 +216,39 @@ message MachineServiceContainers {
   Metadata metadata = 1;
   repeated ServiceContainer containers = 2;
 }
+
+message ExecContainerRequest {
+  oneof payload {
+    // Initial configuration for the exec session. Must be sent as the first message.
+    ExecConfig config = 1;
+    // Raw stdin data to be written to the exec process.
+    bytes stdin = 2;
+    // TTY resize event (only used when TTY is enabled).
+    ResizeEvent resize = 3;
+  }
+}
+
+message ExecConfig {
+  // Container ID to execute the command in.
+  string container_id = 1;
+  // JSON serialised ExecOptions
+  bytes options = 2;
+}
+
+message ResizeEvent {
+  uint32 height = 1;
+  uint32 width = 2;
+}
+
+message ExecContainerResponse {
+  oneof payload {
+    // Exec instance ID returned after creating the exec.
+    string exec_id = 1;
+    // Raw stdout data from the exec process.
+    bytes stdout = 2;
+    // Raw stderr data from the exec process (only when TTY is disabled).
+    bytes stderr = 3;
+    // Exit code of the exec process. Sent as the final message.
+    int32 exit_code = 4;
+  }
+}

internal/machine/api/pb/docker_grpc.pb.go

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ const (
 	Docker_PullImage_FullMethodName               = "/api.Docker/PullImage"
 	Docker_InspectImage_FullMethodName            = "/api.Docker/InspectImage"
 	Docker_InspectRemoteImage_FullMethodName      = "/api.Docker/InspectRemoteImage"
+	Docker_ListImages_FullMethodName              = "/api.Docker/ListImages"
 	Docker_CreateVolume_FullMethodName            = "/api.Docker/CreateVolume"
 	Docker_ListVolumes_FullMethodName             = "/api.Docker/ListVolumes"
 	Docker_RemoveVolume_FullMethodName            = "/api.Docker/RemoveVolume"
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ const (
 	Docker_InspectServiceContainer_FullMethodName = "/api.Docker/InspectServiceContainer"
 	Docker_ListServiceContainers_FullMethodName   = "/api.Docker/ListServiceContainers"
 	Docker_RemoveServiceContainer_FullMethodName  = "/api.Docker/RemoveServiceContainer"
+	Docker_ExecContainer_FullMethodName           = "/api.Docker/ExecContainer"
 )
 
 // DockerClient is the client API for Docker service.
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ type DockerClient interface {
 	// InspectRemoteImage returns the image metadata for an image in a remote registry using the machine's
 	// Docker auth credentials if necessary.
 	InspectRemoteImage(ctx context.Context, in *InspectRemoteImageRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*InspectRemoteImageResponse, error)
+	ListImages(ctx context.Context, in *ListImagesRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ListImagesResponse, error)
 	CreateVolume(ctx context.Context, in *CreateVolumeRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*CreateVolumeResponse, error)
 	ListVolumes(ctx context.Context, in *ListVolumesRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ListVolumesResponse, error)
 	RemoveVolume(ctx context.Context, in *RemoveVolumeRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ type DockerClient interface {
 	InspectServiceContainer(ctx context.Context, in *InspectContainerRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ServiceContainer, error)
 	ListServiceContainers(ctx context.Context, in *ListServiceContainersRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ListServiceContainersResponse, error)
 	RemoveServiceContainer(ctx context.Context, in *RemoveContainerRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
+	ExecContainer(ctx context.Context, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.BidiStreamingClient[ExecContainerRequest, ExecContainerResponse], error)
 }
 
 type dockerClient struct {
@@ -169,6 +173,16 @@ func (c *dockerClient) InspectRemoteImage(ctx context.Context, in *InspectRemote
 	return out, nil
 }
 
+func (c *dockerClient) ListImages(ctx context.Context, in *ListImagesRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ListImagesResponse, error) {
+	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
+	out := new(ListImagesResponse)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, Docker_ListImages_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
 func (c *dockerClient) CreateVolume(ctx context.Context, in *CreateVolumeRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*CreateVolumeResponse, error) {
 	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
 	out := new(CreateVolumeResponse)
@@ -239,6 +253,19 @@ func (c *dockerClient) RemoveServiceContainer(ctx context.Context, in *RemoveCon
 	return out, nil
 }
 
+func (c *dockerClient) ExecContainer(ctx context.Context, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.BidiStreamingClient[ExecContainerRequest, ExecContainerResponse], error) {
+	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
+	stream, err := c.cc.NewStream(ctx, &Docker_ServiceDesc.Streams[1], Docker_ExecContainer_FullMethodName, cOpts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	x := &grpc.GenericClientStream[ExecContainerRequest, ExecContainerResponse]{ClientStream: stream}
+	return x, nil
+}
+
+// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
+type Docker_ExecContainerClient = grpc.BidiStreamingClient[ExecContainerRequest, ExecContainerResponse]
+
 // DockerServer is the server API for Docker service.
 // All implementations must embed UnimplementedDockerServer
 // for forward compatibility.
@@ -254,6 +281,7 @@ type DockerServer interface {
 	// InspectRemoteImage returns the image metadata for an image in a remote registry using the machine's
 	// Docker auth credentials if necessary.
 	InspectRemoteImage(context.Context, *InspectRemoteImageRequest) (*InspectRemoteImageResponse, error)
+	ListImages(context.Context, *ListImagesRequest) (*ListImagesResponse, error)
 	CreateVolume(context.Context, *CreateVolumeRequest) (*CreateVolumeResponse, error)
 	ListVolumes(context.Context, *ListVolumesRequest) (*ListVolumesResponse, error)
 	RemoveVolume(context.Context, *RemoveVolumeRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
@@ -261,6 +289,7 @@ type DockerServer interface {
 	InspectServiceContainer(context.Context, *InspectContainerRequest) (*ServiceContainer, error)
 	ListServiceContainers(context.Context, *ListServiceContainersRequest) (*ListServiceContainersResponse, error)
 	RemoveServiceContainer(context.Context, *RemoveContainerRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
+	ExecContainer(grpc.BidiStreamingServer[ExecContainerRequest, ExecContainerResponse]) error
 	mustEmbedUnimplementedDockerServer()
 }
 
@@ -298,6 +327,9 @@ func (UnimplementedDockerServer) InspectImage(context.Context, *InspectImageRequ
 func (UnimplementedDockerServer) InspectRemoteImage(context.Context, *InspectRemoteImageRequest) (*InspectRemoteImageResponse, error) {
 	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method InspectRemoteImage not implemented")
 }
+func (UnimplementedDockerServer) ListImages(context.Context, *ListImagesRequest) (*ListImagesResponse, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ListImages not implemented")
+}
 func (UnimplementedDockerServer) CreateVolume(context.Context, *CreateVolumeRequest) (*CreateVolumeResponse, error) {
 	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method CreateVolume not implemented")
 }
@@ -319,6 +351,9 @@ func (UnimplementedDockerServer) ListServiceContainers(context.Context, *ListSer
 func (UnimplementedDockerServer) RemoveServiceContainer(context.Context, *RemoveContainerRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
 	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method RemoveServiceContainer not implemented")
 }
+func (UnimplementedDockerServer) ExecContainer(grpc.BidiStreamingServer[ExecContainerRequest, ExecContainerResponse]) error {
+	return status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ExecContainer not implemented")
+}
 func (UnimplementedDockerServer) mustEmbedUnimplementedDockerServer() {}
 func (UnimplementedDockerServer) testEmbeddedByValue()                {}
 
@@ -495,6 +530,24 @@ func _Docker_InspectRemoteImage_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, de
 	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
 }
 
+func _Docker_ListImages_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(ListImagesRequest)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(DockerServer).ListImages(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: Docker_ListImages_FullMethodName,
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(DockerServer).ListImages(ctx, req.(*ListImagesRequest))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
 func _Docker_CreateVolume_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
 	in := new(CreateVolumeRequest)
 	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
@@ -621,6 +674,13 @@ func _Docker_RemoveServiceContainer_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context
 	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
 }
 
+func _Docker_ExecContainer_Handler(srv interface{}, stream grpc.ServerStream) error {
+	return srv.(DockerServer).ExecContainer(&grpc.GenericServerStream[ExecContainerRequest, ExecContainerResponse]{ServerStream: stream})
+}
+
+// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
+type Docker_ExecContainerServer = grpc.BidiStreamingServer[ExecContainerRequest, ExecContainerResponse]
+
 // Docker_ServiceDesc is the grpc.ServiceDesc for Docker service.
 // It's only intended for direct use with grpc.RegisterService,
 // and not to be introspected or modified (even as a copy)
@@ -660,6 +720,10 @@ var Docker_ServiceDesc = grpc.ServiceDesc{
 			MethodName: "InspectRemoteImage",
 			Handler:    _Docker_InspectRemoteImage_Handler,
 		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "ListImages",
+			Handler:    _Docker_ListImages_Handler,
+		},
 		{
 			MethodName: "CreateVolume",
 			Handler:    _Docker_CreateVolume_Handler,
@@ -695,6 +759,12 @@ var Docker_ServiceDesc = grpc.ServiceDesc{
 			Handler:       _Docker_PullImage_Handler,
 			ServerStreams: true,
 		},
+		{
+			StreamName:    "ExecContainer",
+			Handler:       _Docker_ExecContainer_Handler,
+			ServerStreams: true,
+			ClientStreams: true,
+		},
 	},
 	Metadata: "internal/machine/api/pb/docker.proto",
 }

internal/machine/caddyconfig/caddyfile.go

@@ -1,17 +1,342 @@
 package caddyconfig
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"maps"
+	"net"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"text/template"
 
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/store"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
 )
 
-func GenerateCaddyfile(containers []api.ServiceContainer, verifyResponse string) (string, error) {
-	return fmt.Sprintf(`http:// {
-	handle %s {
-		respond "%s" 200
+const (
+	caddyfileHeader = `# This file is autogenerated by Uncloud based on the configuration of running services.
+# Do not edit manually. Any manual changes will be overwritten on the next update.
+`
+	caddyfileTemplate = `# Health check endpoint to verify Caddy reachability on this machine.
+http:// {
+	handle {{.VerifyPath}} {
+		respond "{{.VerifyResponse}}" 200
 	}
 	log
 }
-`, VerifyPath, verifyResponse), nil
+
+(common_proxy) {
+	# Retry failed requests up to lb_retries times against other available upstreams.
+	lb_retries 3
+	# Upstreams are marked unhealthy for fail_duration after a failed request (passive health checking).
+	fail_duration 30s
+}
+{{- if or .HTTPHostUpstreams .HTTPSHostUpstreams }}
+
+# Sites generated from service ports.{{end}}
+{{- range $hostname, $upstreams := .HTTPHostUpstreams}}
+
+http://{{$hostname}} {
+	reverse_proxy {{join $upstreams " "}} {
+		import common_proxy
+	}
+	log
+}{{end}}
+{{- range $hostname, $upstreams := .HTTPSHostUpstreams}}
+
+https://{{$hostname}} {
+	reverse_proxy {{join $upstreams " "}} {
+		import common_proxy
+	}
+	log
+}{{end}}
+`
+	caddyfileUnavailabeFooter = `# NOTE: User-defined configs for services were skipped because Caddy is not running on this machine
+#       or the latest generated config is invalid. Please check the Caddy logs if it's running.
+`
+)
+
+// CaddyfileGenerator generates a Caddyfile configuration for the Caddy reverse proxy.
+type CaddyfileGenerator struct {
+	// machineID is the unique identifier of the machine where the controller is running.
+	machineID string
+	validator CaddyfileValidator
+	log       *slog.Logger
+}
+
+// CaddyfileValidator is an interface for validating Caddyfile configurations.
+type CaddyfileValidator interface {
+	Validate(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) error
+}
+
+func NewCaddyfileGenerator(machineID string, validator CaddyfileValidator, log *slog.Logger) *CaddyfileGenerator {
+	if log == nil {
+		log = slog.Default()
+	}
+	return &CaddyfileGenerator{
+		machineID: machineID,
+		validator: validator,
+		log:       log,
+	}
+}
+
+// Generate creates a Caddyfile configuration based on the provided service containers.
+// The Caddyfile is generated from the service ports of the healthy containers.
+// If a 'caddy' service container is running on this machine and defines a custom Caddy config (x-caddy) in its service
+// spec, it will be validated and prepended to the generated Caddyfile. Custom Caddy configs (x-caddy) defined in other
+// service specs are validated and appended to the generated Caddyfile. Invalid configs are logged and skipped to ensure
+// the generated Caddyfile remains valid.
+//
+// The final Caddyfile structure includes:
+//
+//	[caddy x-caddy (global config)]
+//	[generated Caddyfile from all service ports]
+//	[service-a x-caddy]
+//	...
+//	[service-z x-caddy]
+//
+// If includeCustom is false, custom Caddy configs (x-caddy) are not included in the generated Caddyfile.
+func (g *CaddyfileGenerator) Generate(
+	ctx context.Context, records []store.ContainerRecord, includeCustom bool,
+) (string, error) {
+	containers := make([]api.ServiceContainer, len(records))
+	for i, cr := range records {
+		containers[i] = cr.Container
+	}
+	// Sort containers by service name and creation time to generate a stable Caddyfile.
+	slices.SortStableFunc(containers, func(a, b api.ServiceContainer) int {
+		return cmp.Or(
+			strings.Compare(a.ServiceName(), b.ServiceName()),
+			a.CreatedTime().Compare(b.CreatedTime()),
+		)
+	})
+
+	caddyfile, err := g.generateBaseFromPorts(containers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("generate base Caddyfile from service ports: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !includeCustom {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%s\n%s", caddyfileHeader, caddyfile, caddyfileUnavailabeFooter), nil
+	}
+
+	upstreams := serviceUpstreams(containers)
+	// Track validation errors for reporting.
+	var configErrors []string
+
+	// Find the 'caddy' service container on this machine. Use the most recent one if multiple exist.
+	var caddyCtr *api.ServiceContainer
+	for _, cr := range records {
+		if cr.MachineID == g.machineID && cr.Container.ServiceName() == CaddyServiceName &&
+			(caddyCtr == nil || cr.Container.CreatedTime().Compare(caddyCtr.CreatedTime()) > 0) {
+			caddyCtr = &cr.Container
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If the caddy container is running on this machine and has a custom Caddy config (global),
+	// prepend it to the generated Caddyfile and validate it.
+	if caddyCtr != nil && caddyCtr.ServiceSpec.CaddyConfig() != "" {
+		// Render the custom global Caddy config as a Go template with the upstreams.
+		tmplCtx := templateContext{
+			Name:      caddyCtr.ServiceName(),
+			Upstreams: upstreams,
+		}
+		renderedConfig, err := renderCaddyfile(tmplCtx, caddyCtr.ServiceSpec.CaddyConfig())
+		if err != nil {
+			g.log.Error("Failed to render template directives in user-defined global Caddy config, skipping it.",
+				"service", caddyCtr.ServiceName(), "container", caddyCtr.ID, "err", err)
+			configErrors = append(configErrors,
+				fmt.Sprintf("service '%s': failed to render template: %v", caddyCtr.ServiceName(), err))
+		} else {
+			caddyfileCandidate := fmt.Sprintf("# User-defined global config from service '%s'.\n%s\n\n%s",
+				caddyCtr.ServiceName(), renderedConfig, caddyfile)
+
+			if err = g.validator.Validate(ctx, caddyfileCandidate); err != nil {
+				g.log.Error("User-defined global Caddy config is invalid, skipping it.",
+					"service", caddyCtr.ServiceName(), "container", caddyCtr.ID, "err", err)
+				configErrors = append(configErrors,
+					fmt.Sprintf("service '%s': validation failed: %v", caddyCtr.ServiceName(), err))
+			} else {
+				caddyfile = caddyfileCandidate
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// There could be multiple service containers for the same service with different custom Caddy configs, for example,
+	// if the service has been partially updated. The most recent container for each service defines the current custom
+	// Caddy config for that service.
+	latestServiceContainers := make(map[string]api.ServiceContainer, len(containers))
+	for _, ctr := range containers {
+		if latest, ok := latestServiceContainers[ctr.ServiceName()]; ok {
+			if ctr.CreatedTime().Compare(latest.CreatedTime()) > 0 {
+				latestServiceContainers[ctr.ServiceName()] = ctr
+			}
+		} else {
+			latestServiceContainers[ctr.ServiceName()] = ctr
+		}
+	}
+	sortedServiceNames := slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(latestServiceContainers))
+
+	// Append a custom Caddy config for each service to the Caddyfile and validate it. If the config for a service
+	// is invalid, skip it but continue processing other services to ensure the Caddyfile remains valid.
+	for _, serviceName := range sortedServiceNames {
+		// Skip the caddy container as we already processed it.
+		if serviceName == CaddyServiceName {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ctr := latestServiceContainers[serviceName]
+		if ctr.ServiceSpec.CaddyConfig() == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Render the template actions in the service's Caddy config.
+		tmplCtx := templateContext{
+			Name:      serviceName,
+			Upstreams: upstreams,
+		}
+		renderedConfig, err := renderCaddyfile(tmplCtx, ctr.ServiceSpec.CaddyConfig())
+		if err != nil {
+			g.log.Error("Failed to render template directives in user-defined Caddy config for service, skipping it.",
+				"service", serviceName, "err", err)
+			configErrors = append(configErrors,
+				fmt.Sprintf("service '%s': failed to render template: %v", serviceName, err))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		caddyfileCandidate := fmt.Sprintf("%s\n# User-defined config for service '%s'.\n%s\n",
+			caddyfile, serviceName, renderedConfig)
+		if err = g.validator.Validate(ctx, caddyfileCandidate); err != nil {
+			g.log.Error("User-defined Caddy config for service is invalid, skipping it.",
+				"service", serviceName, "err", err)
+			configErrors = append(configErrors, fmt.Sprintf("service '%s': validation failed: %v", serviceName, err))
+		} else {
+			caddyfile = caddyfileCandidate
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Append error summary as comment if there were any invalid configs.
+	if len(configErrors) > 0 {
+		errorsComment := "# Skipped invalid user-defined configs:\n"
+		for _, e := range configErrors {
+			errorsComment += fmt.Sprintf("# - %s\n", e)
+		}
+
+		caddyfile += "\n" + errorsComment
+	}
+
+	return caddyfileHeader + "\n" + caddyfile, nil
+}
+
+func (g *CaddyfileGenerator) generateBaseFromPorts(containers []api.ServiceContainer) (string, error) {
+	httpHostUpstreams, httpsHostUpstreams := httpUpstreamsFromPorts(containers)
+
+	funcs := template.FuncMap{"join": strings.Join}
+	tmpl, err := template.New("Caddyfile").Funcs(funcs).Parse(caddyfileTemplate)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse Caddyfile template: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	data := struct {
+		VerifyPath         string
+		VerifyResponse     string
+		HTTPHostUpstreams  map[string][]string
+		HTTPSHostUpstreams map[string][]string
+	}{
+		VerifyPath:         VerifyPath,
+		VerifyResponse:     g.machineID,
+		HTTPHostUpstreams:  httpHostUpstreams,
+		HTTPSHostUpstreams: httpsHostUpstreams,
+	}
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if err = tmpl.Execute(&buf, data); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("execute Caddyfile template: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return buf.String(), nil
+}
+
+// httpUpstreamsFromPorts extracts upstreams for HTTP and HTTPS protocols from the published ports of the provided
+// service containers. It's expected that all containers are healthy.
+func httpUpstreamsFromPorts(containers []api.ServiceContainer) (map[string][]string, map[string][]string) {
+	// Maps hostnames to lists of upstreams (container IP:port pairs).
+	httpHostUpstreams := make(map[string][]string)
+	httpsHostUpstreams := make(map[string][]string)
+	for _, ctr := range containers {
+		ip := ctr.UncloudNetworkIP()
+		if !ip.IsValid() {
+			// Container is not connected to the uncloud Docker network (could be host network).
+			continue
+		}
+		log := slog.With("container", ctr.ID)
+
+		ports, err := ctr.ServicePorts()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to parse service ports for container.", "err", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		for _, port := range ports {
+			if port.Mode != api.PortModeIngress {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			switch port.Protocol {
+			case api.ProtocolHTTP:
+				upstream := net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), strconv.Itoa(int(port.ContainerPort)))
+				httpHostUpstreams[port.Hostname] = append(httpHostUpstreams[port.Hostname], upstream)
+			case api.ProtocolHTTPS:
+				upstream := net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), strconv.Itoa(int(port.ContainerPort)))
+				httpsHostUpstreams[port.Hostname] = append(httpsHostUpstreams[port.Hostname], upstream)
+			default:
+				// TODO: implement L4 ingress routing for TCP and UDP.
+				log.Error("Unsupported protocol for ingress port.", "port", port)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return httpHostUpstreams, httpsHostUpstreams
+}
+
+// serviceUpstreams creates a map of service names to their container IPs.
+// Only includes containers connected to the uncloud Docker network.
+func serviceUpstreams(containers []api.ServiceContainer) map[string][]string {
+	upstreams := make(map[string][]string)
+	for _, ctr := range containers {
+		ip := ctr.UncloudNetworkIP()
+		if !ip.IsValid() {
+			// Container is not connected to the uncloud Docker network (could be host network).
+			continue
+		}
+
+		serviceName := ctr.ServiceName()
+		upstreams[serviceName] = append(upstreams[serviceName], ip.String())
+	}
+
+	return upstreams
+}
+
+// renderCaddyfile renders a Caddyfile template with the upstreams function and data.
+func renderCaddyfile(tmplCtx templateContext, caddyfile string) (string, error) {
+	funcs := template.FuncMap{
+		"upstreams": upstreamsTemplateFn(tmplCtx),
+	}
+
+	tmpl, err := template.New("Caddyfile").Funcs(funcs).Parse(caddyfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse config as Go template: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if err = tmpl.Execute(&buf, tmplCtx); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("execute template: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return buf.String(), nil
 }

internal/machine/caddyconfig/client.go

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
+)
+
+// CaddyAdminClient is a client for interacting with the Caddy admin API over a Unix socket.
+type CaddyAdminClient struct {
+	socketPath string
+	client     *http.Client
+}
+
+func NewCaddyAdminClient(socketPath string) *CaddyAdminClient {
+	return &CaddyAdminClient{
+		socketPath: socketPath,
+		client: &http.Client{
+			Timeout: 5 * time.Second,
+			Transport: &http.Transport{
+				DialContext: func(_ context.Context, _, _ string) (net.Conn, error) {
+					return net.Dial("unix", socketPath)
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// IsAvailable checks if the local Caddy instance is running and responding to admin API requests.
+func (c *CaddyAdminClient) IsAvailable(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	// Caddy doesn't serve a /ping endpoint. It's a random endpoint we can use to check if Caddy is running.
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "http://localhost/ping", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	resp, err := c.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	// Any HTTP response means Caddy is running and accessible.
+	return true
+}
+
+// Adapt converts a Caddyfile to JSON configuration without loading or running it.
+func (c *CaddyAdminClient) Adapt(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) (string, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "http://localhost/adapt", strings.NewReader(caddyfile))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("create adapt request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "text/caddyfile")
+
+	resp, err := c.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("send adapt request: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("read response body: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
+		// Parse the response body to extract the result field.
+		var msg struct {
+			Result json.RawMessage `json:"result"`
+		}
+		if err = json.Unmarshal(body, &msg); err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("parse adapt response: %w", err)
+		}
+		return string(msg.Result), nil
+	}
+
+	// If the response is a 400 Bad Request, try to parse the error message from it.
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusBadRequest {
+		var apiError caddy.APIError
+		if err = json.Unmarshal(body, &apiError); err == nil {
+			return "", errors.New(apiError.Message)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return "", errors.New(string(body))
+}
+
+// Load loads a Caddyfile configuration into the Caddy instance running on the machine.
+// Due to a Caddy bug (https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/7246), we first adapt the Caddyfile to JSON
+// and then load the JSON config to get proper error handling.
+func (c *CaddyAdminClient) Load(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) error {
+	jsonConfig, err := c.Adapt(ctx, caddyfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("adapt Caddyfile to JSON config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "http://localhost/load", strings.NewReader(jsonConfig))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create load request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	resp, err := c.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("send load request: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	// If the response is a 400 Bad Request, try to parse the error message from it.
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusBadRequest {
+		var apiError caddy.APIError
+		if err = json.Unmarshal(body, &apiError); err == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("caddy responded with error: %s", apiError.Message)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("caddy responded with error: HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
+}
+
+// Validate checks if the provided Caddyfile can be adapted to Caddy JSON config using the running Caddy instance via
+// its admin API. It doesn't guarantee that the Caddyfile is actually valid and can be loaded. For example, a tls
+// directive with a missing certificate will pass the adaptation but will fail when Caddy tries to load it.
+// But this is the best we can do over the admin API.
+// TODO: run 'docker exec caddy-container caddy validate' to do proper validation or implement a Caddy module that
+// exposes a validation endpoint.
+func (c *CaddyAdminClient) Validate(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) error {
+	_, err := c.Adapt(ctx, caddyfile)
+	return err
+}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/controller.go

@@ -14,21 +14,24 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	CaddyGroup = "uncloud"
-	VerifyPath = "/.uncloud-verify"
+	CaddyServiceName = "caddy"
+	CaddyGroup       = "uncloud"
+	VerifyPath       = "/.uncloud-verify"
 )
 
 // Controller monitors container changes in the cluster store and generates a configuration file for Caddy reverse
 // proxy. The generated configuration allows Caddy to route external traffic to service containers across the internal
 // network.
 type Controller struct {
-	store          *store.Store
-	configDir      string
-	verifyResponse string
-	log            *slog.Logger
+	machineID     string
+	caddyfilePath string
+	generator     *CaddyfileGenerator
+	client        *CaddyAdminClient
+	store         *store.Store
+	log           *slog.Logger
 }
 
-func NewController(store *store.Store, configDir string, verifyResponse string) (*Controller, error) {
+func NewController(machineID, configDir, adminSock string, store *store.Store) (*Controller, error) {
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(configDir, 0o750); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create directory for Caddy configuration '%s': %w", configDir, err)
 	}
@@ -36,31 +39,33 @@ func NewController(store *store.Store, configDir string, verifyResponse string)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("change owner of directory for Caddy configuration '%s': %w", configDir, err)
 	}
 
+	log := slog.With("component", "caddy-controller")
+	client := NewCaddyAdminClient(adminSock)
+	generator := NewCaddyfileGenerator(machineID, client, log)
+
 	return &Controller{
-		store:          store,
-		configDir:      configDir,
-		verifyResponse: verifyResponse,
-		log:            slog.With("component", "caddy-controller"),
+		machineID:     machineID,
+		caddyfilePath: filepath.Join(configDir, "Caddyfile"),
+		generator:     generator,
+		client:        client,
+		store:         store,
+		log:           log,
 	}, nil
 }
 
 func (c *Controller) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
-	containerRecords, changes, err := c.store.SubscribeContainers(ctx)
+	containers, changes, err := c.store.SubscribeContainers(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("subscribe to container changes: %w", err)
 	}
 	c.log.Info("Subscribed to container changes in the cluster to generate Caddy configuration.")
 
-	containers, err := c.filterAvailableContainers(containerRecords)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("filter available containers: %w", err)
-	}
+	containers = filterHealthyContainers(containers)
+	c.generateAndLoadCaddyfile(ctx, containers)
 
-	if err = c.generateCaddyfile(containers); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("generate Caddyfile configuration: %w", err)
-	}
+	// TODO: left for backward compatibility, remove later.
 	if err = c.generateJSONConfig(containers); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("generate Caddy JSON configuration: %w", err)
+		c.log.Error("Failed to generate Caddy JSON configuration to disk.", "err", err)
 	}
 
 	for {
@@ -71,63 +76,95 @@ func (c *Controller) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 			}
 			c.log.Info("Cluster containers changed, updating Caddy configuration.")
 
-			containerRecords, err = c.store.ListContainers(ctx, store.ListOptions{})
+			containers, err = c.store.ListContainers(ctx, store.ListOptions{})
 			if err != nil {
-				c.log.Info("Failed to list containers.", "err", err)
-				continue
-			}
-			containers, err = c.filterAvailableContainers(containerRecords)
-			if err != nil {
-				c.log.Info("Failed to filter available containers.", "err", err)
+				c.log.Error("Failed to list containers.", "err", err)
 				continue
 			}
+			containers = filterHealthyContainers(containers)
+			c.generateAndLoadCaddyfile(ctx, containers)
 
-			if err = c.generateCaddyfile(containers); err != nil {
-				c.log.Info("Failed to generate Caddyfile configuration.", "err", err)
-			}
+			// TODO: left for backward compatibility, remove later.
 			if err = c.generateJSONConfig(containers); err != nil {
-				c.log.Info("Failed to generate Caddy JSON configuration.", "err", err)
+				c.log.Error("Failed to generate Caddy JSON configuration to disk.", "err", err)
 			}
-
-			c.log.Info("Updated Caddy configuration.", "dir", c.configDir)
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-// filterAvailableContainers filters out containers from this machine that are likely unavailable. The availability
-// is determined by the cluster membership state of the machine that the container is running on.
-// TODO: implement machine membership check using Corrossion Admin client.
-func (c *Controller) filterAvailableContainers(
-	containerRecords []store.ContainerRecord,
-) ([]api.ServiceContainer, error) {
-	containers := make([]api.ServiceContainer, len(containerRecords))
-	for i, cr := range containerRecords {
-		containers[i] = cr.Container
+// filterHealthyContainers filters out containers that are not healthy.
+// TODO: Filters out containers from this machine that are likely unavailable. The availability can be determined
+// by the cluster membership state of the machine that the container is running on. Implement machine membership
+// check using Corrossion Admin client.
+func filterHealthyContainers(containers []store.ContainerRecord) []store.ContainerRecord {
+	healthy := make([]store.ContainerRecord, 0, len(containers))
+	for _, cr := range containers {
+		if cr.Container.Healthy() {
+			healthy = append(healthy, cr)
+		}
 	}
-	return containers, nil
+	return healthy
 }
 
-func (c *Controller) generateCaddyfile(containers []api.ServiceContainer) error {
-	caddyfile, err := GenerateCaddyfile(containers, c.verifyResponse)
+func (c *Controller) generateAndLoadCaddyfile(ctx context.Context, containers []store.ContainerRecord) {
+	// Check if Caddy is available before attempting to generate and load config.
+	caddyAvailable := c.client.IsAvailable(ctx)
+	caddyfile, err := c.generator.Generate(ctx, containers, caddyAvailable)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("generate Caddyfile: %w", err)
-	}
-	caddyfilePath := filepath.Join(c.configDir, "Caddyfile")
-
-	if err = os.WriteFile(caddyfilePath, []byte(caddyfile), 0o640); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("write Caddyfile to file '%s': %w", caddyfilePath, err)
-	}
-	if err = fs.Chown(caddyfilePath, "", CaddyGroup); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("change owner of Caddyfile '%s': %w", caddyfilePath, err)
+		c.log.Error("Failed to generate Caddyfile configuration.", "err", err)
+		return
 	}
 
+	if !caddyAvailable {
+		// Caddy is not running so the generated Caddyfile should not include user-defined configs thus must be valid.
+		// It's safe to write the config to disk so that when Caddy is deployed on this machine, it can pick it up.
+		if err = c.writeCaddyfile(caddyfile); err != nil {
+			c.log.Error("Failed to write Caddyfile to disk.", "err", err)
+			return
+		}
+		c.log.Debug("Caddy is not running on this machine, skipping configuration load.", "path", c.caddyfilePath)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Caddy is available, try to load the config which may fail if the config is invalid. Generally, a config can
+	// pass the adaptation/validation step but still fail to load, for example, if it references resources that are
+	// not available.
+	if err = c.client.Load(ctx, caddyfile); err != nil {
+		c.log.Error("Failed to load new Caddy configuration into local Caddy instance.",
+			"err", err, "path", c.caddyfilePath)
+		// Don't write invalid config to disk.
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Config loaded successfully, now write it to disk.
+	if err = c.writeCaddyfile(caddyfile); err != nil {
+		c.log.Error("Failed to write Caddyfile to disk after successful load.", "err", err)
+		// Config is already loaded in Caddy, so this is not critical.
+	}
+
+	c.log.Info("New Caddy configuration loaded into local Caddy instance.", "path", c.caddyfilePath)
+}
+
+// writeCaddyfile writes the Caddyfile content to disk with proper permissions.
+func (c *Controller) writeCaddyfile(caddyfile string) error {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(c.caddyfilePath, []byte(caddyfile), 0o640); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write Caddyfile to file '%s': %w", c.caddyfilePath, err)
+	}
+	if err := fs.Chown(c.caddyfilePath, "", CaddyGroup); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("change owner of Caddyfile '%s': %w", c.caddyfilePath, err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (c *Controller) generateJSONConfig(containers []api.ServiceContainer) error {
-	config, err := GenerateJSONConfig(containers, c.verifyResponse)
+func (c *Controller) generateJSONConfig(containers []store.ContainerRecord) error {
+	serviceContainers := make([]api.ServiceContainer, len(containers))
+	for i, cr := range containers {
+		serviceContainers[i] = cr.Container
+	}
+
+	config, err := GenerateJSONConfig(serviceContainers, c.machineID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -136,7 +173,7 @@ func (c *Controller) generateJSONConfig(containers []api.ServiceContainer) error
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("marshal Caddy configuration: %w", err)
 	}
-	configPath := filepath.Join(c.configDir, "caddy.json")
+	configPath := filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(c.caddyfilePath), "caddy.json")
 
 	if err = os.WriteFile(configPath, configBytes, 0o640); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("write Caddy configuration to file '%s': %w", configPath, err)

internal/machine/caddyconfig/jsonconfig.go

@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
 	"maps"
-	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
@@ -20,46 +18,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func GenerateJSONConfig(containers []api.ServiceContainer, verifyResponse string) (*caddy.Config, error) {
-	// Maps hostnames to lists of upstreams (container IP:port pairs).
-	httpHostUpstreams := make(map[string][]string)
-	httpsHostUpstreams := make(map[string][]string)
-	for _, ctr := range containers {
-		if !ctr.Healthy() {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		ip := ctr.UncloudNetworkIP()
-		if !ip.IsValid() {
-			// Container is not connected to the uncloud Docker network (could be host network).
-			continue
-		}
-		log := slog.With("container", ctr.ID)
-
-		ports, err := ctr.ServicePorts()
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to parse service ports for container.", "err", err)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		for _, port := range ports {
-			if port.Mode != api.PortModeIngress {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			switch port.Protocol {
-			case api.ProtocolHTTP:
-				upstream := net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), strconv.Itoa(int(port.ContainerPort)))
-				httpHostUpstreams[port.Hostname] = append(httpHostUpstreams[port.Hostname], upstream)
-			case api.ProtocolHTTPS:
-				upstream := net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), strconv.Itoa(int(port.ContainerPort)))
-				httpsHostUpstreams[port.Hostname] = append(httpsHostUpstreams[port.Hostname], upstream)
-			default:
-				// TODO: implement L4 ingress routing for TCP and UDP.
-				log.Error("Unsupported protocol for ingress port.", "port", port)
-				continue
-			}
-		}
-	}
+	httpHostUpstreams, httpsHostUpstreams := httpUpstreamsFromPorts(containers)
 
 	var warnings []caddyconfig.Warning
 	servers := make(map[string]*caddyhttp.Server)

internal/machine/caddyconfig/jsonconfig_test.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/docker"
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func TestGenerateConfig(t *testing.T) {
+func TestGenerateJSONConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	configWithoutServices := `{
 		"servers": {
 			"http": {
@@ -312,68 +311,6 @@ func TestGenerateConfig(t *testing.T) {
 			want:    configWithoutServices,
 			wantErr: false,
 		},
-		{
-			name: "restarting container ignored",
-			containers: []api.ServiceContainer{
-				newRestartingContainer("10.210.0.2", "app.example.com:8080/http"),
-			},
-			want:    configWithoutServices,
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "stopped container ignored",
-			containers: []api.ServiceContainer{
-				newStoppedContainer("10.210.0.2", "app.example.com:8080/http"),
-			},
-			want:    configWithoutServices,
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "mix of running, restarting, and stopped containers",
-			containers: []api.ServiceContainer{
-				newContainer("10.210.0.2", "app.example.com:8080/http"),
-				newRestartingContainer("10.210.0.3", "app.example.com:8080/http"),
-				newStoppedContainer("10.210.0.4", "app.example.com:8080/http"),
-			},
-			want: `{
-                "servers": {
-                    "http": {
-                        "listen": [":80"],
-                        "routes": [
-                            {
-                                "match": [{"host": ["app.example.com"]}],
-                                "handle": [{
-                                    "handler": "reverse_proxy",
-									"health_checks": {
-                                        "passive": {
-                                            "fail_duration": 30000000000
-                                        }
-                                    },
-                                    "load_balancing": {
-                                        "retries": 3
-                                    },
-                                    "upstreams": [{"dial": "10.210.0.2:8080"}]
-                                }]
-                            },
-                            {
-                                "match": [{"path": ["/.uncloud-verify"]}],
-                                "handle": [{
-                                    "body": "verification-response-body",
-                                    "handler": "static_response",
-                                    "status_code": 200
-                                }]
-                            }
-                        ],
-						"logs": {}
-                    },
-                    "https": {
-                        "listen": [":443"],
-						"logs": {}
-                    }
-                }
-            }`,
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
@@ -396,13 +333,13 @@ func TestGenerateConfig(t *testing.T) {
 
 func newContainer(ip string, ports ...string) api.ServiceContainer {
 	portsLabel := strings.Join(ports, ",")
-	return api.ServiceContainer{Container: api.Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
-		ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
-			State: &types.ContainerState{
+	return api.ServiceContainer{Container: api.Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
+		ContainerJSONBase: &container.ContainerJSONBase{
+			State: &container.State{
 				Running: true,
 			},
 		},
-		NetworkSettings: &types.NetworkSettings{
+		NetworkSettings: &container.NetworkSettings{
 			Networks: map[string]*network.EndpointSettings{
 				docker.NetworkName: {
 					IPAddress: ip,
@@ -419,13 +356,13 @@ func newContainer(ip string, ports ...string) api.ServiceContainer {
 
 func newContainerWithoutNetwork(ports ...string) api.ServiceContainer {
 	portsLabel := strings.Join(ports, ",")
-	return api.ServiceContainer{Container: api.Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
-		ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
-			State: &types.ContainerState{
+	return api.ServiceContainer{Container: api.Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
+		ContainerJSONBase: &container.ContainerJSONBase{
+			State: &container.State{
 				Running: true,
 			},
 		},
-		NetworkSettings: &types.NetworkSettings{
+		NetworkSettings: &container.NetworkSettings{
 			Networks: map[string]*network.EndpointSettings{
 				"other-network": {
 					IPAddress: "172.17.0.2",
@@ -439,15 +376,3 @@ func newContainerWithoutNetwork(ports ...string) api.ServiceContainer {
 		},
 	}}}
 }
-
-func newRestartingContainer(ip string, ports ...string) api.ServiceContainer {
-	ctr := newContainer(ip, ports...)
-	ctr.Container.State.Restarting = true
-	return ctr
-}
-
-func newStoppedContainer(ip string, ports ...string) api.ServiceContainer {
-	ctr := newContainer(ip, ports...)
-	ctr.Container.State.Running = false
-	return ctr
-}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/mocks_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Code generated by mockery; DO NOT EDIT.
+// github.com/vektra/mockery
+// template: testify
+
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
+)
+
+// NewMockCaddyfileValidator creates a new instance of MockCaddyfileValidator. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
+// The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
+func NewMockCaddyfileValidator(t interface {
+	mock.TestingT
+	Cleanup(func())
+}) *MockCaddyfileValidator {
+	mock := &MockCaddyfileValidator{}
+	mock.Mock.Test(t)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { mock.AssertExpectations(t) })
+
+	return mock
+}
+
+// MockCaddyfileValidator is an autogenerated mock type for the CaddyfileValidator type
+type MockCaddyfileValidator struct {
+	mock.Mock
+}
+
+type MockCaddyfileValidator_Expecter struct {
+	mock *mock.Mock
+}
+
+func (_m *MockCaddyfileValidator) EXPECT() *MockCaddyfileValidator_Expecter {
+	return &MockCaddyfileValidator_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
+}
+
+// Validate provides a mock function for the type MockCaddyfileValidator
+func (_mock *MockCaddyfileValidator) Validate(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) error {
+	ret := _mock.Called(ctx, caddyfile)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Validate")
+	}
+
+	var r0 error
+	if returnFunc, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, string) error); ok {
+		r0 = returnFunc(ctx, caddyfile)
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Error(0)
+	}
+	return r0
+}
+
+// MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Validate'
+type MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Validate is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - ctx context.Context
+//   - caddyfile string
+func (_e *MockCaddyfileValidator_Expecter) Validate(ctx interface{}, caddyfile interface{}) *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call {
+	return &MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Validate", ctx, caddyfile)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call) Run(run func(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string)) *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		var arg0 context.Context
+		if args[0] != nil {
+			arg0 = args[0].(context.Context)
+		}
+		var arg1 string
+		if args[1] != nil {
+			arg1 = args[1].(string)
+		}
+		run(
+			arg0,
+			arg1,
+		)
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call) Return(err error) *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(err)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) error) *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/server.go

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
+
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
+)
+
+// Server implements the gRPC Caddy service.
+type Server struct {
+	pb.UnimplementedCaddyServer
+	service *Service
+}
+
+func NewServer(service *Service) *Server {
+	return &Server{service: service}
+}
+
+// GetConfig retrieves the current Caddy configuration from the machine.
+func (s *Server) GetConfig(ctx context.Context, _ *emptypb.Empty) (*pb.GetCaddyConfigResponse, error) {
+	caddyfile, modifiedAt, err := s.service.Caddyfile()
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		}
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+	}
+
+	return &pb.GetCaddyConfigResponse{
+		Caddyfile:  caddyfile,
+		ModifiedAt: timestamppb.New(modifiedAt),
+	}, nil
+}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Service provides methods to interact with the Caddy configuration on the machine.
+type Service struct {
+	configDir string
+}
+
+// NewService creates a new Service instance with the specified Caddy configuration directory.
+func NewService(configDir string) *Service {
+	return &Service{configDir: configDir}
+}
+
+// Caddyfile retrieves the current Caddy configuration (Caddyfile) from the machine's config directory.
+func (s *Service) Caddyfile() (string, time.Time, error) {
+	path := filepath.Join(s.configDir, "Caddyfile")
+	content, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("read Caddyfile from file '%s': %w", path, err)
+	}
+
+	// Get the file modification time.
+	fileInfo, err := os.Stat(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("get Caddyfile file info '%s': %w", path, err)
+	}
+
+	return string(content), fileInfo.ModTime(), nil
+}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/template.go

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// templateContext holds the data available to Caddyfile templates.
+type templateContext struct {
+	// Name is the current service name.
+	Name string
+	// Upstreams maps service names to their container IPs.
+	Upstreams map[string][]string
+}
+
+// upstreamsTemplateFn returns a template function that generates a space separated string of upstreams for the service.
+// It optionally accepts a service name and a port number: {{upstreams [service-name] [port]}}.
+func upstreamsTemplateFn(tmplCtx templateContext) func(args ...any) (string, error) {
+	return func(args ...any) (string, error) {
+		var serviceName string
+		var port int
+
+		// Parse arguments.
+		switch len(args) {
+		case 0:
+			// Current service, default port.
+			serviceName = tmplCtx.Name
+		case 1:
+			// Either port (int) for current service or service name (string).
+			switch arg := args[0].(type) {
+			case int:
+				serviceName = tmplCtx.Name
+				port = arg
+			case string:
+				serviceName = arg
+				port = 0
+			default:
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("upstreams function: invalid argument type: %T", arg)
+			}
+		case 2:
+			// Service name and port.
+			name, ok := args[0].(string)
+			if !ok {
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("upstreams function: first argument must be service name (string)")
+			}
+			serviceName = name
+
+			p, ok := args[1].(int)
+			if !ok {
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("upstreams function: second argument must be port (int)")
+			}
+			port = p
+		default:
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("upstreams function: too many arguments; expected 0-2, got %d", len(args))
+		}
+
+		ips, ok := tmplCtx.Upstreams[serviceName]
+		if !ok || len(ips) == 0 {
+			// No upstreams available.
+			return "", nil
+		}
+
+		// Build the space separated upstreams string.
+		var upstreams []string
+		for _, ip := range ips {
+			if port > 0 {
+				upstreams = append(upstreams, net.JoinHostPort(ip, strconv.Itoa(port)))
+			} else {
+				upstreams = append(upstreams, ip)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return strings.Join(upstreams, " "), nil
+	}
+}

internal/machine/cluster.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/firewall"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/network"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/store"
+	"github.com/psviderski/unregistry"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
 )
@@ -45,6 +46,8 @@ type clusterController struct {
 	// dnsServer is the embedded internal DNS server for the cluster listening on the machine IP.
 	dnsServer   *dns.Server
 	dnsResolver *dns.ClusterResolver
+	// unregistry is the embedded container registry that uses the local Docker (containerd) image store as its backend.
+	unregistry *unregistry.Registry
 
 	// stopped is a channel that is closed when the controller is stopped.
 	stopped chan struct{}
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ func newClusterController(
 	caddyfileCtrl *caddyconfig.Controller,
 	dnsServer *dns.Server,
 	dnsResolver *dns.ClusterResolver,
+	unregistry *unregistry.Registry,
 ) (*clusterController, error) {
 	slog.Info("Starting WireGuard network.")
 	wgnet, err := network.NewWireGuardNetwork()
@@ -80,6 +84,7 @@ func newClusterController(
 		caddyconfigCtrl: caddyfileCtrl,
 		dnsServer:       dnsServer,
 		dnsResolver:     dnsResolver,
+		unregistry:      unregistry,
 		stopped:         make(chan struct{}),
 	}, nil
 }
@@ -87,7 +92,7 @@ func newClusterController(
 func (cc *clusterController) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 	defer close(cc.stopped)
 
-	if err := firewall.ConfigureIptablesChains(); err != nil {
+	if err := firewall.ConfigureIptablesChains(network.MachineIP(cc.state.Network.Subnet)); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("configure iptables chains: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -164,7 +169,7 @@ func (cc *clusterController) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return nil
 	})
 
-	// Watch for endpoint changes and update the machine state accordingly.
+	// Watch for WireGuard peer endpoint changes and update the machine state accordingly.
 	errGroup.Go(func() error {
 		for {
 			select {
@@ -210,6 +215,16 @@ func (cc *clusterController) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return nil
 	})
 
+	if cc.unregistry != nil {
+		errGroup.Go(func() error {
+			slog.Info("Starting unregistry server.")
+			if err := cc.unregistry.ListenAndServe(); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("unregistry server failed: %w", err)
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+
 	// Wait for the context to be done and stop the network API server.
 	<-ctx.Done()
 	slog.Info("Stopping network API server.")
@@ -217,6 +232,19 @@ func (cc *clusterController) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 	cc.server.GracefulStop()
 	slog.Info("Network API server stopped.")
 
+	// Stop the unregistry server with a timeout if it was started.
+	if cc.unregistry != nil {
+		unregTimeout := 30 * time.Second
+		slog.Info("Stopping unregistry server.", "timeout", unregTimeout)
+		unregCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), unregTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+
+		if err = cc.unregistry.Shutdown(unregCtx); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unregistry server forced to shutdown: %w", err)
+		}
+		slog.Info("Unregistry server stopped.")
+	}
+
 	// Wait for all controllers to finish.
 	err = errGroup.Wait()
 
@@ -330,6 +358,14 @@ func (cc *clusterController) handleMachineChanges(ctx context.Context) error {
 					slog.Error("Failed to list machines.", "err", err)
 					continue
 				}
+				// Skip reconfiguration if the machines list is empty. This can happen when joining the cluster.
+				// Corrosion can notifies about table changes before the data is fully replicated.
+				// Reconfiguring with an empty list would remove all peers and lock this machine out of the cluster.
+				// See https://github.com/psviderski/uncloud/issues/155.
+				if len(machines) == 0 {
+					slog.Debug("Skipping peer reconfiguration: machines list in store is empty.")
+					continue
+				}
 				if err = cc.configurePeers(machines); err != nil {
 					slog.Error("Failed to configure peers.", "err", err)
 				}

internal/machine/cluster/dns.go

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func (c *Cluster) ReserveDomain(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ReserveDomainReques
 	dnsClient := dns.NewClient()
 	name, token, err := dnsClient.ReserveDomain(req.Endpoint)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	domain := uncloudDNSDomain{

internal/machine/constants/constants.go

@@ -3,4 +3,6 @@ package constants
 const (
 	// MachineAPIPort is the port for the Machine API service on the management WireGuard network.
 	MachineAPIPort = 51000
+	// UnregistryPort is the port for the embedded container registry listening on the machine IP.
+	UnregistryPort = 5000
 )

internal/machine/corroservice/docker.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/containerd/errdefs"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/image"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/mount"
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ type DockerService struct {
 func (s *DockerService) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 	_, err := s.Client.ContainerInspect(ctx, s.Name)
 	if err != nil {
-		if !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+		if !errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("inspect container %q: %w", s.Name, err)
 		}
 		if err = s.startNewContainer(ctx); err != nil {
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ func (s *DockerService) hostConfig() *container.HostConfig {
 func (s *DockerService) startNewContainer(ctx context.Context) error {
 	_, err := s.Client.ContainerCreate(ctx, s.containerConfig(), s.hostConfig(), nil, nil, s.Name)
 	if err != nil {
-		if !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+		if !errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create container: %w", err)
 		}
 

internal/machine/dns/resolver.go

@@ -91,6 +91,11 @@ func (r *ClusterResolver) updateServiceIPs(containers []store.ContainerRecord) {
 		newServiceIPs[ctr.ServiceName()] = append(newServiceIPs[ctr.ServiceName()], ip)
 		// Also add the service ID as a valid lookup.
 		newServiceIPs[ctr.ServiceID()] = append(newServiceIPs[ctr.ServiceID()], ip)
+
+		// Add <machine-id>.m.<service-name> as a lookup
+		serviceNameWithMachineID := record.MachineID + ".m." + ctr.ServiceName()
+		newServiceIPs[serviceNameWithMachineID] = append(newServiceIPs[serviceNameWithMachineID], ip)
+
 		containersCount++
 	}
 
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ func (r *ClusterResolver) updateServiceIPs(containers []store.ContainerRecord) {
 	r.serviceIPs = newServiceIPs
 	r.mu.Unlock()
 
-	r.log.Debug("DNS records updated.", "services", len(newServiceIPs)/2, "containers", containersCount)
+	r.log.Debug("DNS records updated.", "services", len(newServiceIPs)/3, "containers", containersCount)
 }
 
 // Resolve returns IP addresses of the service containers.

internal/machine/dns/server.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"math/rand/v2"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ type Resolver interface {
 // to upstream DNS servers.
 type Server struct {
 	listenAddr      netip.Addr
+	localSubnet     netip.Prefix
 	resolver        Resolver
 	upstreamServers []netip.AddrPort
 
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ type Server struct {
 // NewServer creates a new DNS server with the given configuration.
 // If upstreams is nil, nameservers from /etc/resolv.conf will be used. An empty upstreams list means to only resolve
 // internal DNS queries and not forward any external queries.
-func NewServer(listenAddr netip.Addr, resolver Resolver, upstreams []netip.AddrPort) (*Server, error) {
+func NewServer(listenAddr netip.Addr, localSubnet netip.Prefix, resolver Resolver, upstreams []netip.AddrPort) (*Server, error) {
 	if !listenAddr.IsValid() {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid listen address: %s", listenAddr)
 	}
@@ -87,6 +89,7 @@ func NewServer(listenAddr netip.Addr, resolver Resolver, upstreams []netip.AddrP
 
 	return &Server{
 		listenAddr:       listenAddr,
+		localSubnet:      localSubnet,
 		resolver:         resolver,
 		upstreamServers:  upstreams,
 		forwardSemaphore: make(chan struct{}, maxConcurrentForwards),
@@ -287,7 +290,7 @@ func (s *Server) forwardRequest(req *dns.Msg, proto string) (*dns.Msg, error) {
 // handleAQuery processes an A query for the internal domain and returns A records for the requested name.
 // The internal domain suffix is already stripped from the name. An empty list is returned if no records are found.
 func (s *Server) handleAQuery(name string) []dns.RR {
-	serviceName := trimInternalDomain(name)
+	serviceName, mode := extractModeFromDomain(trimInternalDomain(name))
 	ips := s.resolver.Resolve(serviceName)
 	if len(ips) == 0 {
 		s.log.Debug("Failed to resolve service name.", "service", serviceName)
@@ -296,10 +299,28 @@ func (s *Server) handleAQuery(name string) []dns.RR {
 	s.log.Debug("Resolved service name.", "service", serviceName, "ips", ips)
 
 	if len(ips) > 1 {
-		// TODO: sort by proximity to the requesting container/machine. For now, just shuffle the IPs.
+		// Shuffle the IPs to approximate round-robin.
+		// We want to do this as a baseline for "nearest" mode, as well.
 		rand.Shuffle(len(ips), func(i, j int) {
 			ips[i], ips[j] = ips[j], ips[i]
 		})
+
+		// Default (mode == "") currently behaves the same as round-robin,
+		// and nothing additional to do for round-robin (mode == "rr").
+
+		if mode == "nearest" {
+			// Sort IPs on local subnet to the top.
+			slices.SortFunc(ips, func(a, b netip.Addr) int {
+				aIsLocal := s.localSubnet.Contains(a)
+				bIsLocal := s.localSubnet.Contains(b)
+				if aIsLocal && !bIsLocal {
+					return -1
+				} else if bIsLocal && !aIsLocal {
+					return 1
+				}
+				return 0
+			})
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Create A records for each IP.
@@ -345,3 +366,13 @@ func trimInternalDomain(name string) string {
 
 	return strings.TrimSuffix(name, "."+InternalDomain)
 }
+
+func extractModeFromDomain(name string) (string, string) {
+	modes := []string{"nearest", "rr"}
+	for _, mode := range modes {
+		if cut, found := strings.CutPrefix(name, mode+"."); found {
+			return cut, mode
+		}
+	}
+	return name, ""
+}

internal/machine/docker/client.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/volume"
@@ -16,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/jsonmessage"
 	regtypes "github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/v1/types"
 	ocispec "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/docker"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
@@ -24,16 +24,18 @@ import (
 )
 
 // Client is a gRPC client for the Docker service that provides a similar interface to the Docker HTTP client.
+// TODO: it doesn't seem there is much value in having this intermediate Docker client.
+// Consider merging it into the main pkg/client.
 type Client struct {
 	conn       *grpc.ClientConn
-	grpcClient pb.DockerClient
+	GRPCClient pb.DockerClient
 }
 
 // NewClient creates a new Docker gRPC client with the provided gRPC connection.
 func NewClient(conn *grpc.ClientConn) *Client {
 	return &Client{
 		conn:       conn,
-		grpcClient: pb.NewDockerClient(conn),
+		GRPCClient: pb.NewDockerClient(conn),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ func (c *Client) CreateContainer(
 		return resp, fmt.Errorf("marshal platform: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	grpcResp, err := c.grpcClient.CreateContainer(ctx, &pb.CreateContainerRequest{
+	grpcResp, err := c.GRPCClient.CreateContainer(ctx, &pb.CreateContainerRequest{
 		Config:        configBytes,
 		HostConfig:    hostConfigBytes,
 		NetworkConfig: networkingConfigBytes,
@@ -91,10 +93,10 @@ func (c *Client) CreateContainer(
 }
 
 // InspectContainer returns the container information for the given container ID.
-func (c *Client) InspectContainer(ctx context.Context, id string) (types.ContainerJSON, error) {
-	var resp types.ContainerJSON
+func (c *Client) InspectContainer(ctx context.Context, id string) (container.InspectResponse, error) {
+	var resp container.InspectResponse
 
-	grpcResp, err := c.grpcClient.InspectContainer(ctx, &pb.InspectContainerRequest{Id: id})
+	grpcResp, err := c.GRPCClient.InspectContainer(ctx, &pb.InspectContainerRequest{Id: id})
 	if err != nil {
 		if status.Convert(err).Code() == codes.NotFound {
 			return resp, errdefs.NotFound(err)
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ func (c *Client) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, id string, opts container.S
 		return fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	_, err = c.grpcClient.StartContainer(ctx, &pb.StartContainerRequest{
+	_, err = c.GRPCClient.StartContainer(ctx, &pb.StartContainerRequest{
 		Id:      id,
 		Options: optsBytes,
 	})
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ func (c *Client) StopContainer(ctx context.Context, id string, opts container.St
 		return fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	_, err = c.grpcClient.StopContainer(ctx, &pb.StopContainerRequest{
+	_, err = c.GRPCClient.StopContainer(ctx, &pb.StopContainerRequest{
 		Id:      id,
 		Options: optsBytes,
 	})
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ func (c *Client) StopContainer(ctx context.Context, id string, opts container.St
 
 type MachineContainers struct {
 	Metadata   *pb.Metadata
-	Containers []types.ContainerJSON
+	Containers []container.InspectResponse
 }
 
 func (c *Client) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, opts container.ListOptions) ([]MachineContainers, error) {
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ func (c *Client) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, opts container.ListOptions)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	resp, err := c.grpcClient.ListContainers(ctx, &pb.ListContainersRequest{Options: optsBytes})
+	resp, err := c.GRPCClient.ListContainers(ctx, &pb.ListContainersRequest{Options: optsBytes})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ func (c *Client) RemoveContainer(ctx context.Context, id string, opts container.
 		return fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	_, err = c.grpcClient.RemoveContainer(ctx, &pb.RemoveContainerRequest{
+	_, err = c.GRPCClient.RemoveContainer(ctx, &pb.RemoveContainerRequest{
 		Id:      id,
 		Options: optsBytes,
 	})
@@ -205,23 +207,18 @@ type PullOptions struct {
 	Platform     string
 }
 
-type PullImageMessage struct {
-	Message jsonmessage.JSONMessage
-	Err     error
-}
-
-func (c *Client) PullImage(ctx context.Context, image string, opts PullOptions) (<-chan PullImageMessage, error) {
+func (c *Client) PullImage(ctx context.Context, image string, opts PullOptions) (<-chan docker.PullPushImageMessage, error) {
 	optsBytes, err := json.Marshal(opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	stream, err := c.grpcClient.PullImage(ctx, &pb.PullImageRequest{Image: image, Options: optsBytes})
+	stream, err := c.GRPCClient.PullImage(ctx, &pb.PullImageRequest{Image: image, Options: optsBytes})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	ch := make(chan PullImageMessage)
+	ch := make(chan docker.PullPushImageMessage)
 
 	go func() {
 		defer close(ch)
@@ -232,16 +229,16 @@ func (c *Client) PullImage(ctx context.Context, image string, opts PullOptions)
 				return
 			}
 			if err != nil {
-				ch <- PullImageMessage{Err: err}
+				ch <- docker.PullPushImageMessage{Err: err}
 				return
 			}
 
 			var jm jsonmessage.JSONMessage
 			if err = json.Unmarshal(msg.Message, &jm); err != nil {
-				ch <- PullImageMessage{Err: fmt.Errorf("unmarshal JSON message: %w", err)}
+				ch <- docker.PullPushImageMessage{Err: fmt.Errorf("unmarshal JSON message: %w", err)}
 				return
 			}
-			ch <- PullImageMessage{Message: jm}
+			ch <- docker.PullPushImageMessage{Message: jm}
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -250,7 +247,7 @@ func (c *Client) PullImage(ctx context.Context, image string, opts PullOptions)
 
 // InspectImage returns the image information for the given image ID. The request may be sent to multiple machines.
 func (c *Client) InspectImage(ctx context.Context, id string) ([]api.MachineImage, error) {
-	resp, err := c.grpcClient.InspectImage(ctx, &pb.InspectImageRequest{Id: id})
+	resp, err := c.GRPCClient.InspectImage(ctx, &pb.InspectImageRequest{Id: id})
 	if err != nil {
 		// If the request was sent to only one machine, err is an actual error from the machine.
 		if status.Convert(err).Code() == codes.NotFound {
@@ -288,7 +285,7 @@ func (c *Client) InspectImage(ctx context.Context, id string) ([]api.MachineImag
 // credentials if necessary. If the response from a machine doesn't contain an error, the api.RemoteImage will either
 // contain an IndexManifest or an ImageManifest.
 func (c *Client) InspectRemoteImage(ctx context.Context, id string) ([]api.MachineRemoteImage, error) {
-	resp, err := c.grpcClient.InspectRemoteImage(ctx, &pb.InspectRemoteImageRequest{Id: id})
+	resp, err := c.GRPCClient.InspectRemoteImage(ctx, &pb.InspectRemoteImageRequest{Id: id})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -365,7 +362,7 @@ func (c *Client) CreateVolume(ctx context.Context, opts volume.CreateOptions) (v
 		return vol, fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	resp, err := c.grpcClient.CreateVolume(ctx, &pb.CreateVolumeRequest{Options: optsBytes})
+	resp, err := c.GRPCClient.CreateVolume(ctx, &pb.CreateVolumeRequest{Options: optsBytes})
 	if err != nil {
 		return vol, err
 	}
@@ -377,20 +374,18 @@ func (c *Client) CreateVolume(ctx context.Context, opts volume.CreateOptions) (v
 	return vol, nil
 }
 
-// MachineVolumes represents a volume list response from a machine.
 type MachineVolumes struct {
 	Metadata *pb.Metadata
 	Response volume.ListResponse
 }
 
-// ListVolumes returns a list of all volumes matching the filter.
 func (c *Client) ListVolumes(ctx context.Context, opts volume.ListOptions) ([]MachineVolumes, error) {
 	optsBytes, err := json.Marshal(opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	resp, err := c.grpcClient.ListVolumes(ctx, &pb.ListVolumesRequest{Options: optsBytes})
+	resp, err := c.GRPCClient.ListVolumes(ctx, &pb.ListVolumesRequest{Options: optsBytes})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -412,7 +407,7 @@ func (c *Client) ListVolumes(ctx context.Context, opts volume.ListOptions) ([]Ma
 
 // RemoveVolume removes a volume with the given ID.
 func (c *Client) RemoveVolume(ctx context.Context, id string, force bool) error {
-	_, err := c.grpcClient.RemoveVolume(ctx, &pb.RemoveVolumeRequest{
+	_, err := c.GRPCClient.RemoveVolume(ctx, &pb.RemoveVolumeRequest{
 		Id:    id,
 		Force: force,
 	})
@@ -435,7 +430,7 @@ func (c *Client) CreateServiceContainer(
 	if err != nil {
 		return resp, fmt.Errorf("marshal service spec: %w", err)
 	}
-	grpcResp, err := c.grpcClient.CreateServiceContainer(ctx, &pb.CreateServiceContainerRequest{
+	grpcResp, err := c.GRPCClient.CreateServiceContainer(ctx, &pb.CreateServiceContainerRequest{
 		ServiceId:     serviceID,
 		ServiceSpec:   specBytes,
 		ContainerName: containerName,
@@ -458,7 +453,7 @@ func (c *Client) CreateServiceContainer(
 func (c *Client) InspectServiceContainer(ctx context.Context, id string) (api.ServiceContainer, error) {
 	var resp api.ServiceContainer
 
-	grpcResp, err := c.grpcClient.InspectServiceContainer(ctx, &pb.InspectContainerRequest{Id: id})
+	grpcResp, err := c.GRPCClient.InspectServiceContainer(ctx, &pb.InspectContainerRequest{Id: id})
 	if err != nil {
 		if status.Convert(err).Code() == codes.NotFound {
 			return resp, errdefs.NotFound(err)
@@ -491,7 +486,7 @@ func (c *Client) ListServiceContainers(
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	resp, err := c.grpcClient.ListServiceContainers(ctx, &pb.ListServiceContainersRequest{
+	resp, err := c.GRPCClient.ListServiceContainers(ctx, &pb.ListServiceContainersRequest{
 		ServiceId: serviceNameOrID,
 		Options:   optsBytes,
 	})
@@ -530,7 +525,7 @@ func (c *Client) RemoveServiceContainer(ctx context.Context, id string, opts con
 		return fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	_, err = c.grpcClient.RemoveServiceContainer(ctx, &pb.RemoveContainerRequest{
+	_, err = c.GRPCClient.RemoveServiceContainer(ctx, &pb.RemoveContainerRequest{
 		Id:      id,
 		Options: optsBytes,
 	})

internal/machine/docker/client_exec.go

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+package docker
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+
+	"github.com/moby/term"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+// ExecConfig contains options for executing a command in a container.
+type ExecConfig struct {
+	// Container ID to execute the command in.
+	ContainerID string
+	// Exec configuration.
+	Options api.ExecOptions
+}
+
+// sendResizeRequest sends a terminal resize request to the exec stream.
+func sendResizeRequest(stream pb.Docker_ExecContainerClient, size *term.Winsize) error {
+	slog.Debug("sending resize request", "width", size.Width, "height", size.Height)
+	return stream.Send(
+		&pb.ExecContainerRequest{
+			Payload: &pb.ExecContainerRequest_Resize{
+				Resize: &pb.ResizeEvent{
+					Height: uint32(size.Height),
+					Width:  uint32(size.Width),
+				},
+			},
+		})
+}
+
+// setupTerminal configures the terminal for interactive TTY sessions.
+// It checks if stdin is a terminal, sets it to raw mode, and sets up resize handling.
+// Returns a cleanup function to restore terminal state, or an error.
+func setupTerminal(ctx context.Context, stream pb.Docker_ExecContainerClient) (func(), error) {
+	inFd, isTerminal := term.GetFdInfo(os.Stdin)
+	if !isTerminal {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("stdin is not a terminal")
+	}
+
+	// Set terminal to raw mode
+	oldState, err := term.SetRawTerminal(inFd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("set raw terminal: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Cleanup function
+	restoreFunc := func() {
+		_ = term.RestoreTerminal(inFd, oldState)
+	}
+
+	// Set up resize handling
+	if err := handleTerminalResize(ctx, inFd, stream); err != nil {
+		restoreFunc()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return restoreFunc, nil
+}
+
+// handleTerminalResize sends initial window size and handles window resize signals for TTY sessions.
+func handleTerminalResize(ctx context.Context, inFd uintptr, stream pb.Docker_ExecContainerClient) error {
+	// Handle window resize signals
+	sigCh := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(sigCh, unix.SIGWINCH)
+
+	// Send initial window size
+	if size, err := term.GetWinsize(inFd); err == nil {
+		_ = sendResizeRequest(stream, size)
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		defer signal.Stop(sigCh)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-sigCh:
+				size, err := term.GetWinsize(inFd)
+				if err != nil {
+					slog.Debug("get window size", "error", err)
+					continue
+				}
+				if err = sendResizeRequest(stream, size); err != nil {
+					slog.Debug("send resize request", "error", err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// handleClientInputStream reads from stdin and sends data to the remote server.
+// It also periodically checks for context cancellation to exit gracefully when e.g.
+// the output stream is closed.
+func handleClientInputStream(ctx context.Context, stream pb.Docker_ExecContainerClient, stdin io.Reader) error {
+	slog.Debug("Input goroutine started")
+	defer slog.Debug("Input goroutine exited")
+
+	defer stream.CloseSend()
+
+	// Channel to receive stdin data
+	stdinCh := make(chan []byte)
+
+	stdinErrCh := make(chan error, 1)
+
+	// Read from stdin in a separate goroutine
+	// Note: this goroutine may continue blocking on Read even after we exit from the function,
+	// but that's OK - it will eventually unblock when data arrives or stdin closes.
+	go func() {
+		buf := make([]byte, 32*1024) // 32KB buffer
+		for {
+			n, err := stdin.Read(buf)
+			if n > 0 {
+				data := make([]byte, n)
+				copy(data, buf[:n])
+				select {
+				case stdinCh <- data:
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					slog.Debug("stdin reader exiting due to context done")
+					return
+				}
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				if err == io.EOF {
+					slog.Debug("stdin reader: EOF received")
+				} else {
+					slog.Debug("stdin reader error", "error", err)
+				}
+				stdinErrCh <- err
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Send stdin data to the server or exit when context is cancelled
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil
+		case data := <-stdinCh:
+			if err := stream.Send(&pb.ExecContainerRequest{
+				Payload: &pb.ExecContainerRequest_Stdin{Stdin: data},
+			}); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("send stdin: %w", err)
+			}
+		case err := <-stdinErrCh:
+			if err != io.EOF {
+				return fmt.Errorf("read stdin: %w", err)
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// handleClientOutputStream receives output from the exec stream and writes to stdout/stderr.
+// It also captures the exit code and signals completion via context cancellation.
+func handleClientOutputStream(ctx context.Context, stream pb.Docker_ExecContainerClient, stdout, stderr io.Writer, exitCode *int) error {
+	slog.Debug("Output goroutine started")
+	defer slog.Debug("Output goroutine exited")
+
+	for {
+		resp, err := stream.Recv()
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			slog.Debug("output stream: EOF received")
+			return nil
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("receive from stream: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		switch payload := resp.Payload.(type) {
+		case *pb.ExecContainerResponse_ExecId:
+			// This is sent first; we already processed it earlier, so just ignore duplicates.
+		case *pb.ExecContainerResponse_Stdout:
+			if _, err := stdout.Write(payload.Stdout); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("write stdout: %w", err)
+			}
+		case *pb.ExecContainerResponse_Stderr:
+			if _, err := stderr.Write(payload.Stderr); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("write stderr: %w", err)
+			}
+		case *pb.ExecContainerResponse_ExitCode:
+			slog.Debug("received exit code", "code", payload.ExitCode)
+			*exitCode = int(payload.ExitCode)
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// ExecContainer executes a command in a running container with bidirectional streaming.
+// TODO: This can be merged with pkg/client as it's an unnecessary logic split.
+func (c *Client) ExecContainer(ctx context.Context, opts ExecConfig) (exitCode int, err error) {
+	// TODO: We need to handle Ctrl-C and other signals here to forward them to the container process.
+	// Right now, Ctrl-C will just terminate the client process, which is not ideal.
+	// We should catch the signal, send it to the container process, and only exit
+	// when the container process exits.
+
+	slog.Debug("starting ExecContainer", "containerID", opts.ContainerID, "options", opts.Options)
+
+	// Initialize exit code to non-zero in case we have to return early
+	exitCode = 1
+
+	// Set up I/O streams - use custom streams if provided, otherwise default to os.Stdin/Stdout/Stderr
+	stdin := io.Reader(os.Stdin)
+	stdout := io.Writer(os.Stdout)
+	stderr := io.Writer(os.Stderr)
+
+	if opts.Options.Stdin != nil {
+		stdin = opts.Options.Stdin
+	}
+	if opts.Options.Stdout != nil {
+		stdout = opts.Options.Stdout
+	}
+	if opts.Options.Stderr != nil {
+		stderr = opts.Options.Stderr
+	}
+
+	// Marshal the exec config
+	configBytes, err := json.Marshal(opts.Options)
+	if err != nil {
+		return -1, fmt.Errorf("marshal exec config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create the bidirectional stream
+	stream, err := c.GRPCClient.ExecContainer(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return -1, fmt.Errorf("create exec stream: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Send the initial configuration
+	if err := stream.Send(&pb.ExecContainerRequest{
+		Payload: &pb.ExecContainerRequest_Config{
+			Config: &pb.ExecConfig{
+				ContainerId: opts.ContainerID,
+				Options:     configBytes,
+			},
+		},
+	}); err != nil {
+		return -1, fmt.Errorf("send exec config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Receive the exec ID
+	resp, err := stream.Recv()
+	if err != nil {
+		return -1, fmt.Errorf("receive exec ID: %w", err)
+	}
+	execID := resp.GetExecId()
+	if execID == "" {
+		return -1, fmt.Errorf("expected exec ID in first response")
+	}
+
+	errGroup, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	// Create cancellable context for goroutine coordination
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// Handle terminal setup for interactive sessions
+	if opts.Options.AttachStdin && opts.Options.Tty {
+		restoreTerminal, err := setupTerminal(ctx, stream)
+		if err != nil {
+			return -1, fmt.Errorf("setup terminal: %w", err)
+		}
+		if restoreTerminal != nil {
+			defer restoreTerminal()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Handle stdin stream if needed
+	if opts.Options.AttachStdin {
+		errGroup.Go(func() error {
+			return handleClientInputStream(ctx, stream, stdin)
+		})
+	} else {
+		// Close send direction immediately if not attaching stdin
+		stream.CloseSend()
+	}
+
+	// Handle output streams (stdout/stderr)
+	errGroup.Go(func() error {
+		defer cancel()
+		return handleClientOutputStream(ctx, stream, stdout, stderr, &exitCode)
+	})
+
+	err = errGroup.Wait()
+
+	if err == nil && opts.Options.Detach {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
+	return exitCode, err
+}

internal/machine/docker/controller_linux.go

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"strconv"
 
+	"github.com/containerd/errdefs"
 	dockercontainer "github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
 	dnetwork "github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/libnetwork/iptables"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/dns"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/firewall"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func (c *Controller) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Pref
 	needsCreation := false
 	nw, err := c.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{})
 	if err != nil {
-		if !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+		if !errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("inspect Docker network '%s': %w", NetworkName, err)
 		}
 		needsCreation = true
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func (c *Controller) Cleanup() error {
 
 		for _, ctr := range containers {
 			err = c.client.ContainerStop(ctx, ctr.ID, dockercontainer.StopOptions{})
-			if err != nil && !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			if err != nil && !errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 				errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("stop container '%s': %w", ctr.ID, err))
 			}
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ func (c *Controller) Cleanup() error {
 			})
 			if err == nil {
 				removed++
-			} else if !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			} else if !errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 				errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("remove container '%s': %w", ctr.ID, err))
 			}
 		}
@@ -223,10 +223,10 @@ func (c *Controller) Cleanup() error {
 
 		if err = c.client.NetworkRemove(ctx, NetworkName); err == nil {
 			slog.Info("Docker network removed.", "name", NetworkName)
-		} else if !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+		} else if !errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 			errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("remove Docker network '%s': %w", NetworkName, err))
 		}
-	} else if !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+	} else if !errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 		errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("inspect Docker network '%s': %w", NetworkName, err))
 	}
 

internal/machine/docker/server.go

@@ -1,19 +1,25 @@
 package docker
 
 import (
+	"archive/tar"
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
+	"maps"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/containerd/errdefs"
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	dockercommand "github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	dockerconfig "github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
@@ -25,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/volume"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/stdcopy"
 	"github.com/docker/go-connections/nat"
 	"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/authn"
 	"github.com/google/go-containerregistry/pkg/name"
@@ -53,41 +60,35 @@ type Server struct {
 	// internalDNSIP is a function that returns the IP address of the internal DNS server. It may return an empty
 	// address if the address is unknown (e.g. when the machine is not initialised yet).
 	internalDNSIP func() netip.Addr
+	// machineID is a function that returns the machine ID. It may return an empty string if the machine
+	// is not initialised yet.
+	machineID func() string
 	// networkReady is a function that returns true if the Docker network is ready for containers.
 	networkReady func() bool
 	// waitForNetworkReady is a function that waits for the Docker network to be ready for containers.
 	waitForNetworkReady func(ctx context.Context) error
 }
 
-// ServerOption configures the Docker server.
-type ServerOption func(*Server)
-
-// WithNetworkReady sets the network readiness check function.
-func WithNetworkReady(networkReady func() bool) ServerOption {
-	return func(s *Server) {
-		s.networkReady = networkReady
-	}
-}
-
-// WithWaitForNetworkReady sets the network readiness wait function.
-func WithWaitForNetworkReady(waitForNetworkReady func(ctx context.Context) error) ServerOption {
-	return func(s *Server) {
-		s.waitForNetworkReady = waitForNetworkReady
-	}
+type ServerOptions struct {
+	// TODO: verify if we still need the network readiness checks as the cluster controller ensures the network
+	//  is ready before starting the network API server. It may still be needed when communicating with the local
+	//  API server but in this case we should probably fail until the cluster is initialised.
+	NetworkReady        func() bool
+	WaitForNetworkReady func(ctx context.Context) error
 }
 
 // NewServer creates a new Docker gRPC server with the provided Docker service.
-func NewServer(service *Service, db *sqlx.DB, internalDNSIP func() netip.Addr, opts ...ServerOption) *Server {
+func NewServer(service *Service, db *sqlx.DB, internalDNSIP func() netip.Addr, machineID func() string, opts ServerOptions) *Server {
 	s := &Server{
 		client:        service.Client,
 		service:       service,
 		db:            db,
 		internalDNSIP: internalDNSIP,
+		machineID:     machineID,
 	}
 
-	for _, opt := range opts {
-		opt(s)
-	}
+	s.networkReady = opts.NetworkReady
+	s.waitForNetworkReady = opts.WaitForNetworkReady
 
 	return s
 }
@@ -115,10 +116,10 @@ func (s *Server) CreateContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.CreateContainerReq
 
 	resp, err := s.client.ContainerCreate(ctx, &config, &hostConfig, &networkConfig, &platform, req.Name)
 	if err != nil {
-		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	respBytes, err := json.Marshal(resp)
@@ -133,10 +134,10 @@ func (s *Server) CreateContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.CreateContainerReq
 func (s *Server) InspectContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.InspectContainerRequest) (*pb.InspectContainerResponse, error) {
 	resp, err := s.client.ContainerInspect(ctx, req.Id)
 	if err != nil {
-		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	respBytes, err := json.Marshal(resp)
@@ -166,10 +167,10 @@ func (s *Server) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.StartContainerReque
 	}
 
 	if err := s.client.ContainerStart(ctx, req.Id, opts); err != nil {
-		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	return &emptypb.Empty{}, nil
@@ -185,10 +186,10 @@ func (s *Server) StopContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.StopContainerRequest
 	}
 
 	if err := s.client.ContainerStop(ctx, req.Id, opts); err != nil {
-		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	return &emptypb.Empty{}, nil
@@ -218,13 +219,13 @@ func (s *Server) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListContainersReque
 
 	containerSummaries, err := s.client.ContainerList(ctx, opts)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
-	containers := make([]types.ContainerJSON, 0, len(containerSummaries))
+	containers := make([]container.InspectResponse, 0, len(containerSummaries))
 	for _, cs := range containerSummaries {
 		c, err := s.client.ContainerInspect(ctx, cs.ID)
 		if err != nil {
-			if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 				// The listed container may have been removed while we were inspecting other containers.
 				continue
 			}
@@ -257,10 +258,10 @@ func (s *Server) RemoveContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.RemoveContainerReq
 	}
 
 	if err := s.client.ContainerRemove(ctx, req.Id, opts); err != nil {
-		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	return &emptypb.Empty{}, nil
@@ -286,7 +287,7 @@ func (s *Server) PullImage(req *pb.PullImageRequest, stream grpc.ServerStreaming
 
 	respBody, err := s.client.ImagePull(ctx, req.Image, opts)
 	if err != nil {
-		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 	defer respBody.Close()
 
@@ -317,19 +318,19 @@ func (s *Server) PullImage(req *pb.PullImageRequest, stream grpc.ServerStreaming
 		case err = <-errCh:
 			return err
 		case <-ctx.Done():
-			return status.Errorf(codes.Canceled, ctx.Err().Error())
+			return status.Error(codes.Canceled, ctx.Err().Error())
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 // InspectImage returns the image information for the given image ID.
 func (s *Server) InspectImage(ctx context.Context, req *pb.InspectImageRequest) (*pb.InspectImageResponse, error) {
-	resp, _, err := s.client.ImageInspectWithRaw(ctx, req.Id)
+	resp, err := s.client.ImageInspect(ctx, req.Id)
 	if err != nil {
-		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	respBytes, err := json.Marshal(resp)
@@ -385,6 +386,49 @@ func (s *Server) InspectRemoteImage(
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// ListImages returns a list of all images matching the filter and indicates whether Docker is using the containerd
+// image store.
+func (s *Server) ListImages(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListImagesRequest) (*pb.ListImagesResponse, error) {
+	var opts image.ListOptions
+	if len(req.Options) > 0 {
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(req.Options, &opts); err != nil {
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "unmarshal options: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// Handle filters separately because they implement custom JSON unmarshalling.
+		var raw map[string]json.RawMessage
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(req.Options, &raw); err != nil {
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "unmarshal options to raw map: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if filtersBytes, ok := raw["Filters"]; ok {
+			args, err := filters.FromJSON(string(filtersBytes))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "unmarshal filters: %v", err)
+			}
+			opts.Filters = args
+		}
+	}
+
+	images, err := s.service.ListImages(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+	}
+
+	machineImages := pb.MachineImages{
+		ContainerdStore: images.ContainerdStore,
+	}
+	if len(images.Images) > 0 {
+		if machineImages.Images, err = json.Marshal(images.Images); err != nil {
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "marshal Docker images: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &pb.ListImagesResponse{
+		Messages: []*pb.MachineImages{&machineImages},
+	}, nil
+}
+
 // CreateVolume creates a new volume with the given options.
 func (s *Server) CreateVolume(ctx context.Context, req *pb.CreateVolumeRequest) (*pb.CreateVolumeResponse, error) {
 	var opts volume.CreateOptions
@@ -456,7 +500,7 @@ func (s *Server) ListVolumes(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListVolumesRequest) (*
 // RemoveVolume removes a volume with the given ID.
 func (s *Server) RemoveVolume(ctx context.Context, req *pb.RemoveVolumeRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
 	if err := s.client.VolumeRemove(ctx, req.Id, req.Force); err != nil {
-		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
 		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
@@ -492,9 +536,21 @@ func (s *Server) CreateServiceContainer(
 		containerName = fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", spec.Name, suffix)
 	}
 
+	envVars := maps.Clone(spec.Container.Env)
+	if envVars == nil {
+		envVars = make(api.EnvVars)
+	}
+
+	// Inject the machine ID if available
+	if s.machineID != nil {
+		if machineID := s.machineID(); machineID != "" {
+			envVars["UNCLOUD_MACHINE_ID"] = machineID
+		}
+	}
+
 	config := &container.Config{
 		Cmd:        spec.Container.Command,
-		Env:        spec.Container.Env.ToSlice(),
+		Env:        envVars.ToSlice(),
 		Entrypoint: spec.Container.Entrypoint,
 		Hostname:   containerName,
 		Image:      spec.Container.Image,
@@ -557,6 +613,7 @@ func (s *Server) CreateServiceContainer(
 			NanoCPUs:          spec.Container.Resources.CPU,
 			Memory:            spec.Container.Resources.Memory,
 			MemoryReservation: spec.Container.Resources.MemoryReservation,
+			DeviceRequests:    spec.Container.Resources.DeviceReservations,
 		},
 		// Restart service containers if they exit or a machine restarts unless they are explicitly stopped.
 		// For one-off containers and batch jobs we plan to use a different service type/mode.
@@ -590,12 +647,19 @@ func (s *Server) CreateServiceContainer(
 
 	resp, err := s.client.ContainerCreate(ctx, config, hostConfig, networkConfig, nil, containerName)
 	if err != nil {
-		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
 		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
+	// Inject configs into the created container
+	if err = s.injectConfigs(ctx, resp.ID, spec.Configs, spec.Container.ConfigMounts); err != nil {
+		// Remove the container if config injection fails
+		_ = s.client.ContainerRemove(ctx, resp.ID, container.RemoveOptions{RemoveVolumes: true})
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "inject configs: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	respBytes, err := json.Marshal(resp)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "marshal response: %v", err)
@@ -672,6 +736,122 @@ func ToDockerMounts(volumes []api.VolumeSpec, mounts []api.VolumeMount) ([]mount
 	return dockerMounts, nil
 }
 
+// injectConfigs writes config content directly into the container.
+// It processes ConfigSpecs and ConfigMounts to mount configuration content into the container filesystem.
+func (s *Server) injectConfigs(ctx context.Context, containerID string, configs []api.ConfigSpec, mounts []api.ConfigMount) error {
+	if len(configs) == 0 || len(mounts) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := api.ValidateConfigsAndMounts(configs, mounts); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("validate configs and mounts: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create a map of config name to config spec for quick lookup
+	configMap := make(map[string]api.ConfigSpec)
+	for _, config := range configs {
+		configMap[config.Name] = config
+	}
+
+	// Process each config mount
+	for _, m := range mounts {
+		config, exists := configMap[m.ConfigName]
+		if !exists {
+			return fmt.Errorf("config mount references a config that doesn't exist: '%s'", m.ConfigName)
+		}
+
+		// Determine target path in container
+		targetPath := m.ContainerPath
+		if targetPath == "" {
+			// This is the default from the Compose spec
+			targetPath = filepath.Join("/", m.ConfigName)
+		}
+
+		// Determine file mode
+		fileMode := os.FileMode(0o444) // Default permissions
+		if m.Mode != nil {
+			fileMode = *m.Mode
+		}
+
+		uid, err := m.GetNumericUid()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid Uid: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		gid, err := m.GetNumericGid()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid Gid: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// Copy the config content directly into the container
+		if err := s.copyContentToContainer(
+			ctx, containerID, config.Content, targetPath, uid, gid, fileMode,
+		); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("copy config file '%s' to container: %w", config.Name, err)
+		}
+
+		slog.Debug("Injected config into container",
+			"config", config.Name,
+			"container", containerID[:12],
+			"target", targetPath)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// copyContentToContainer copies content directly to a file in the container using Docker's CopyToContainer API.
+func (s *Server) copyContentToContainer(ctx context.Context, containerID string, content []byte, targetPath string, uid *uint64, gid *uint64, fileMode os.FileMode) error {
+	// Create a tar archive containing the file
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	tw := tar.NewWriter(&buf)
+
+	// Create tar header
+	header := &tar.Header{
+		Name:     filepath.Base(targetPath),
+		Size:     int64(len(content)),
+		Mode:     int64(fileMode),
+		ModTime:  time.Now(),
+		Typeflag: tar.TypeReg,
+	}
+
+	// Set ownership if specified
+	if uid != nil {
+		header.Uid = int(*uid)
+	}
+	if gid != nil {
+		header.Gid = int(*gid)
+	}
+
+	// Write header and content to tar archive
+	if err := tw.WriteHeader(header); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write tar header: %w", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := tw.Write(content); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write content to tar: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := tw.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("close tar writer: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Copy the tar archive to the container
+	targetDir := filepath.Dir(targetPath)
+	if targetDir == "." {
+		targetDir = "/"
+	}
+
+	if err := s.client.CopyToContainer(
+		ctx,
+		containerID,
+		targetDir,
+		&buf,
+		container.CopyToContainerOptions{CopyUIDGID: true},
+	); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("copy to container: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 func toDockerBindOptions(opts *api.BindOptions) *mount.BindOptions {
 	if opts == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -703,7 +883,7 @@ func (s *Server) verifyDockerVolumesExist(ctx context.Context, mounts []mount.Mo
 
 		// TODO: non-local volume drivers should likely be handled differently (needs proper investigation).
 		if _, err := s.client.VolumeInspect(ctx, m.Source); err != nil {
-			if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 				return status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, "volume '%s' not found", m.Source)
 			}
 			return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "inspect volume '%s': %v", m.Source, err.Error())
@@ -723,10 +903,10 @@ func (s *Server) InspectServiceContainer(
 ) (*pb.ServiceContainer, error) {
 	serviceCtr, err := s.service.InspectServiceContainer(ctx, req.Id)
 	if err != nil {
-		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	ctrBytes, err := json.Marshal(serviceCtr.Container)
@@ -813,7 +993,7 @@ func (s *Server) RemoveServiceContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.RemoveConta
 	if !fullDockerIDRegex.MatchString(req.Id) {
 		ctr, err := s.client.ContainerInspect(ctx, req.Id)
 		if err != nil {
-			if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+			if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 				return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 			}
 			return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
@@ -834,3 +1014,258 @@ func (s *Server) RemoveServiceContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.RemoveConta
 
 	return resp, nil
 }
+
+// receiveExecConfig receives and validates the initial exec configuration from the stream.
+func (s *Server) receiveExecConfig(stream pb.Docker_ExecContainerServer) (*pb.ExecConfig, api.ExecOptions, error) {
+	req, err := stream.Recv()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, api.ExecOptions{}, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "receive config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	execConfig := req.GetConfig()
+	if execConfig == nil {
+		return nil, api.ExecOptions{}, status.Error(codes.InvalidArgument, "first message must contain exec config")
+	}
+
+	// Unmarshal the Uncloud's execOpts
+	var execOpts api.ExecOptions
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(execConfig.Options, &execOpts); err != nil {
+		return nil, api.ExecOptions{}, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "unmarshal exec config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return execConfig, execOpts, nil
+}
+
+// handleServerExecInput reads from the gRPC stream and writes to Docker stdin, handling resize requests.
+func (s *Server) handleServerExecInput(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	stream pb.Docker_ExecContainerServer,
+	attachConn types.HijackedResponse,
+	execID string,
+	tty bool,
+) error {
+	slog.Debug("Input goroutine started", "exec_id", execID, "tty", tty)
+	defer slog.Debug("Input goroutine exited", "exec_id", execID)
+
+	defer attachConn.CloseWrite()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			slog.Debug("Input goroutine context canceled via context", "exec_id", execID)
+			return nil
+		default:
+		}
+
+		req, err := stream.Recv()
+		switch {
+		case errors.Is(err, io.EOF):
+			slog.Debug("Input goroutine received EOF", "exec_id", execID)
+			return nil
+		case status.Code(err) == codes.Canceled:
+			// Can be the case when the output goroutine ends and the stream context is canceled.
+			slog.Debug("Input goroutine context canceled", "exec_id", execID)
+			return nil
+		case err == nil:
+			// continue processing
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("receive from stream: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		switch payload := req.Payload.(type) {
+		case *pb.ExecContainerRequest_Stdin:
+			if _, err := attachConn.Conn.Write(payload.Stdin); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("write to stdin: %w", err)
+			}
+		case *pb.ExecContainerRequest_Resize:
+			if tty {
+				resizeOpts := container.ResizeOptions{
+					Height: uint(payload.Resize.Height),
+					Width:  uint(payload.Resize.Width),
+				}
+				if err := s.client.ContainerExecResize(ctx, execID, resizeOpts); err != nil {
+					slog.Warn("Failed to resize TTY", "err", err, "exec_id", execID)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// handleServerExecOutput reads from Docker stdout/stderr and writes to the gRPC stream.
+func (s *Server) handleServerExecOutput(
+	stream pb.Docker_ExecContainerServer,
+	attachResp types.HijackedResponse,
+	execID string,
+	tty bool,
+) error {
+	slog.Debug("Output goroutine started", "exec_id", execID, "tty", tty)
+	defer slog.Debug("Output goroutine exited", "exec_id", execID)
+
+	if tty {
+		// In TTY mode, all output is stdout - copy directly to stream
+		stdoutWriter := &grpcStreamWriter{stream: stream, isStderr: false}
+		_, err := io.Copy(stdoutWriter, attachResp.Reader)
+		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+			return fmt.Errorf("copy tty output: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	} else {
+		// In non-TTY mode, Docker multiplexes stdout/stderr with headers
+		// Use stdcopy to demultiplex
+		slog.Debug("Starting StdCopy for non-TTY", "exec_id", execID)
+		stdoutWriter := &grpcStreamWriter{stream: stream, isStderr: false}
+		stderrWriter := &grpcStreamWriter{stream: stream, isStderr: true}
+
+		written, err := stdcopy.StdCopy(stdoutWriter, stderrWriter, attachResp.Reader)
+		slog.Debug("StdCopy completed", "exec_id", execID, "bytes", written, "err", err)
+		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+			return fmt.Errorf("demultiplex docker output: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// grpcStreamWriter is a writer that sends data to a gRPC stream as stdout or stderr.
+type grpcStreamWriter struct {
+	stream   pb.Docker_ExecContainerServer
+	isStderr bool
+}
+
+func (w *grpcStreamWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	data := make([]byte, len(p))
+	copy(data, p)
+
+	var resp *pb.ExecContainerResponse
+	if w.isStderr {
+		resp = &pb.ExecContainerResponse{
+			Payload: &pb.ExecContainerResponse_Stderr{Stderr: data},
+		}
+	} else {
+		resp = &pb.ExecContainerResponse{
+			Payload: &pb.ExecContainerResponse_Stdout{Stdout: data},
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := w.stream.Send(resp); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return len(p), nil
+}
+
+// ExecContainer executes a command in a running container with bidirectional streaming for stdin/stdout/stderr.
+func (s *Server) ExecContainer(stream pb.Docker_ExecContainerServer) error {
+	slog.Debug("ExecContainer server-side called")
+	defer slog.Debug("ExecContainer server-side ended")
+
+	ctx := stream.Context()
+
+	// Receive and validate configuration
+	execConfig, execOpts, err := s.receiveExecConfig(stream)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Convert to Docker's ExecOptions
+	dockerExecOpts := container.ExecOptions{
+		Cmd:          execOpts.Command,
+		AttachStdin:  execOpts.AttachStdin,
+		AttachStdout: execOpts.AttachStdout,
+		AttachStderr: execOpts.AttachStderr,
+		Tty:          execOpts.Tty,
+		User:         execOpts.User,
+		Privileged:   execOpts.Privileged,
+		WorkingDir:   execOpts.WorkingDir,
+		Env:          execOpts.Env,
+	}
+
+	// Create the exec instance
+	execResp, err := s.client.ContainerExecCreate(ctx, execConfig.ContainerId, dockerExecOpts)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		}
+		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "create exec: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Send the exec ID back to the client
+	if err := stream.Send(&pb.ExecContainerResponse{
+		Payload: &pb.ExecContainerResponse_ExecId{ExecId: execResp.ID},
+	}); err != nil {
+		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "send exec ID: %v", err)
+	}
+	slog.Debug("Sent exec ID to the client", "exec_id", execResp.ID)
+
+	// For detached mode, start without attaching
+	if execOpts.Detach {
+		dockerStartOpts := container.ExecStartOptions{
+			Tty:    dockerExecOpts.Tty,
+			Detach: true,
+		}
+		if err := s.client.ContainerExecStart(ctx, execResp.ID, dockerStartOpts); err != nil {
+			return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "start exec: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// For attached mode, attach to the exec instance
+	attachOpts := container.ExecAttachOptions{
+		Tty: dockerExecOpts.Tty,
+	}
+	attachConn, err := s.client.ContainerExecAttach(ctx, execResp.ID, attachOpts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "attach to exec: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer attachConn.Close()
+
+	// Create a cancelable context for the input handler
+	handlerCtx, cancelInput := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer cancelInput()
+
+	// Create a channel to wait for output completion
+	outputDone := make(chan error, 1)
+
+	// Start stdin handler if stdin is attached
+	if dockerExecOpts.AttachStdin {
+		go func() {
+			err := s.handleServerExecInput(handlerCtx, stream, attachConn, execResp.ID, dockerExecOpts.Tty)
+			if err != nil {
+				slog.Warn("Error in exec input handler", "err", err, "exec_id", execResp.ID)
+			}
+		}()
+	} else {
+		// If not attaching stdin, close the write side immediately
+		attachConn.CloseWrite()
+	}
+
+	// Start output handler
+	// We only wait for this goroutine to complete - it signals when the exec process finishes
+	go func() {
+		outputDone <- s.handleServerExecOutput(stream, attachConn, execResp.ID, dockerExecOpts.Tty)
+	}()
+
+	// Wait for the output goroutine to complete (it signals when done)
+	// We only wait for the output handler goroutine, not for the stdin one.
+	if err := <-outputDone; err != nil {
+		slog.Warn("Error in exec output handler", "err", err, "exec_id", execResp.ID)
+	}
+	// Do a best-effort cancellation of the stdin handler.
+	// We can't guarantee immediate exit because it may be blocked on stream.Recv(), but at
+	// least we want to send a cancel signal explicitly.
+	cancelInput()
+
+	inspectResp, err := s.client.ContainerExecInspect(ctx, execResp.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("Failed to inspect exec after completion", "err", err, "exec_id", execResp.ID)
+		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "inspect exec: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Send the exit code
+	slog.Debug("Sending exec exit code", "exec_id", execResp.ID, "exit_code", inspectResp.ExitCode)
+	if err := stream.Send(&pb.ExecContainerResponse{
+		Payload: &pb.ExecContainerResponse_ExitCode{ExitCode: int32(inspectResp.ExitCode)},
+	}); err != nil {
+		slog.Error("Failed to send exec exit code", "err", err, "exec_id", execResp.ID)
+		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "send exit code: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

internal/machine/docker/service.go

@@ -7,19 +7,25 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/image"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/jmoiron/sqlx"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
 )
 
 // Service provides higher-level Docker operations that extends Docker API with Uncloud-specific data
 // from the machine database.
 type Service struct {
+	// Client is a Docker client for managing Docker resources.
 	Client *client.Client
-	db     *sqlx.DB
+	// db is a connection to the machine database.
+	db *sqlx.DB
 }
 
 // NewService creates a new Docker service instance.
@@ -43,7 +49,7 @@ func (s *Service) InspectServiceContainer(ctx context.Context, nameOrID string)
 		return serviceCtr, fmt.Errorf("container '%s' is not managed by Uncloud", nameOrID)
 	}
 
-	serviceCtr.Container = api.Container{ContainerJSON: ctr}
+	serviceCtr.Container = api.Container{InspectResponse: ctr}
 
 	// Retrieve ServiceSpec from the machine database.
 	var specBytes []byte
@@ -101,3 +107,46 @@ func (s *Service) ListServiceContainers(
 
 	return containers, nil
 }
+
+// IsContainerdImageStoreEnabled checks if Docker is configured to use the containerd image store:
+// https://docs.docker.com/engine/storage/containerd/
+func (s *Service) IsContainerdImageStoreEnabled(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	info, err := s.Client.Info(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("get Docker info: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return strings.Contains(fmt.Sprintf("%s", info.DriverStatus), "containerd.snapshotter"), nil
+}
+
+type Images struct {
+	// Images is a list of images present in the Docker image store (either internal or containerd).
+	Images []image.Summary
+	// ContainerdStore indicates whether Docker is using the containerd image store.
+	ContainerdStore bool
+}
+
+// ListImages lists Docker images with the given options and indicates whether Docker is using the containerd
+// image store. It always includes image manifests in the response if the store is containerd.
+func (s *Service) ListImages(ctx context.Context, opts image.ListOptions) (Images, error) {
+	var imagesResp Images
+
+	// Always include the image manifests in the response.
+	opts.Manifests = true
+	images, err := s.Client.ImageList(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return imagesResp, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "list images: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	isContainerdStore, err := s.IsContainerdImageStoreEnabled(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return imagesResp, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "check if Docker uses containerd image store: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	imagesResp = Images{
+		Images:          images,
+		ContainerdStore: isContainerdStore,
+	}
+
+	return imagesResp, nil
+}

internal/machine/firewall/iptables_darwin.go

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 package firewall
 
-import "fmt"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+)
 
 // ConfigureIptablesChains is a stub for Darwin.
-func ConfigureIptablesChains() error {
+func ConfigureIptablesChains(machineIP netip.Addr) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("not supported on Darwin")
 }
 

internal/machine/firewall/iptables_linux.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package firewall
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
+	"net/netip"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 // ConfigureIptablesChains sets up custom iptables chains and initial firewall rules for Uncloud networking.
-func ConfigureIptablesChains() error {
+func ConfigureIptablesChains(machineIP netip.Addr) error {
 	if err := createIptablesChains(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -27,10 +28,24 @@ func ConfigureIptablesChains() error {
 	ipt6 := iptables.GetIptable(iptables.IPv6)
 
 	// Allow WireGuard traffic to the machine.
-	acceptWireGuardRule := []string{"-p", "udp", "--dport", strconv.Itoa(network.WireGuardPort), "-j", "ACCEPT"}
-	err := ipt4.ProgramRule(iptables.Filter, UncloudInputChain, iptables.Insert, acceptWireGuardRule)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("insert iptables rule '%s': %w", strings.Join(acceptWireGuardRule, " "), err)
+	acceptWireGuardRule := []string{
+		"-p", "udp",
+		"--dport", strconv.Itoa(network.WireGuardPort),
+		"-j", "ACCEPT",
+	}
+	// Allow cluster machines to access the unregistry (embedded image registry) on the machine to push/pull images.
+	// TODO: allow access only from the machine IPs (10.210.N.1) but not the containers running on them. Use ipset?
+	acceptUnregistryRule := []string{
+		"-i", network.WireGuardInterfaceName,
+		"-d", machineIP.String(),
+		"-p", "tcp",
+		"--dport", strconv.Itoa(constants.UnregistryPort),
+		"-j", "ACCEPT",
+	}
+	for _, rule := range [][]string{acceptUnregistryRule, acceptWireGuardRule} {
+		if err := ipt4.ProgramRule(iptables.Filter, UncloudInputChain, iptables.Insert, rule); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("insert iptables rule '%s': %w", strings.Join(rule, " "), err)
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Allow cluster machines to access Machine API via the management IPv6 WireGuard network.
@@ -50,7 +65,7 @@ func ConfigureIptablesChains() error {
 		"-j", "ACCEPT",
 	}
 	for _, rule := range [][]string{acceptMachineAPIRule, acceptCorrosionGossipRule} {
-		if err = ipt6.ProgramRule(iptables.Filter, UncloudInputChain, iptables.Insert, rule); err != nil {
+		if err := ipt6.ProgramRule(iptables.Filter, UncloudInputChain, iptables.Insert, rule); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("insert ip6tables rule '%s': %w", strings.Join(rule, " "), err)
 		}
 	}

internal/machine/machine.go

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	machinedocker "github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/docker"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/network"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/store"
+	"github.com/psviderski/unregistry"
 	"github.com/siderolabs/grpc-proxy/proxy"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
@@ -42,6 +43,9 @@ const (
 	DefaultMachineSockPath = "/run/uncloud/machine.sock"
 	DefaultUncloudSockPath = "/run/uncloud/uncloud.sock"
 	DefaultSockGroup       = "uncloud"
+	// DefaultCaddyAdminSockPath is the default path to the Caddy admin socket for validating the generated Caddy
+	// reverse proxy configuration.
+	DefaultCaddyAdminSockPath = "/run/uncloud/caddy/admin.sock"
 )
 
 type Config struct {
@@ -60,6 +64,8 @@ type Config struct {
 
 	// DockerClient manages system and user containers using the local Docker daemon.
 	DockerClient *client.Client
+	// ContainerdSockPath is the path to the containerd.sock used by Docker.
+	ContainerdSockPath string
 
 	// CaddyConfigDir specifies the directory where the machine generates the Caddy reverse proxy configuration file
 	// for routing external traffic to service containers across the internal network. Default is DataDir/caddy.
@@ -90,6 +96,26 @@ func (c *Config) SetDefaults() (*Config, error) {
 		}
 		cfg.DockerClient = cli
 	}
+	if cfg.ContainerdSockPath == "" {
+		// Auto-detect the containerd.sock path used by Docker.
+		paths := []string{
+			"/run/containerd/containerd.sock", // Default path on most Linux distributions.
+			"/run/docker/containerd/containerd.sock",
+			"/var/run/containerd/containerd.sock",
+			"/var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.sock",
+		}
+		for _, path := range paths {
+			if _, err := os.Stat(path); err == nil {
+				cfg.ContainerdSockPath = path
+				slog.Debug("Detected containerd socket used by Docker.", "path", path)
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		if cfg.ContainerdSockPath == "" {
+			slog.Warn("Failed to auto-detect containerd socket used by Docker.")
+		}
+	}
 
 	if cfg.CorrosionDir == "" {
 		cfg.CorrosionDir = filepath.Join(cfg.DataDir, "corrosion")
@@ -228,7 +254,6 @@ func NewMachine(config *Config) (*Machine, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("init machine database: %w", err)
 	}
-
 	dockerService := machinedocker.NewService(config.DockerClient, db)
 
 	// Init a local gRPC proxy server that proxies requests to the local or remote machine API servers.
@@ -257,10 +282,16 @@ func NewMachine(config *Config) (*Machine, error) {
 	internalDNSIP := func() netip.Addr {
 		return m.IP()
 	}
-	m.dockerServer = machinedocker.NewServer(dockerService, db, internalDNSIP,
-		machinedocker.WithNetworkReady(m.IsNetworkReady),
-		machinedocker.WithWaitForNetworkReady(m.WaitForNetworkReady))
-	m.localMachineServer = newGRPCServer(m, c, m.dockerServer)
+	// Machine ID will only be available after the machine is initialised as a cluster member so wrap it in a function.
+	machineID := func() string {
+		return m.state.ID
+	}
+	m.dockerServer = machinedocker.NewServer(dockerService, db, internalDNSIP, machineID, machinedocker.ServerOptions{
+		NetworkReady:        m.IsNetworkReady,
+		WaitForNetworkReady: m.WaitForNetworkReady,
+	})
+	caddyServer := caddyconfig.NewServer(caddyconfig.NewService(config.CaddyConfigDir))
+	m.localMachineServer = newGRPCServer(m, c, m.dockerServer, caddyServer)
 
 	if m.Initialised() {
 		m.initialised <- struct{}{}
@@ -269,11 +300,12 @@ func NewMachine(config *Config) (*Machine, error) {
 	return m, nil
 }
 
-func newGRPCServer(m pb.MachineServer, c pb.ClusterServer, d pb.DockerServer) *grpc.Server {
+func newGRPCServer(m pb.MachineServer, c pb.ClusterServer, d pb.DockerServer, caddy pb.CaddyServer) *grpc.Server {
 	s := grpc.NewServer()
 	pb.RegisterMachineServer(s, m)
 	pb.RegisterClusterServer(s, c)
 	pb.RegisterDockerServer(s, d)
+	pb.RegisterCaddyServer(s, caddy)
 	return s
 }
 
@@ -387,17 +419,54 @@ func (m *Machine) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 			// Create a new caddyconfig controller for managing the Caddy reverse proxy configuration.
 			// It will also serve the current machine ID at /.uncloud-verify to verify Caddy reachability.
-			caddyconfigCtrl, err := caddyconfig.NewController(m.store, m.config.CaddyConfigDir, m.state.ID)
+			caddyconfigCtrl, err := caddyconfig.NewController(
+				m.state.ID,
+				m.config.CaddyConfigDir,
+				DefaultCaddyAdminSockPath,
+				m.store,
+			)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("create caddyconfig controller: %w", err)
 			}
 
 			dnsResolver := dns.NewClusterResolver(m.store)
-			dnsServer, err := dns.NewServer(m.IP(), dnsResolver, m.config.DNSUpstreams)
+			dnsServer, err := dns.NewServer(
+				m.IP(),
+				m.state.Network.Subnet,
+				dnsResolver,
+				m.config.DNSUpstreams,
+			)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("create embedded DNS server: %w", err)
 			}
 
+			var unreg *unregistry.Registry
+			if m.config.ContainerdSockPath != "" {
+				isContainerdStore, err := m.dockerService.IsContainerdImageStoreEnabled(ctx)
+				if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("check if Docker uses containerd image store: %w", err)
+				}
+
+				if isContainerdStore {
+					// Create an embedded container registry listening on the machine IP address and
+					// using the local Docker (containerd) image store as its backend.
+					unreg, err = unregistry.NewRegistry(unregistry.Config{
+						Addr:                net.JoinHostPort(m.IP().String(), strconv.Itoa(constants.UnregistryPort)),
+						ContainerdNamespace: "moby",
+						ContainerdSock:      m.config.ContainerdSockPath,
+						LogFormatter:        "text",
+						LogLevel:            "info",
+					})
+					if err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("create embedded registry: %w", err)
+					}
+				} else {
+					slog.Warn("Skipping embedded unregistry setup as Docker is not using the containerd image store.")
+				}
+			} else {
+				slog.Warn("Skipping embedded unregistry setup as the containerd socket path is not configured.")
+			}
+
 			m.mu.Lock()
 			m.clusterCtrl, err = newClusterController(
 				m.state,
@@ -409,6 +478,7 @@ func (m *Machine) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 				caddyconfigCtrl,
 				dnsServer,
 				dnsResolver,
+				unreg,
 			)
 			m.mu.Unlock()
 			if err != nil {
@@ -751,7 +821,14 @@ func (m *Machine) JoinCluster(_ context.Context, req *pb.JoinClusterRequest) (*e
 	if err := m.state.Save(); err != nil {
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "save machine state: %v", err)
 	}
-	slog.Info("Machine configured to join the cluster.", "id", m.state.ID, "name", m.state.Name)
+	slog.Info(
+		"Machine configured to join the cluster.",
+		"id", m.state.ID,
+		"name", m.state.Name,
+		"subnet", m.state.Network.Subnet.String(),
+		"management_ip", m.state.Network.ManagementIP.String(),
+		"peers", len(m.state.Network.Peers),
+	)
 	// Signal that the machine is initialised as a member of a cluster.
 	m.initialised <- struct{}{}
 

internal/machine/network/wireguard_linux.go

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func (n *WireGuardNetwork) Configure(config Config) error {
 	if err := n.configureDevice(config); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	slog.Info("Configured WireGuard interface.", "name", n.link.Attrs().Name)
+	slog.Info("Configured WireGuard interface.", "name", n.link.Attrs().Name, "peers", len(n.peers))
 
 	managementPrefix, err := addrToSingleIPPrefix(config.ManagementIP)
 	if err != nil {

internal/machine/store/container.go

@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ func (s *Store) DeleteContainers(ctx context.Context, opts DeleteOptions) error
 // SubscribeContainers returns a list of containers and a channel that signals changes to the list. The channel doesn't
 // receive any values, it just signals when a container(s) has been added, updated, or deleted in the database.
 func (s *Store) SubscribeContainers(ctx context.Context) ([]ContainerRecord, <-chan struct{}, error) {
-	// TODO: figure out whether we need sync_status at all.
+	// TODO: figure out whether we need sync_status at all (not used at the moment).
 	q := sq.Select("container", "machine_id", "sync_status", "updated_at").From("containers").
 		Where(sq.Eq{"sync_status": SyncStatusSynced})
 	query, args, err := q.ToSql()

internal/machine/store/schema.sql

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ CREATE TABLE machines
 CREATE TABLE containers
 (
     id           TEXT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
-    -- container is a JSON-serialized api.Container struct.
+    -- container is a JSON-serialized api.ServiceContainer struct.
     container    TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}' CHECK (json_valid(container)),
     machine_id   TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     service_id   TEXT AS (json_extract(container, '$.Config.Labels."uncloud.service.id"')),

internal/proxy/proxy.go

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+package proxy
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Proxy proxies local connections to a remote TCP address optionally using a custom dialer.
+type Proxy struct {
+	Listener    net.Listener
+	RemoteAddr  string
+	DialContext func(ctx context.Context, network, address string) (net.Conn, error)
+	OnError     func(error)
+	activeConns sync.WaitGroup
+}
+
+// deadliner is an interface for listeners that support setting deadlines.
+type deadliner interface {
+	SetDeadline(t time.Time) error
+}
+
+// halfCloser is an interface for connections that support half-close.
+type halfCloser interface {
+	CloseWrite() error
+}
+
+// Run starts the proxy and runs until the context is canceled.
+func (p *Proxy) Run(ctx context.Context) {
+	if p.DialContext == nil {
+		p.DialContext = (&net.Dialer{}).DialContext
+	}
+
+	defer p.Listener.Close()
+
+	// Handle incoming connections until context is canceled.
+Loop:
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			break Loop
+		default:
+		}
+
+		// Set a deadline on the listener if supported to check context periodically.
+		if dl, ok := p.Listener.(deadliner); ok {
+			dl.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(1 * time.Second))
+		}
+
+		conn, err := p.Listener.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			if os.IsTimeout(err) {
+				// Just a timeout, continue to check context and accept again.
+				continue
+			}
+
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				break Loop
+			default:
+				if p.OnError != nil {
+					p.OnError(fmt.Errorf("accept local connection: %w", err))
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		p.activeConns.Add(1)
+		go p.handleConnection(ctx, conn)
+	}
+
+	// Wait for all connections to finish.
+	p.activeConns.Wait()
+}
+
+func (p *Proxy) handleConnection(ctx context.Context, localConn net.Conn) {
+	defer p.activeConns.Done()
+	defer localConn.Close()
+
+	// Use a separate context with timeout for dialing the remote address.
+	dialCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	remoteConn, err := p.DialContext(dialCtx, "tcp", p.RemoteAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		if p.OnError != nil {
+			p.OnError(fmt.Errorf("connect remote address '%s': %w", p.RemoteAddr, err))
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	defer remoteConn.Close()
+
+	// Bidirectional copy with proper half-close handling.
+	done := make(chan error, 2)
+
+	go func() {
+		_, err := io.Copy(remoteConn, localConn)
+		// Close write half of remote connection if supported.
+		if hc, ok := remoteConn.(halfCloser); ok {
+			hc.CloseWrite()
+		}
+		done <- err
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		_, err := io.Copy(localConn, remoteConn)
+		// Close write half of local connection if supported.
+		if hc, ok := localConn.(halfCloser); ok {
+			hc.CloseWrite()
+		}
+		done <- err
+	}()
+
+	// Wait for both copies to complete or context cancel.
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			// Close connections to abort ongoing copies.
+			localConn.Close()
+			remoteConn.Close()
+			return
+		case err = <-done:
+			if err != nil && p.OnError != nil {
+				p.OnError(fmt.Errorf("data copy: %w", err))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/ucind/cluster.go

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
+	"github.com/containerd/errdefs"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
-	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/docker/go-connections/nat"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func (p *Provisioner) initCluster(ctx context.Context, machines []Machine) error
 
 	// Join the rest of the machines to the cluster.
 	for _, m := range machines[1:] {
-		if err = WaitMachineReady(ctx, m, 5*time.Second); err != nil {
+		if err = WaitMachineReady(ctx, m, 30*time.Second); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("wait for machine %q to be ready: %w", m.Name, err)
 		}
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ func (p *Provisioner) InspectCluster(ctx context.Context, name string) (Cluster,
 	// Docker network name is the same as the cluster name.
 	net, err := p.dockerCli.NetworkInspect(ctx, name, network.InspectOptions{})
 	if err != nil {
-		if dockerclient.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+		if errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 			return c, ErrNotFound
 		}
 		return c, fmt.Errorf("inspect Docker network '%s': %w", name, err)

internal/ucind/machine.go

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
+	"github.com/containerd/errdefs"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/image"
-	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/docker/go-connections/nat"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/secret"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/client"
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func (p *Provisioner) createContainerWithImagePull(
 		return resp, nil
 	}
 
-	if !dockerclient.IsErrNotFound(err) {
+	if !errdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
 		return resp, fmt.Errorf("create Docker container: %w", err)
 	}
 

pkg/api/client.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package api
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"slices"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/volume"
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ type ContainerClient interface {
 	RemoveContainer(ctx context.Context, serviceNameOrID, containerNameOrID string, opts container.RemoveOptions) error
 	StartContainer(ctx context.Context, serviceNameOrID, containerNameOrID string) error
 	StopContainer(ctx context.Context, serviceNameOrID, containerNameOrID string, opts container.StopOptions) error
+	ExecContainer(ctx context.Context, serviceNameOrID, containerNameOrID string, config ExecOptions) (int, error)
 }
 
 type DNSClient interface {
@@ -63,21 +64,35 @@ type VolumeClient interface {
 func ProxyMachinesContext(
 	ctx context.Context, cli MachineClient, namesOrIDs []string,
 ) (context.Context, MachineMembersList, error) {
+	// TODO: move the machine IP resolution to the proxy router to allow setting machine names and IDs in the metadata.
 	machines, err := cli.ListMachines(ctx, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list machines: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	var proxiedMachines MachineMembersList
-	md := metadata.New(nil)
-	for _, m := range machines {
-		if len(namesOrIDs) == 0 ||
-			slices.Contains(namesOrIDs, m.Machine.Name) || slices.Contains(namesOrIDs, m.Machine.Id) {
+	var notFound []string
+	for _, nameOrID := range namesOrIDs {
+		if m := machines.FindByNameOrID(nameOrID); m != nil {
 			proxiedMachines = append(proxiedMachines, m)
-			machineIP, _ := m.Machine.Network.ManagementIp.ToAddr()
-			md.Append("machines", machineIP.String())
+		} else {
+			notFound = append(notFound, nameOrID)
 		}
 	}
 
+	if len(notFound) > 0 {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("machines not found: %s", strings.Join(notFound, ", "))
+	}
+
+	if len(namesOrIDs) == 0 {
+		proxiedMachines = machines
+	}
+
+	md := metadata.New(nil)
+	for _, m := range proxiedMachines {
+		machineIP, _ := m.Machine.Network.ManagementIp.ToAddr()
+		md.Append("machines", machineIP.String())
+	}
+
 	return metadata.NewOutgoingContext(ctx, md), proxiedMachines, nil
 }

pkg/api/config.go

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+// Implementation of Config feature from the Compose spec
+package api
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+// ConfigSpec defines a configuration object that can be mounted into containers
+type ConfigSpec struct {
+	Name string
+
+	// Content of the config when specified inline
+	Content []byte `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	// Note: NOT IMPLEMENTED
+	// External indicates this config already exists and should not be created
+	// External bool `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	// Note: NOT IMPLEMENTED
+	// Labels for the config
+	// Labels map[string]string `json:",omitempty"`
+
+	// TODO: add support for "environment"
+}
+
+func (c *ConfigSpec) Validate() error {
+	if c.Name == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config name is required")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Equals compares two ConfigSpec instances
+func (c *ConfigSpec) Equals(other ConfigSpec) bool {
+	return c.Name == other.Name &&
+		bytes.Equal(c.Content, other.Content)
+}
+
+// ConfigMount defines how a config is mounted into a container
+type ConfigMount struct {
+	// ConfigName references a config defined in ServiceSpec.Configs by its Name field
+	ConfigName string
+	// ContainerPath is the absolute path where the config is mounted in the container
+	ContainerPath string `json:",omitempty"`
+	// Uid for the mounted config file
+	Uid string `json:",omitempty"`
+	// Gid for the mounted config file
+	Gid string `json:",omitempty"`
+	// Mode (file permissions) for the mounted config file
+	Mode *os.FileMode `json:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (c *ConfigMount) GetNumericUid() (*uint64, error) {
+	if c.Uid == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	uid, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Uid, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid Uid '%s': %w", c.Uid, err)
+	}
+	if int(uid) < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid Uid '%s': value too high", c.Uid)
+	}
+	return &uid, nil
+}
+
+func (c *ConfigMount) GetNumericGid() (*uint64, error) {
+	if c.Gid == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	gid, err := strconv.ParseUint(c.Gid, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid Gid '%s': %w", c.Gid, err)
+	}
+	if int(gid) < 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid Gid '%s': value too high", c.Gid)
+	}
+	return &gid, nil
+}
+
+func (c *ConfigMount) Validate() error {
+	if c.ConfigName == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("config mount source is required")
+	}
+	if _, err := c.GetNumericUid(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := c.GetNumericGid(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if c.ContainerPath != "" && !filepath.IsAbs(c.ContainerPath) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("container path must be absolute")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ValidateConfigsAndMounts takes config specs and config mounts and validates that all mounts refer to existing specs
+func ValidateConfigsAndMounts(configs []ConfigSpec, mounts []ConfigMount) error {
+	configMap := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, cfg := range configs {
+		if err := cfg.Validate(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid config: %w", err)
+		}
+		if _, ok := configMap[cfg.Name]; ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("duplicate config name: '%s'", cfg.Name)
+		}
+
+		configMap[cfg.Name] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	for _, mount := range mounts {
+		if err := mount.Validate(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid config mount: %w", err)
+		}
+		if _, exists := configMap[mount.ConfigName]; !exists {
+			return fmt.Errorf("config mount source '%s' does not refer to any defined config", mount.ConfigName)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

pkg/api/config_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// uint64Ptr is a convenience function to create a pointer to a uint64 value
+func uint64Ptr(v uint64) *uint64 {
+	return &v
+}
+
+func TestConfigMount_GetNumericUid(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		uid      string
+		expected *uint64
+		wantErr  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "empty uid returns nil",
+			uid:      "",
+			expected: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "valid numeric uid",
+			uid:      "1000",
+			expected: uint64Ptr(1000),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "zero uid",
+			uid:      "0",
+			expected: uint64Ptr(0),
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "invalid non-numeric uid",
+			uid:     "root",
+			wantErr: "invalid Uid 'root'",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "negative uid",
+			uid:     "-1",
+			wantErr: "invalid Uid",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "very large uid",
+			uid:     "18446744073709551615", // max uint64
+			wantErr: "invalid Uid '18446744073709551615': value too high",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			mount := &ConfigMount{Uid: tt.uid}
+			uid, err := mount.GetNumericUid()
+
+			if tt.wantErr != "" {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantErr)
+				assert.Nil(t, uid)
+				return
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			if tt.expected == nil {
+				assert.Nil(t, uid)
+			} else {
+				require.NotNil(t, uid)
+				assert.Equal(t, *tt.expected, *uid)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConfigMount_GetNumericGid(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		gid      string
+		expected *uint64
+		wantErr  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "empty gid returns nil",
+			gid:      "",
+			expected: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "valid numeric gid",
+			gid:      "1000",
+			expected: uint64Ptr(1000),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "zero gid",
+			gid:      "0",
+			expected: uint64Ptr(0),
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "invalid non-numeric gid",
+			gid:     "wheel",
+			wantErr: "invalid Gid 'wheel'",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "negative gid",
+			gid:     "-1",
+			wantErr: "invalid Gid",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			mount := &ConfigMount{Gid: tt.gid}
+			gid, err := mount.GetNumericGid()
+
+			if tt.wantErr != "" {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantErr)
+				assert.Nil(t, gid)
+				return
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			if tt.expected == nil {
+				assert.Nil(t, gid)
+			} else {
+				require.NotNil(t, gid)
+				assert.Equal(t, *tt.expected, *gid)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateConfigsAndMounts(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	mode := os.FileMode(0o644)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		configs []ConfigSpec
+		mounts  []ConfigMount
+		wantErr string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "empty configs and mounts",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{},
+			mounts:  []ConfigMount{},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid configs without mounts",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content1")},
+				{Name: "config2", Content: []byte("content2")},
+			},
+			mounts: []ConfigMount{},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid configs with valid mounts",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content1")},
+				{Name: "config2", Content: []byte("content2")},
+			},
+			mounts: []ConfigMount{
+				{ConfigName: "config1", ContainerPath: "/etc/config1"},
+				{ConfigName: "config2", ContainerPath: "/etc/config2", Uid: "1000", Gid: "1000"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "config with empty name",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "", Content: []byte("content")},
+			},
+			mounts:  []ConfigMount{},
+			wantErr: "config name is required",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "duplicate config names",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content1")},
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content2")},
+			},
+			mounts:  []ConfigMount{},
+			wantErr: "duplicate config name: 'config1'",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mount with empty config name",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content1")},
+			},
+			mounts: []ConfigMount{
+				{ConfigName: "", ContainerPath: "/etc/config"},
+			},
+			wantErr: "config mount source is required",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mount referencing non-existent config",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content1")},
+			},
+			mounts: []ConfigMount{
+				{ConfigName: "nonexistent", ContainerPath: "/etc/config"},
+			},
+			wantErr: "config mount source 'nonexistent' does not refer to any defined config",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mount with invalid uid",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content1")},
+			},
+			mounts: []ConfigMount{
+				{ConfigName: "config1", ContainerPath: "/etc/config", Uid: "invalid"},
+			},
+			wantErr: "invalid Uid 'invalid'",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mount with invalid gid",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content1")},
+			},
+			mounts: []ConfigMount{
+				{ConfigName: "config1", ContainerPath: "/etc/config", Gid: "invalid"},
+			},
+			wantErr: "invalid Gid 'invalid'",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mount with relative container path",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content1")},
+			},
+			mounts: []ConfigMount{
+				{ConfigName: "config1", ContainerPath: "relative/path"},
+			},
+			wantErr: "container path must be absolute",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mount with empty container path",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content1")},
+			},
+			mounts: []ConfigMount{
+				{ConfigName: "config1", ContainerPath: ""},
+			},
+			// Empty path is allowed
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mount with absolute container path",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "config1", Content: []byte("content1")},
+			},
+			mounts: []ConfigMount{
+				{ConfigName: "config1", ContainerPath: "/absolute/path"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "complex valid scenario",
+			configs: []ConfigSpec{
+				{Name: "nginx-conf", Content: []byte("server { listen 80; }")},
+				{Name: "app-config", Content: []byte("debug=true")},
+				{Name: "cert", Content: []byte("-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----")},
+			},
+			mounts: []ConfigMount{
+				{ConfigName: "nginx-conf", ContainerPath: "/etc/nginx/nginx.conf", Uid: "0", Gid: "0", Mode: &mode},
+				{ConfigName: "app-config", ContainerPath: "/app/config.env"},
+				{ConfigName: "cert", ContainerPath: "/etc/ssl/cert.pem", Uid: "1000", Gid: "1000"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			err := ValidateConfigsAndMounts(tt.configs, tt.mounts)
+
+			if tt.wantErr != "" {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/api/container.go

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/stringid"
 	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 )
 
@@ -23,7 +24,21 @@ const (
 )
 
 type Container struct {
-	types.ContainerJSON
+	container.InspectResponse
+	// created caches the parsed creation time by CreatedTime.
+	created time.Time
+}
+
+// CreatedTime returns the time when the container was created parsed from the Created field.
+func (c *Container) CreatedTime() time.Time {
+	if c.created.IsZero() && c.Created != "" {
+		created, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, c.Created)
+		if err != nil {
+			return time.Time{}
+		}
+		c.created = created
+	}
+	return c.created
 }
 
 // Healthy determines if the container is running and healthy.
@@ -38,7 +53,7 @@ func (c *Container) Healthy() bool {
 		return true
 	}
 
-	return c.State.Health.Status == types.Healthy
+	return c.State.Health.Status == container.Healthy
 }
 
 // HumanState returns a human-readable description of the container's state. Based on the Docker implementation:
@@ -64,7 +79,7 @@ func (c *Container) HumanState() (string, error) {
 
 		if c.State.Health != nil {
 			status := c.State.Health.Status
-			if status == types.Starting {
+			if status == container.Starting {
 				status = "health: " + status
 			}
 
@@ -130,6 +145,11 @@ type ServiceContainer struct {
 	ServiceSpec ServiceSpec
 }
 
+// ShortID returns the truncated ID of the container (12 characters).
+func (c *ServiceContainer) ShortID() string {
+	return stringid.TruncateID(c.ID)
+}
+
 // ServiceID returns the ID of the service this container belongs to.
 func (c *ServiceContainer) ServiceID() string {
 	return c.Config.Labels[LabelServiceID]
@@ -199,3 +219,24 @@ func (c *ServiceContainer) ConflictingServicePorts(ports []PortSpec) ([]PortSpec
 
 	return conflicting, nil
 }
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements custom unmarshalling for ServiceContainer to override the custom unmarshaler
+// of the embedded Container field.
+func (c *ServiceContainer) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	// Unmarshal everything except Container into a temporary struct. Keep this in sync with ServiceContainer.
+	var temp struct {
+		ServiceSpec ServiceSpec
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &temp); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Let Container's UnmarshalJSON handle its part.
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &c.Container); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	c.ServiceSpec = temp.ServiceSpec
+
+	return nil
+}

pkg/api/container_exec.go

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package api
+
+import "io"
+
+// ExecOptions contains configuration for executing a command in a container.
+type ExecOptions struct {
+	// Command is the command to run in the container.
+	Command []string
+	// AttachStdin attaches the stdin stream to the exec session.
+	AttachStdin bool
+	// AttachStdout attaches the stdout stream to the exec session.
+	AttachStdout bool
+	// AttachStderr attaches the stderr stream to the exec session.
+	AttachStderr bool
+	// Tty allocates a pseudo-TTY for the exec session.
+	Tty bool
+	// Detach runs the command in the background without attaching to streams.
+	Detach bool
+
+	//// Not yet implemented fields
+	// User specifies the user to run the command as.
+	User string
+	// Privileged runs the command in privileged mode.
+	Privileged bool
+	// WorkingDir sets the working directory for the command.
+	WorkingDir string
+	// Env sets environment variables for the command.
+	Env []string
+
+	// Client-side only fields (not serialized, not sent to server)
+	// Stdin is the input stream. Defaults to os.Stdin if nil.
+	Stdin io.Reader `json:"-"`
+	// Stdout is the output stream. Defaults to os.Stdout if nil.
+	Stdout io.Writer `json:"-"`
+	// Stderr is the error stream. Defaults to os.Stderr if nil.
+	Stderr io.Writer `json:"-"`
+}

pkg/api/container_test.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -15,9 +14,9 @@ func TestContainer_Healthy(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("exited", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
-			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
-				State: &types.ContainerState{
+		c := &Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &container.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &container.State{
 					Running:  false,
 					Dead:     false,
 					ExitCode: 0,
@@ -29,9 +28,9 @@ func TestContainer_Healthy(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("running with no health check", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
-			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
-				State: &types.ContainerState{
+		c := &Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &container.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &container.State{
 					Running: true,
 				},
 			},
@@ -41,12 +40,12 @@ func TestContainer_Healthy(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("running and healthy", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
-			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
-				State: &types.ContainerState{
+		c := &Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &container.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &container.State{
 					Running: true,
-					Health: &types.Health{
-						Status: types.Healthy,
+					Health: &container.Health{
+						Status: container.Healthy,
 					},
 				},
 			},
@@ -56,12 +55,12 @@ func TestContainer_Healthy(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("running but unhealthy", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
-			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
-				State: &types.ContainerState{
+		c := &Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &container.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &container.State{
 					Running: true,
-					Health: &types.Health{
-						Status: types.Unhealthy,
+					Health: &container.Health{
+						Status: container.Unhealthy,
 					},
 				},
 			},
@@ -71,11 +70,11 @@ func TestContainer_Healthy(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("running with health starting", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
-			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
-				State: &types.ContainerState{
+		c := &Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &container.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &container.State{
 					Running: true,
-					Health: &types.Health{
+					Health: &container.Health{
 						Status: "starting",
 					},
 				},
@@ -86,9 +85,9 @@ func TestContainer_Healthy(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("dead", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
-			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
-				State: &types.ContainerState{
+		c := &Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &container.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &container.State{
 					Dead:    true,
 					Running: false,
 				},
@@ -99,9 +98,9 @@ func TestContainer_Healthy(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("restarting", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
-			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
-				State: &types.ContainerState{
+		c := &Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &container.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &container.State{
 					Restarting: true,
 					Running:    true,
 					ExitCode:   1,
@@ -113,9 +112,9 @@ func TestContainer_Healthy(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("paused", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		c := &Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
-			ContainerJSONBase: &types.ContainerJSONBase{
-				State: &types.ContainerState{
+		c := &Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
+			ContainerJSONBase: &container.ContainerJSONBase{
+				State: &container.State{
 					Paused:  true,
 					Running: true,
 				},
@@ -280,7 +279,7 @@ func TestContainer_ConflictingServicePorts(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			ctr := &ServiceContainer{Container: Container{ContainerJSON: types.ContainerJSON{
+			ctr := &ServiceContainer{Container: Container{InspectResponse: container.InspectResponse{
 				Config: &container.Config{
 					Labels: map[string]string{
 						LabelServicePorts: tt.containerPorts,

pkg/api/image.go

@@ -2,14 +2,34 @@ package api
 
 import (
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/image"
 	v1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 )
 
 type MachineImage struct {
 	Metadata *pb.Metadata
-	Image    types.ImageInspect
+	Image    image.InspectResponse
+}
+
+// MachineImages represents images present on a particular machine.
+type MachineImages struct {
+	Metadata *pb.Metadata
+	// Images is a list of images present on the machine.
+	Images []image.Summary
+	// ContainerdStore indicates whether Docker on the machine uses the containerd image store
+	// (containerd-snapshotter feature).
+	ContainerdStore bool
+}
+
+// ImageFilter defines criteria to filter images in ListImages.
+type ImageFilter struct {
+	// Machines filters images to those present on the specified machines (names or IDs).
+	// If empty, it matches images on all machines.
+	Machines []string
+	// Name filters images by name (with or without tag). Accepts a wildcard pattern.
+	// If empty, it matches all image names.
+	Name string
 }
 
 // MachineRemoteImage represents an image in a remote registry fetched by a particular machine.

pkg/api/resources.go

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 package api
 
+import (
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
+)
+
 const (
 	MilliCore = 1_000_000
 	Core      = 1000 * MilliCore
@@ -13,4 +17,6 @@ type ContainerResources struct {
 	// MemoryReservation is the minimum amount of memory (in bytes) the container needs to run efficiently.
 	// TODO: implement a placement constraint that checks available memory on machines.
 	MemoryReservation int64
+	// Device reservations/requests for access to things like GPUs
+	DeviceReservations []container.DeviceRequest
 }

pkg/api/service.go

@@ -60,6 +60,16 @@ type ServiceSpec struct {
 	Replicas uint `json:",omitempty"`
 	// Volumes is list of data volumes that can be mounted into the container.
 	Volumes []VolumeSpec
+	// Configs is list of configuration objects that can be mounted into the container.
+	Configs []ConfigSpec
+}
+
+// CaddyConfig returns the Caddy reverse proxy configuration for the service or an empty string if it's not defined.
+func (s *ServiceSpec) CaddyConfig() string {
+	if s.Caddy == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(s.Caddy.Config)
 }
 
 func (s *ServiceSpec) Volume(name string) (VolumeSpec, bool) {
@@ -71,6 +81,15 @@ func (s *ServiceSpec) Volume(name string) (VolumeSpec, bool) {
 	return VolumeSpec{}, false
 }
 
+func (s *ServiceSpec) Config(name string) (ConfigSpec, bool) {
+	for _, c := range s.Configs {
+		if c.Name == name {
+			return c, true
+		}
+	}
+	return ConfigSpec{}, false
+}
+
 // MountedDockerVolumes returns the list of volumes of VolumeTypeVolume type that are mounted into the container.
 func (s *ServiceSpec) MountedDockerVolumes() []VolumeSpec {
 	volumes := make(map[string]VolumeSpec)
@@ -123,12 +142,6 @@ func (s *ServiceSpec) Validate() error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Validate that Caddy and Ports are not used together.
-	if s.Caddy != nil && strings.TrimSpace(s.Caddy.Config) != "" && len(s.Ports) > 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("ports and Caddy configuration cannot be specified simultaneously: " +
-			"Caddy config is auto-generated from ports, use only one of them")
-	}
-
 	for _, p := range s.Ports {
 		if (p.Mode == "" || p.Mode == PortModeIngress) &&
 			p.Protocol != ProtocolHTTP && p.Protocol != ProtocolHTTPS {
@@ -138,6 +151,24 @@ func (s *ServiceSpec) Validate() error {
 
 	// TODO: validate there is no conflict between ports.
 
+	// Validate that Caddy and Ports are not used together, unless all ports are host mode.
+	if s.Caddy != nil && strings.TrimSpace(s.Caddy.Config) != "" && len(s.Ports) > 0 {
+		// Check if all ports are in host mode.
+		hasIngressPort := false
+		for _, p := range s.Ports {
+			if p.Mode == "" || p.Mode == PortModeIngress {
+				hasIngressPort = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if hasIngressPort {
+			return fmt.Errorf("ingress ports and Caddy configuration cannot be specified simultaneously: " +
+				"Caddy config is auto-generated from ingress ports, use only one of them. " +
+				"Host mode ports can be used with Caddy config")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Validate volumes
 	volumeNames := make(map[string]struct{})
 	for _, v := range s.Volumes {
 		if err := v.Validate(); err != nil {
@@ -158,6 +189,11 @@ func (s *ServiceSpec) Validate() error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Validate configs
+	if err := ValidateConfigsAndMounts(s.Configs, s.Container.ConfigMounts); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("validate service configs and mounts: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -211,6 +247,9 @@ type ContainerSpec struct {
 	// VolumeMounts specifies how volumes are mounted into the container filesystem.
 	// Each mount references a volume defined in ServiceSpec.Volumes.
 	VolumeMounts []VolumeMount
+	// ConfigMounts specifies how configs are mounted into the container filesystem.
+	// Each mount references a config defined in ServiceSpec.Configs.
+	ConfigMounts []ConfigMount
 	// Volumes is list of data volumes to mount into the container.
 	// TODO(lhf): delete all usage, has been replaced with []VolumeMounts.
 	Volumes []string
@@ -327,6 +366,15 @@ type MachineServiceContainer struct {
 	Container ServiceContainer
 }
 
+// Images returns a sorted list of unique images used by the service containers.
+func (s *Service) Images() []string {
+	images := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, ctr := range s.Containers {
+		images[ctr.Container.Config.Image] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(images))
+}
+
 // Endpoints returns the exposed HTTP and HTTPS endpoints of the service.
 func (s *Service) Endpoints() []string {
 	endpoints := make(map[string]struct{})

pkg/api/service_test.go

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func TestServiceSpec_Validate_CaddyAndPorts(t *testing.T) {
 			wantErr: "",
 		},
 		{
-			name: "invalid with both Caddy and Ports",
+			name: "invalid with Caddy and Ports (default mode is ingress)",
 			spec: ServiceSpec{
 				Name: "test",
 				Container: ContainerSpec{
@@ -84,10 +84,105 @@ func TestServiceSpec_Validate_CaddyAndPorts(t *testing.T) {
 					{
 						ContainerPort: 80,
 						Protocol:      ProtocolHTTP,
+						// Mode is empty, defaults to ingress
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			wantErr: "ports and Caddy configuration cannot be specified simultaneously",
+			wantErr: "ingress ports and Caddy configuration cannot be specified simultaneously",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid with both Caddy and ingress Ports",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 80,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolHTTP,
+						Mode:          PortModeIngress,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "ingress ports and Caddy configuration cannot be specified simultaneously",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid with Caddy and host mode Ports",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 3306,
+						PublishedPort: 3306,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+						Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid with Caddy and mixed mode Ports",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 3306,
+						PublishedPort: 3306,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+						Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					},
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 80,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolHTTP,
+						Mode:          PortModeIngress,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "ingress ports and Caddy configuration cannot be specified simultaneously",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid with Caddy and multiple host mode Ports",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 3306,
+						PublishedPort: 3306,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+						Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					},
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 5432,
+						PublishedPort: 5432,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+						Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "",
 		},
 	}
 

pkg/api/volume.go

@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ type VolumeFilter struct {
 	Driver string
 	// Labels filters volumes by label key-value pairs. Volumes must match all labels.
 	Labels map[string]string
-	// MachineIDs filters volumes to those on the specified machines (names or IDs).
+	// Machines filters volumes to those on the specified machines (names or IDs).
 	Machines []string
 	// Names filters volumes by name. Volumes must match one of the names.
 	Names []string

pkg/client/caddy.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ var caddyImageTagRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^2\.\d+\.\d+$`)
 // NewCaddyDeployment creates a new deployment for a Caddy reverse proxy service.
 // The service is deployed in global mode to all machines in the cluster. If the image is not provided, the latest
 // version of the official Caddy Docker image is used.
-func (cli *Client) NewCaddyDeployment(image string, placement api.Placement) (*deploy.Deployment, error) {
+func (cli *Client) NewCaddyDeployment(image, config string, placement api.Placement) (*deploy.Deployment, error) {
 	if image == "" {
 		latest, err := LatestCaddyImage()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -35,13 +35,24 @@ func (cli *Client) NewCaddyDeployment(image string, placement api.Placement) (*d
 
 	spec := api.ServiceSpec{
 		Container: api.ContainerSpec{
-			Command: []string{"caddy", "run", "-c", "/config/caddy.json", "--watch"},
-			Image:   image,
+			Command: []string{"caddy", "run", "-c", "/config/Caddyfile"},
+			Env: map[string]string{
+				"CADDY_ADMIN": "unix//run/caddy/admin.sock",
+			},
+			Image: image,
 			VolumeMounts: []api.VolumeMount{
 				{
-					VolumeName:    "config",
+					VolumeName:    "data",
 					ContainerPath: "/config",
 				},
+				{
+					VolumeName:    "data",
+					ContainerPath: "/data",
+				},
+				{
+					VolumeName:    "run",
+					ContainerPath: "/run/caddy",
+				},
 			},
 		},
 		Mode:      api.ServiceModeGlobal,
@@ -63,15 +74,29 @@ func (cli *Client) NewCaddyDeployment(image string, placement api.Placement) (*d
 		},
 		Volumes: []api.VolumeSpec{
 			{
-				Name: "config",
+				Name: "data",
 				Type: api.VolumeTypeBind,
 				BindOptions: &api.BindOptions{
 					HostPath: "/var/lib/uncloud/caddy",
 				},
 			},
+			{
+				Name: "run",
+				Type: api.VolumeTypeBind,
+				BindOptions: &api.BindOptions{
+					HostPath:       "/run/uncloud/caddy",
+					CreateHostPath: true,
+				},
+			},
 		},
 	}
 
+	if config != "" {
+		spec.Caddy = &api.CaddySpec{
+			Config: config,
+		}
+	}
+
 	return cli.NewDeployment(spec, nil), nil
 }
 

pkg/client/client.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/docker"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
+	"golang.org/x/net/proxy"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"
 )
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ type Client struct {
 	//  Methods such as Reset or Inspect are ambiguous in the context of a machine+cluster client.
 	pb.MachineClient
 	pb.ClusterClient
+	Caddy pb.CaddyClient
 	// Docker is a namespaced client for the Docker service to distinguish Uncloud-specific service container operations
 	// from generic Docker operations.
 	Docker *docker.Client
@@ -30,9 +32,12 @@ type Client struct {
 
 var _ api.Client = (*Client)(nil)
 
-// Connector is an interface for establishing a connection to the machine API.
+// Connector is an interface for establishing a connection to the cluster.
 type Connector interface {
+	// Connect establishes a gRPC client connection to the machine API.
 	Connect(ctx context.Context) (*grpc.ClientConn, error)
+	// Dialer returns a proxy dialer for establishing connections within the cluster if supported by the connector.
+	Dialer() (proxy.ContextDialer, error)
 	Close() error
 }
 
@@ -50,7 +55,9 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, connector Connector) (*Client, error) {
 
 	c.MachineClient = pb.NewMachineClient(c.conn)
 	c.ClusterClient = pb.NewClusterClient(c.conn)
+	c.Caddy = pb.NewCaddyClient(c.conn)
 	c.Docker = docker.NewClient(c.conn)
+
 	return c, nil
 }