feat: run embedded unregistry on machine IP in uncloudd daemon

Fixes #117

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+---
+name: Bug Report
+about: Create a report to help us improve
+title: "[BUG] "
+labels: bug
+assignees: ""
+---
+
+**Describe the bug**
+
+<!-- A clear and concise description of what the bug is. -->
+
+**How to reproduce**
+
+<!-- Steps to reproduce the behavior:
+
+1. Run ...
+2. Do ...
+-->
+
+**Expected behavior**
+
+<!-- A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen. -->
+
+**Environment:**
+
+- Uncloud versions:
+  - Control (client) node (`uc --version`):
+  - Uncloud daemon (from the server) (`uncloudd --version`):
+- OS version (`uname -a`):
+  - Client (control node):
+  - Server:
+
+**Additional context**
+
+<!-- Add any other context about the problem here. -->

.github/copilot-instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../AI.md

.github/workflows/go-tests.yml

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@d35c59abb061a4a6fb18e82ac0862c26744d6ab5 # v5.5.0
         with:
-          go-version: "1.23.2"
+          go-version: "1.25.1"
 
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install Mise
         uses: jdx/mise-action@13abe502c30c1559a5c37dff303831bab82c9402 # v2.2.3
         with:
-          version: "2025.6.5"
+          version: "2025.9.6"
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
 

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@d35c59abb061a4a6fb18e82ac0862c26744d6ab5 # v5.5.0
         with:
-          go-version: "1.23.2"
+          go-version: "1.25.1"
 
       - name: golangci-lint
         uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@4afd733a84b1f43292c63897423277bb7f4313a9 # v8.0.0
         with:
-          version: v2.2.2
+          version: v2.4.0
 
       - name: Format code
         run: |

.mise.lock

@@ -1,39 +1,83 @@
-[tools.go]
+[[tools."aqua:vektra/mockery"]]
-version = "1.23.10"
+version = "3.5.3"
+backend = "aqua:vektra/mockery"
+
+[tools."aqua:vektra/mockery".platforms.linux-x64]
+checksum = "sha256:ebce416b0175338525246c376885a1579ca6cd4d4015140ba0c70e6b5339a39c"
+size = 5498859
+url = "https://github.com/vektra/mockery/releases/download/v3.5.3/mockery_3.5.3_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz"
+
+[tools."aqua:vektra/mockery".platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "sha256:a3a94b14c7414e148f2252199ffc4a0108d311358f3d336cbe05bb73cb203704"
+size = 5238877
+url = "https://github.com/vektra/mockery/releases/download/v3.5.3/mockery_3.5.3_Darwin_arm64.tar.gz"
+
+[[tools.go]]
+version = "1.25.1"
 backend = "core:go"
 
-[tools.go.checksums]
+[tools.go.platforms.linux-x64]
-"go1.23.10.darwin-arm64.tar.gz" = "sha256:25c64bfa8a8fd8e7f62fb54afa4354af8409a4bb2358c2699a1003b733e6fce5"
+checksum = "sha256:7716a0d940a0f6ae8e1f3b3f4f36299dc53e31b16840dbd171254312c41ca12e"
-"go1.23.10.linux-amd64.tar.gz" = "sha256:535f9f81802499f2a7dbfa70abb8fda3793725fcc29460f719815f6e10b5fd60"
+size = 59660846
+url = "https://dl.google.com/go/go1.25.1.linux-amd64.tar.gz"
 
-[tools.golangci-lint]
+[tools.go.platforms.macos-arm64]
-version = "2.2.2"
+checksum = "sha256:68deebb214f39d542e518ebb0598a406ab1b5a22bba8ec9ade9f55fb4dd94a6c"
+size = 57906702
+url = "https://dl.google.com/go/go1.25.1.darwin-arm64.tar.gz"
+
+[[tools.golangci-lint]]
+version = "2.4.0"
 backend = "aqua:golangci/golangci-lint"
 
-[tools.golangci-lint.checksums]
+[tools.golangci-lint.platforms.linux-x64]
-"golangci-lint-2.2.2-darwin-arm64.tar.gz" = "sha256:d84d94d042c0d495fd1746f3d18948a75de163b17a14e8de3ef840928dd2df74"
+checksum = "sha256:fae792524c04424c0ac369f5b8076f04b45cf29fc945a370e55d369a8dc11840"
-"golangci-lint-2.2.2-linux-amd64.tar.gz" = "sha256:c27fbde948a87d326feacd21df2f61a9c54dbd2e3bfa185c0a1cd6917a6f964f"
+size = 14126779
+url = "https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/download/v2.4.0/golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz"
 
-[tools.protoc]
+[tools.golangci-lint.platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "sha256:cd4dd53fa09b6646baff5fd22b8c64d91db02c21c7496df27992d75d34feec59"
+size = 13542526
+url = "https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/download/v2.4.0/golangci-lint-2.4.0-darwin-arm64.tar.gz"
+
+[[tools.protoc]]
 version = "27.3"
 backend = "aqua:protocolbuffers/protobuf/protoc"
 
-[tools.protoc.checksums]
+[tools.protoc.platforms.linux-x64]
-"protoc-27.3-linux-x86_64.zip" = "sha256:6dab2adab83f915126cab53540d48957c40e9e9023969c3e84d44bfb936c7741"
+checksum = "blake3:8c2938accf7061164ea3968529a47ced1db4824ca553857f6903c68ae4347739"
-"protoc-27.3-osx-aarch_64.zip" = "sha256:b22116bd97cdbd7ea25346abe635a9df268515fe5ef5afa93cd9a68fc2513f84"
+size = 3235873
+url = "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v27.3/protoc-27.3-linux-x86_64.zip"
 
-[tools.protoc-gen-go]
+[tools.protoc.platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "blake3:650c2494c003e9fddd6f4164a0a36e31da51ae7e1e5208da8cb560a4fe886fcd"
+size = 2372763
+url = "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v27.3/protoc-27.3-osx-aarch_64.zip"
+
+[[tools.protoc-gen-go]]
 version = "1.34.2"
 backend = "aqua:protocolbuffers/protobuf-go/protoc-gen-go"
 
-[tools.protoc-gen-go.checksums]
+[tools.protoc-gen-go.platforms.linux-x64]
-"protoc-gen-go.v1.34.2.darwin.arm64.tar.gz" = "sha256:17aca7f948dbb624049030cf841e35895cf34183ba006e721247fdeb95ff2780"
+checksum = "blake3:f765e393e0f0b25070c13848d88f5e6303e66090132afa1b753e981507a4174e"
-"protoc-gen-go.v1.34.2.linux.amd64.tar.gz" = "sha256:b87bc134dee55576a842141bf0ed27761c635d746780fce5dee038c6dd16554f"
+size = 1848331
+url = "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf-go/releases/download/v1.34.2/protoc-gen-go.v1.34.2.linux.amd64.tar.gz"
 
-[tools.protoc-gen-go-grpc]
+[tools.protoc-gen-go.platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "blake3:c237256a7f718ac4ccdc037ee30025a0b7c3f79300d7831ec59d76d782443fd5"
+size = 1784028
+url = "https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf-go/releases/download/v1.34.2/protoc-gen-go.v1.34.2.darwin.arm64.tar.gz"
+
+[[tools.protoc-gen-go-grpc]]
 version = "1.5.1"
 backend = "aqua:grpc/grpc-go/protoc-gen-go-grpc"
 
-[tools.protoc-gen-go-grpc.checksums]
+[tools.protoc-gen-go-grpc.platforms.linux-x64]
-"protoc-gen-go-grpc.v1.5.1.darwin.arm64.tar.gz" = "sha256:d6083feb51dcfe59f26793e99ef01ef5eac68b64294ec2546711f614ac5878f3"
+checksum = "blake3:197739132f0408f017d0c83773ac1ace85c0572473fdd658ec6e4ccbf20e0552"
-"protoc-gen-go-grpc.v1.5.1.linux.amd64.tar.gz" = "sha256:a6cac4ea731e54aea304ad44d704a69d1cdc82997084b33637e21a89dc9229d6"
+size = 4859466
+url = "https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/releases/download/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc/v1.5.1/protoc-gen-go-grpc.v1.5.1.linux.amd64.tar.gz"
+
+[tools.protoc-gen-go-grpc.platforms.macos-arm64]
+checksum = "blake3:3c668207565d23ea2cf006d699207e3a804ebb929a534bd38a3b4ff4e941e00c"
+size = 4565944
+url = "https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/releases/download/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc/v1.5.1/protoc-gen-go-grpc.v1.5.1.darwin.arm64.tar.gz"

.mise.toml

@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 experimental = true
 
 [tools]
-go = "1.23"
+"aqua:vektra/mockery" = "3.5.3"
-golangci-lint = "2.2.2"
+go = "1.25.1"
+golangci-lint = "2.4.0"
 protoc = "27.3"
 protoc-gen-go = "1.34.2"
 protoc-gen-go-grpc = "1.5.1"

.mockery.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+packages:
+  github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/caddyconfig:
+    interfaces:
+      CaddyfileValidator:

AI.md

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+# AI.md - Uncloud Project Guide
+
+This document provides comprehensive information about the Uncloud project for AI assistants to understand the codebase, architecture, and development practices.
+
+## Project Overview
+
+**Uncloud** is a lightweight clustering and container orchestration tool that enables deployment and management of web applications across cloud VMs and bare metal servers. It creates a secure WireGuard mesh network between Docker hosts and provides automatic service discovery, load balancing, HTTPS ingress, and simple CLI commands for application management.
+
+### Key Characteristics
+
+- **Language**: Go
+- **Architecture**: Decentralized, no control plane
+- **Target**: Self-hosted infrastructure without Kubernetes complexity
+- **License**: View LICENSE file for details
+- **Status**: Active development, not yet ready for production
+
+## Core Features
+
+### 🏗️ Infrastructure
+
+- **Multi-machine deployment**: Combine cloud VMs, dedicated servers, and bare metal
+- **Zero-config networking**: Automatic WireGuard mesh with NAT traversal
+- **Decentralized design**: No central control plane, all machines are equal
+- **Service discovery**: Built-in DNS server resolves service names to container IPs
+
+### 🚀 Application Management
+
+- **Docker Compose compatibility**: Uses familiar Docker Compose format
+- **Zero-downtime deployments**: Rolling updates without service interruption
+- **Automatic HTTPS**: Caddy reverse proxy with Let's Encrypt integration
+- **Managed DNS**: Free `*.cluster.uncloud.run` subdomains via Uncloud DNS service
+- **Cross-machine scaling**: Run containers across multiple machines
+
+### 🔧 Developer Experience
+
+- **Docker-like CLI**: Familiar commands (`uc` binary)
+- **Imperative operations**: Direct commands vs. declarative state reconciliation
+- **Remote management**: Control entire infrastructure via SSH to any machine
+- **Minimal overhead**: ~150MB RAM footprint per machine
+
+## Architecture
+
+### Core Components
+
+1. **CLI (`uc`)** - Main user interface for cluster management
+2. **Daemon (`uncloudd`)** - Machine daemon running on each node
+3. **Corrosion** - Distributed SQLite database for cluster state (Fly.io project)
+4. **Caddy** - Reverse proxy for HTTPS termination and routing
+5. **WireGuard** - Secure mesh networking between machines
+
+### Network Architecture
+
+- Each machine gets unique subnet (e.g., `10.210.0.0/24`, `10.210.1.0/24`)
+- Containers get cluster-unique IPs for direct communication
+- Automatic peer discovery and key management
+- NAT traversal for machines behind firewalls
+
+### State Management
+
+- **CRDT-based distributed storage** using Corrosion
+- **Eventually consistent** state across all machines
+- **Gossip protocol** (Serf) for state propagation
+- **No quorum requirements** - partial network splits remain functional
+
+## Project Structure
+
+### Key Directories
+
+- **`cmd/`**: Contains main applications
+
+  - `uncloud/`: CLI tool with subcommands for machine, service, volume management
+  - `uncloudd/`: Daemon that runs on each machine
+  - `ucind/`: Development cluster management for testing
+
+- **`internal/`**: Internal implementation packages
+
+  - `cli/`: Command-line interface logic
+  - `machine/`: Machine lifecycle and state management
+  - `daemon/`: Daemon implementation and gRPC services
+  - `dns/`: Internal DNS server for service discovery
+
+- **`pkg/`**: Public API packages for external use
+
+  - `api/`: Core API types and definitions
+  - `client/`: Client libraries for interacting with Uncloud
+
+- **`experiment/`**: Experimental features and prototypes
+- **`scripts/`**: Installation and utility scripts
+- **`test/`**: Test suites and test infrastructure
+- **`website/`**: Documentation website (Docusaurus)
+- **`misc/`**: Design documents and guides
+
+## Key Technologies
+
+### Core Dependencies
+
+```go
+// Networking and orchestration
+github.com/docker/docker                   // Docker API client
+github.com/docker/compose/v2               // Docker Compose integration
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard                 // WireGuard implementation
+github.com/hashicorp/serf                  // Gossip protocol
+
+// State management
+github.com/ipfs/go-ds-crdt                 // CRDT distributed storage
+github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v3             // Embedded database
+
+// Web proxy
+github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2            // HTTP server and reverse proxy
+
+// CLI and UX
+github.com/spf13/cobra                     // CLI framework
+github.com/charmbracelet/huh               // Interactive forms
+
+// gRPC and networking
+google.golang.org/grpc                     // gRPC framework
+github.com/siderolabs/grpc-proxy           // gRPC proxy for forwarding
+```
+
+## Development Workflow
+
+### Build and Development
+
+```bash
+# Build binaries
+go build -o uncloud ./cmd/uncloud
+go build -o uncloudd ./cmd/uncloudd
+```
+
+### Key Make Targets
+
+- `proto`: Generate protobuf code
+- `ucind-cluster`: Create development cluster
+- `update-dev`: Deploy to development machines
+- `demo-reset`: Reset demo environment
+- `fmt`: Format code
+- `test`: Run all tests
+- `lint`: Lint the code using golangci-lint
+- `lint-and-fix`: Lint the code and fix issues whenever possible
+
+## CLI Commands Structure
+
+The `uc` CLI provides these main command groups:
+
+### Machine Management
+
+```bash
+uc machine init <user@host>     # Initialize new cluster
+uc machine add <user@host>      # Add machine to cluster
+uc machine ls                   # List machines
+uc machine rm <name>            # Remove machine
+```
+
+### Service Management
+
+```bash
+uc run <image>                  # Run container from image
+uc deploy                       # Deploy from compose.yaml
+uc scale <service> <count>      # Scale service replicas
+uc ls                           # List services
+uc rm <service>                 # Remove service
+```
+
+### Context and Connectivity
+
+```bash
+uc context ls                   # List available contexts
+uc context use <name>           # Switch context
+```
+
+### Global Flags
+
+- `--connect`: Connect to remote machine directly, without a config file
+- `--uncloud-config`: Override config file path
+
+## Development Guidelines
+
+### Code Organization
+
+- **Package naming**: Use clear, descriptive names
+- **Error handling**: Wrap errors with context using `fmt.Errorf`
+- **Logging**: Use structured logging with levels
+- **gRPC**: Services defined in `internal/machine/api/pb/`
+
+### Testing
+
+- Unit tests alongside source files (`*_test.go`)
+- Integration tests in `test/e2e/`
+- Test fixtures in `test/fixtures/`
+
+### Dependencies
+
+- Prefer standard library when possible
+- Pin versions in `go.mod`
+- Document rationale for external dependencies
+
+### Configuration
+
+- Support environment variables for key settings
+- Validate configuration early
+- Provide sensible defaults
+
+## Troubleshooting and Debugging
+
+### Common Issues
+
+- **Networking**: Check WireGuard status, iptables rules
+- **DNS**: Verify service discovery resolution
+- **Containers**: Use standard Docker debugging tools
+- **State sync**: Check Corrosion logs for replication issues
+
+### Debugging Tools
+
+- Standard Linux networking tools (`ping`, `traceroute`, `wireshark`)
+- Docker commands (`docker ps`, `docker logs`)
+- SSH access to machines for direct inspection
+- gRPC debugging tools
+
+### Logs and Monitoring
+
+- Systemd services (getting logs via `journalctl -u SERVICE_NAME`)
+  - `uncloud` -- Uncloud daemon
+  - `uncloud-corrosion` -- Corrosion process
+- Machine daemon logs
+- Container logs via Docker
+
+## File Patterns and Conventions
+
+### Important Files to Understand
+
+- `cmd/uncloud/main.go`: CLI entry point and command structure
+- `internal/cli/cli.go`: CLI implementation and configuration
+- `internal/machine/machine.go`: Core machine management
+- `pkg/api/`: Public API definitions
+- `misc/design.md`: Architecture and design philosophy
+- `README.md`: User-facing documentation
+
+### Configuration Files
+
+- `go.mod/go.sum`: Go dependency management
+- `Makefile`: Build and development tasks
+- `Dockerfile`: Container build instructions forUncloud-in-Docker (used for testing)
+
+This document should help AI assistants understand the project structure, make informed suggestions, and contribute effectively to the Uncloud codebase.

CLAUDE.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+./AI.md

Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.20.3
 
-FROM golang:1.23.2-alpine AS uncloudd
+FROM golang:1.25.1-alpine AS uncloudd
 
 ARG TARGETOS
 ARG TARGETARCH

Makefile

@@ -66,6 +66,10 @@ ucind-image:
 ucind-multiarch-image-push:
 	docker buildx build --push --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 -t "$(UCIND_IMAGE)" --target ucind .
 
+.PHONY: mocks
+mocks:
+	@mockery
+
 .PHONY: test
 test:
 ifeq ($(TEST_NAME),)
@@ -111,3 +115,6 @@ _lint:
 # Uncloud daemon won't likely support OS other than Linux anytime soon, so for now we can rely on that.
 	GOOS=linux golangci-lint run $(ARGS)
 
+.PHONY: cli-docs
+cli-docs:
+	go run ./cmd/uncloud docs

cmd/uncloud/caddy/config.go

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package caddy
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2/quick"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type configOptions struct {
+	machine string
+	noColor bool
+	context string
+}
+
+func NewConfigCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	opts := configOptions{}
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "config",
+		Short: "Show the current Caddy configuration (Caddyfile).",
+		Long:  "Display the current Caddy configuration (Caddyfile) from the connected machine or a specified one.",
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
+			return runConfig(cmd.Context(), uncli, opts)
+		},
+	}
+
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.machine, "machine", "m", "",
+		"Name or ID of the machine to get the configuration from. (default is connected machine)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.noColor, "no-color", false,
+		"Disable syntax highlighting for the output.")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
+		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
+	)
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func runConfig(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts configOptions) error {
+	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer clusterClient.Close()
+
+	if opts.machine != "" {
+		// If a specific machine is requested, use it to get the Caddy configuration.
+		ctx, _, err = api.ProxyMachinesContext(ctx, clusterClient, []string{opts.machine})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	config, err := clusterClient.Caddy.GetConfig(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("get Caddy config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Print the Caddyfile with syntax highlighting.
+	if opts.noColor {
+		fmt.Print(config.Caddyfile)
+	} else {
+		if err = quick.Highlight(os.Stdout, config.Caddyfile, "caddy", "terminal256", "monokai"); err != nil {
+			// If highlighting fails, fall back to plain output.
+			fmt.Print(config.Caddyfile)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

cmd/uncloud/caddy/deploy.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"maps"
+	"os"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 type deployOptions struct {
+	caddyfile string
 	image     string
 	machines  []string
 	context   string
@@ -37,6 +39,8 @@ func NewDeployCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.caddyfile, "caddyfile", "",
+		"Path to a custom global Caddy config (Caddyfile) that will be prepended to the auto-generated Caddy config.")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.image, "image", "",
 		"Caddy Docker image to deploy. (default caddy:LATEST_VERSION)")
 	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.machines, "machine", "m", nil,
@@ -51,6 +55,15 @@ func NewDeployCommand() *cobra.Command {
 }
 
 func runDeploy(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts deployOptions) error {
+	caddyfile := ""
+	if opts.caddyfile != "" {
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(opts.caddyfile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("read Caddyfile: %w", err)
+		}
+		caddyfile = strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
+	}
+
 	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
@@ -91,7 +104,7 @@ func runDeploy(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts deployOptions) error {
 	placement := api.Placement{
 		Machines: cli.ExpandCommaSeparatedValues(opts.machines),
 	}
-	d, err := clusterClient.NewCaddyDeployment(opts.image, placement)
+	d, err := clusterClient.NewCaddyDeployment(opts.image, caddyfile, placement)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create caddy deployment: %w", err)
 	}

cmd/uncloud/caddy/root.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ func NewRootCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		Short: "Manage Caddy reverse proxy service.",
 	}
 	cmd.AddCommand(
+		NewConfigCommand(),
 		NewDeployCommand(),
 	)
 	return cmd

cmd/uncloud/context/ls.go

@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 func NewListCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	var clusterContext string
-
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "ls",
 		Aliases: []string{"list"},
@@ -24,11 +22,6 @@ func NewListCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&clusterContext, "context", "c", "",
-		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
-	)
-
 	return cmd
 }
 
@@ -51,7 +44,7 @@ func list(uncli *cli.CLI) error {
 	for _, name := range contextNames {
 		current := ""
 		if name == currentContext {
-			current = "*"
+			current = "✓"
 		}
 		connCount := len(uncli.Config.Contexts[name].Connections)
 		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%s\t%s\t%d\n", name, current, connCount)

cmd/uncloud/deploy.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ type deployOptions struct {
 	services []string
 	noBuild  bool
 	recreate bool
+	yes      bool
 
 	context string
 }
@@ -33,6 +34,8 @@ func NewDeployCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		Use:   "deploy [FLAGS] [SERVICE...]",
 		Short: "Deploy services from a Compose file.",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			cli.BindEnvToFlag(cmd, "yes", "UNCLOUD_AUTO_CONFIRM")
+
 			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
 
 			if len(args) > 0 {
@@ -43,16 +46,19 @@ func NewDeployCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 
-	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.files, "file", "f", nil,
-		"One or more Compose files to deploy services from. (default compose.yaml)")
-	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.profiles, "profile", "p", nil,
-		"One or more Compose profiles to enable.")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context to deploy to (default is the current context)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.files, "file", "f", nil,
+		"One or more Compose files to deploy services from. (default compose.yaml)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&opts.noBuild, "no-build", "n", false,
 		"Do not build images before deploying services. (default false)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.profiles, "profile", "p", nil,
+		"One or more Compose profiles to enable.")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.recreate, "recreate", false,
 		"Recreate containers even if their configuration and image haven't changed.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&opts.yes, "yes", "y", false,
+		"Auto-confirm deployment plan. Should be explicitly set when running non-interactively,\n"+
+			"e.g., in CI/CD pipelines. [$UNCLOUD_AUTO_CONFIRM]")
 
 	// TODO: Consider adding a filter flag to specify which machines to deploy to but keep the rest running.
 	//  Could be useful to test a new version on a subset of machines before rolling out to all.
@@ -136,6 +142,13 @@ func runDeploy(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts deployOptions) error {
 	}
 	fmt.Println()
 
+	// Ask for plan confirmation before proceeding with the deployment unless auto-confirmed with --yes.
+	if !opts.yes {
+		if !cli.IsStdinTerminal() {
+			return errors.New("cannot ask to confirm deployment plan in non-interactive mode, " +
+				"use --yes flag or set UNCLOUD_AUTO_CONFIRM=true to auto-confirm")
+		}
+
 		confirmed, err := cli.Confirm()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("confirm deployment: %w", err)
@@ -144,6 +157,7 @@ func runDeploy(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts deployOptions) error {
 			fmt.Println("Cancelled. No changes were made.")
 			return nil
 		}
+	}
 
 	return progress.RunWithTitle(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		if err := plan.Execute(ctx, clusterClient); err != nil {

cmd/uncloud/docs.go

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra/doc"
+)
+
+const docsDir = "website/docs/9-cli-reference"
+
+type cmdWrapper struct {
+	cmd *cobra.Command
+}
+
+// NewDocsCommand creates a new hidden command to generate CLI reference docs.
+func NewDocsCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	wrapper := &cmdWrapper{}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:                   "docs",
+		Short:                 "Generate Uncloud CLI reference docs",
+		SilenceUsage:          true,
+		DisableFlagsInUseLine: true,
+		Hidden:                true,
+		Args:                  cobra.NoArgs,
+		ValidArgsFunction:     cobra.NoFileCompletions,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
+			// Remove existing markdown files.
+			mdFiles, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(docsDir, "*.md"))
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("list existing CLI docs: %w", err)
+			}
+			for _, f := range mdFiles {
+				if err = os.Remove(f); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("remove '%s': %w", f, err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Generate new CLI reference docs.
+			wrapper.cmd.Root().DisableAutoGenTag = true
+			if err := doc.GenMarkdownTree(cmd.Root(), docsDir); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("generate CLI docs: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			// Remove *completion*.md files that contain malformatted code blocks that break Docusaurus.
+			mdFiles, err = filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(docsDir, "*completion*.md"))
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("list generated CLI docs: %w", err)
+			}
+			for _, f := range mdFiles {
+				if err = os.Remove(f); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("remove '%s': %w", f, err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Post-process generated markdown files.
+			mdFiles, err = filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(docsDir, "*.md"))
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("list generated CLI docs: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			for _, f := range mdFiles {
+				if err = postProcessMarkdown(f); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("post-process '%s': %w", f, err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+
+	wrapper.cmd = cmd
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// postProcessMarkdown applies transformations to generated markdown files.
+func postProcessMarkdown(filename string) error {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	content := string(data)
+
+	// Replace "SEE ALSO" with "See also".
+	content = strings.ReplaceAll(content, "SEE ALSO", "See also")
+	// Escape <id> to avoid Docusaurus treating it as an HTML tag.
+	content = strings.ReplaceAll(content, "<id>", "\\<id>")
+
+	// Remove broken links to completion docs.
+	if strings.Contains(content, "[uc completion") {
+		lines := strings.Split(content, "\n")
+		var filteredLines []string
+		for _, line := range lines {
+			if !strings.Contains(line, "[uc completion") {
+				filteredLines = append(filteredLines, line)
+			}
+		}
+		content = strings.Join(filteredLines, "\n")
+	}
+
+	// Adjust heading levels. Process from shortest to longest to avoid double replacements.
+	replacements := []struct {
+		old, new string
+	}{
+		{`(?m)^## `, `# `},
+		{`(?m)^### `, `## `},
+		{`(?m)^#### `, `### `},
+		{`(?m)^##### `, `#### `},
+	}
+
+	for _, r := range replacements {
+		re := regexp.MustCompile(r.old)
+		content = re.ReplaceAllString(content, r.new)
+	}
+
+	return os.WriteFile(filename, []byte(content), 0o644)
+}

cmd/uncloud/machine/add.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 type addOptions struct {
 	name      string
 	noCaddy   bool
+	noInstall bool
 	publicIP  string
 	sshKey    string
 	context   string
@@ -56,6 +57,11 @@ func NewAddCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		&opts.noCaddy, "no-caddy", false,
 		"Don't deploy Caddy reverse proxy service to the machine.",
 	)
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(
+		&opts.noInstall, "no-install", false,
+		"Skip installation of Docker, Uncloud daemon, and dependencies on the machine. "+
+			"Assumes they're already installed and running.",
+	)
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(
 		&opts.publicIP, "public-ip", "auto",
 		"Public IP address of the machine for ingress configuration. Use 'auto' for automatic detection, "+
@@ -98,6 +104,7 @@ func add(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, remoteMachine *cli.RemoteMachine,
 		MachineName:   opts.name,
 		PublicIP:      publicIP,
 		RemoteMachine: remoteMachine,
+		SkipInstall:   opts.noInstall,
 		Version:       opts.version,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -146,7 +153,7 @@ func add(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, remoteMachine *cli.RemoteMachine,
 
 	// TODO: scale the existing Caddy service to the new machine instead of running a new deployment
 	//  that may cause a small downtime.
-	d, err := clusterClient.NewCaddyDeployment(caddyImage, api.Placement{})
+	d, err := clusterClient.NewCaddyDeployment(caddyImage, "", api.Placement{})
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create caddy deployment: %w", err)
 	}

cmd/uncloud/machine/init.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ type initOptions struct {
 	network     string
 	noCaddy     bool
 	noDNS       bool
+	noInstall   bool
 	publicIP    string
 	sshKey      string
 	version     string
@@ -33,7 +34,20 @@ func NewInitCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "init [USER@HOST:PORT]",
 		Short: "Initialise a new cluster with a remote machine as the first member.",
-		// TODO: include usage examples of initialising a remote machine.
+		Long: "Initialise a new cluster by setting up a remote machine as the first member.\n" +
+			"This command creates a new context in your Uncloud config to manage the cluster.",
+		Example: `  # Initialise a new cluster with default settings.
+  uc machine init root@<your-server-ip>
+
+  # Initialise with a context name 'prod' in the Uncloud config (~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml) and machine name 'vps1'.
+  uc machine init root@<your-server-ip> -c prod -n vps1
+
+  # Initialise with a non-root user and custom SSH port and key.
+  uc machine init ubuntu@<your-server-ip>:2222 -i ~/.ssh/mykey
+
+  # Initialise without Caddy (no reverse proxy) and without an automatically managed domain name (xxxxxx.cluster.uncloud.run).
+  # You can deploy Caddy with 'uc caddy deploy' and reserve a domain with 'uc dns reserve' later.
+  uc machine init root@<your-server-ip> --no-caddy --no-dns`,
 		// TODO: support initialising a cluster on the local machine.
 		Args: cobra.MaximumNArgs(1),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
@@ -68,11 +82,16 @@ func NewInitCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	)
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(
 		&opts.noCaddy, "no-caddy", false,
-		"Don't deploy Caddy reverse proxy service to the machine.",
+		"Don't deploy Caddy reverse proxy service to the machine. You can deploy it later with 'uc caddy deploy'.",
 	)
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(
 		&opts.noDNS, "no-dns", false,
-		"Don't reserve a cluster domain in Uncloud DNS.",
+		"Don't reserve a cluster domain in Uncloud DNS. You can reserve it later with 'uc dns reserve'.",
+	)
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(
+		&opts.noInstall, "no-install", false,
+		"Skip installation of Docker, Uncloud daemon, and dependencies on the machine. "+
+			"Assumes they're already installed and running.",
 	)
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(
 		&opts.publicIP, "public-ip", "auto",
@@ -89,8 +108,8 @@ func NewInitCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		"Version of the Uncloud daemon to install on the machine.",
 	)
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&opts.context, "context", "c", "default",
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", cli.DefaultContextName,
-		"Name of the created context for the initialised cluster in the Uncloud config.",
+		"Name of the new context to be created in the Uncloud config to manage the cluster.",
 	)
 
 	return cmd
@@ -121,6 +140,7 @@ func initCluster(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, remoteMachine *cli.RemoteM
 		Network:       netPrefix,
 		PublicIP:      publicIP,
 		RemoteMachine: remoteMachine,
+		SkipInstall:   opts.noInstall,
 		Version:       opts.version,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -147,7 +167,7 @@ func initCluster(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, remoteMachine *cli.RemoteM
 	}
 
 	if !opts.noCaddy {
-		d, err := client.NewCaddyDeployment("", api.Placement{})
+		d, err := client.NewCaddyDeployment("", "", api.Placement{})
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create caddy deployment: %w", err)
 		}

cmd/uncloud/main.go

@@ -27,12 +27,15 @@ type globalOptions struct {
 func main() {
 	opts := globalOptions{}
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:           "uncloud",
+		Use:           "uc",
-		Short:         "A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as clusters, machines, and services.",
+		Short:         "A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as machines, services, and volumes.",
 		Version:       version.String(),
 		SilenceUsage:  true,
 		SilenceErrors: true,
 		PersistentPreRunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			cli.BindEnvToFlag(cmd, "connect", "UNCLOUD_CONNECT")
+			cli.BindEnvToFlag(cmd, "uncloud-config", "UNCLOUD_CONFIG")
+
 			var conn *config.MachineConnection
 			if opts.connect != "" {
 				if strings.HasPrefix(opts.connect, "tcp://") {
@@ -65,16 +68,16 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.connect, "connect", "",
-		"Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file.\n"+
+		"Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]\n"+
 			"Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port")
-	// TODO: allow to override using UNCLOUD_CONFIG env var.
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.configPath, "uncloud-config", "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml",
-		"Path to the Uncloud configuration file.")
+		"Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG]")
 	_ = cmd.MarkPersistentFlagFilename("uncloud-config", "yaml", "yml")
 	// TODO: make --context a global flag and pass it as a value of the command context.
 
 	cmd.AddCommand(
 		NewDeployCommand(),
+		NewDocsCommand(),
 		NewBuildCommand(),
 		caddy.NewRootCommand(),
 		cmdcontext.NewRootCommand(),

cmd/uncloud/service/inspect.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 
 type inspectOptions struct {
 	service string
-	cluster string
+	context string
 }
 
 func NewInspectCommand() *cobra.Command {
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ func NewInspectCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&opts.cluster, "context", "c", "",
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
 	)
 	return cmd
 }
 
 func inspect(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts inspectOptions) error {
-	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.cluster)
+	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
 	}

cmd/uncloud/service/ls.go

@@ -12,26 +12,25 @@ import (
 )
 
 func NewListCommand() *cobra.Command {
-	// TODO(lhf): rename to context
+	var contextName string
-	var cluster string
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "ls",
 		Aliases: []string{"list"},
 		Short:   "List services.",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			uncli := cmd.Context().Value("cli").(*cli.CLI)
-			return list(cmd.Context(), uncli, cluster)
+			return list(cmd.Context(), uncli, contextName)
 		},
 	}
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&cluster, "context", "c", "",
+		&contextName, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
 	)
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func list(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, clusterName string) error {
+func list(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, contextName string) error {
-	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, clusterName)
+	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, contextName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
 	}

cmd/uncloud/service/rm.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 type rmOptions struct {
 	services []string
-	cluster  string
+	context  string
 }
 
 func NewRmCommand() *cobra.Command {
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ func NewRmCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&opts.cluster, "context", "c", "",
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
 	)
 	return cmd
 }
 
 func rm(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts rmOptions) error {
-	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.cluster)
+	client, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
 	}

cmd/uncloud/service/run.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 type runOptions struct {
+	caddyfile         string
 	command           []string
 	cpu               dockeropts.NanoCPUs
 	entrypoint        string
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ type runOptions struct {
 	user              string
 	volumes           []string
 
-	cluster string
+	context string
 }
 
 func NewRunCommand() *cobra.Command {
@@ -57,6 +58,9 @@ func NewRunCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.caddyfile, "caddyfile", "",
+		"Path to a custom Caddy config (Caddyfile) for the service. "+
+			"Cannot be used together with non-@host published ports.")
 	cmd.Flags().VarP(&opts.cpu, "cpu", "",
 		"Maximum number of CPU cores a service container can use. Fractional values are allowed: "+
 			"0.5 for half a core or 2.25 for two and a quarter cores.")
@@ -82,7 +86,7 @@ func NewRunCommand() *cobra.Command {
 		"Give extended privileges to service containers. This is a security risk and should be used with caution.")
 	cmd.Flags().StringSliceVarP(&opts.publish, "publish", "p", nil,
 		"Publish a service port to make it accessible outside the cluster. Can be specified multiple times.\n"+
-			"Format: [hostname:][load_balancer_port:]container_port[/protocol] or [host_ip:]:host_port:container_port[/protocol]@host\n"+
+			"Format: [hostname:]container_port[/protocol] or [host_ip:]host_port:container_port[/protocol]@host\n"+
 			"Supported protocols: tcp, udp, http, https (default is tcp). If a hostname for http(s) port is not specified\n"+
 			"and a cluster domain is reserved, service-name.cluster-domain will be used as the hostname.\n"+
 			"Examples:\n"+
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ func NewRunCommand() *cobra.Command {
 			"  -v /host/path:/container/path:ro 		 Bind mount a host directory or file as read-only")
 
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&opts.cluster, "context", "c", "",
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context to run the service in. (default is the current context)",
 	)
 
@@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ func run(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts runOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.cluster)
+	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -161,6 +165,15 @@ func run(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts runOptions) error {
 func prepareServiceSpec(opts runOptions) (api.ServiceSpec, error) {
 	var spec api.ServiceSpec
 
+	caddyfile := ""
+	if opts.caddyfile != "" {
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(opts.caddyfile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return spec, fmt.Errorf("read Caddyfile: %w", err)
+		}
+		caddyfile = strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
+	}
+
 	env, err := parseEnv(opts.env)
 	if err != nil {
 		return spec, err
@@ -218,6 +231,12 @@ func prepareServiceSpec(opts runOptions) (api.ServiceSpec, error) {
 		Volumes:   volumes,
 	}
 
+	if caddyfile != "" {
+		spec.Caddy = &api.CaddySpec{
+			Config: caddyfile,
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image or reset it if an empty string is passed.
 	if opts.entrypoint != "" {
 		spec.Container.Entrypoint = []string{opts.entrypoint}

cmd/uncloud/service/scale.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 type scaleOptions struct {
 	service  string
 	replicas uint
-	cluster  string
+	context  string
 }
 
 func NewScaleCommand() *cobra.Command {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func NewScaleCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	}
 
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(
-		&opts.cluster, "context", "c", "",
+		&opts.context, "context", "c", "",
 		"Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)",
 	)
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func scale(ctx context.Context, uncli *cli.CLI, opts scaleOptions) error {
 		)
 	}
 
-	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.cluster)
+	clusterClient, err := uncli.ConnectCluster(ctx, opts.context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster: %w", err)
 	}

go.mod

@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 module github.com/psviderski/uncloud
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.25
 
 require (
 	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.4.0
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver v1.5.0
 	github.com/Masterminds/squirrel v1.5.4
+	github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.20.0
 	github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2 v2.8.4
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0
+	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles v0.20.0
+	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea v1.3.9
 	github.com/charmbracelet/huh v0.6.0
-	github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss v0.13.0
+	github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss v1.1.0
 	github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2 v2.4.5
 	github.com/coreos/go-systemd v0.0.0-20191104093116-d3cd4ed1dbcf
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.8.0
@@ -35,39 +38,42 @@ require (
 	github.com/jmoiron/sqlx v1.4.0
 	github.com/lmittmann/tint v1.0.5
 	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.65
+	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0
 	github.com/moby/term v0.5.0
 	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0
-	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.0
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1
+	github.com/psviderski/unregistry v0.3.1
 	github.com/siderolabs/discovery-api v0.1.4
 	github.com/siderolabs/discovery-client v0.1.9
 	github.com/siderolabs/grpc-proxy v0.5.1
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.1
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.9.1
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0
+	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1-0.20250303224720-0e7078ed04c8
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0
 	go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20231129151722-fdeea329fbba
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.33.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0
-	golang.org/x/net v0.35.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.38.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.14.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.30.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241209162323-e6fa225c2576
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.68.1
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.72.0
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.3
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6
 	modernc.org/sqlite v1.36.3
 )
 
 require (
 	filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230811130428-ced1acdcaa24 // indirect
+	github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20240806141605-e8a1dd7889d6 // indirect
 	github.com/AndreasBriese/bbloom v0.0.0-20190825152654-46b345b51c96 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 // indirect
-	github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.8 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/armon/circbuf v0.0.0-20190214190532-5111143e8da2 // indirect
 	github.com/armon/go-metrics v0.4.1 // indirect
@@ -83,23 +89,28 @@ require (
 	github.com/catppuccin/go v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles v0.20.0 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/colorprofile v0.2.3-0.20250311203215-f60798e515dc // indirect
-	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/x/ansi v0.10.1 // indirect
-	github.com/charmbracelet/x/ansi v0.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/x/cellbuf v0.0.13-0.20250311204145-2c3ea96c31dd // indirect
 	github.com/charmbracelet/x/exp/strings v0.0.0-20240919170804-a4978c8e603a // indirect
-	github.com/charmbracelet/x/term v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/x/term v0.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/chzyer/readline v1.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cloudflare/cfssl v1.6.4 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/cgroups/v3 v3.0.5 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/console v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.24 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/containerd/api v1.7.19 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/containerd/api v1.9.0 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/continuity v0.4.4 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/containerd/v2 v2.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/errdefs v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/continuity v0.4.5 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/fifo v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/platforms v1.0.0-rc.1 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/plugin v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/estargz v0.16.3 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/ttrpc v1.2.5 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/ttrpc v1.2.7 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.6 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
@@ -107,9 +118,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v2 v2.2007.4 // indirect
 	github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/dgryski/go-farm v0.0.0-20200201041132-a6ae2369ad13 // indirect
+	github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f // indirect
+	github.com/distribution/distribution/v3 v3.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.5 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/buildx v0.18.0 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.3+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.8.2 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go v1.5.1-1.0.20160303222718-d30aec9fd63c // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-events v0.0.0-20190806004212-e31b211e4f1c // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-metrics v0.0.1 // indirect
@@ -130,7 +144,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/golang/glog v1.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/glog v1.2.4 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4 // indirect
@@ -140,8 +154,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20250317173921-a4b03ec1a45e // indirect
 	github.com/google/shlex v0.0.0-20191202100458-e7afc7fbc510 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gorilla/handlers v1.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.1 // indirect
-	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.24.0 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.26.1 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix v1.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-msgpack v0.5.5 // indirect
@@ -151,6 +166,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-syslog v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-version v1.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/arc/v2 v2.0.7 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2 v2.0.7 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/logutils v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/mdns v1.0.5 // indirect
@@ -176,7 +192,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/jackc/pgx/v4 v4.18.3 // indirect
 	github.com/jbenet/goprocess v0.1.4 // indirect
 	github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.9 // indirect
 	github.com/lann/builder v0.0.0-20180802200727-47ae307949d0 // indirect
 	github.com/lann/ps v0.0.0-20150810152359-62de8c46ede0 // indirect
@@ -204,21 +220,21 @@ require (
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-ps v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure/v2 v2.0.2 // indirect
-	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/reflectwalk v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/buildkit v0.17.2 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/locker v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/patternmatcher v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo v0.7.2 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/sequential v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/signal v0.7.1 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/sys/user v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/user v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/userns v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/muesli/ansi v0.0.0-20230316100256-276c6243b2f6 // indirect
 	github.com/muesli/cancelreader v0.2.2 // indirect
-	github.com/muesli/termenv v0.15.3-0.20240618155329-98d742f6907a // indirect
+	github.com/muesli/termenv v0.16.0 // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-base32 v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-base36 v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/multiformats/go-multiaddr v0.13.0 // indirect
@@ -231,19 +247,24 @@ require (
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2 v2.22.0 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.12.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.9.5 // indirect
 	github.com/pires/go-proxyproto v0.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10 // indirect
-	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
 	github.com/polydawn/refmt v0.89.0 // indirect
 	github.com/posener/complete v1.2.3 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.61.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
 	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.48.2 // indirect
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/extra/rediscmd/v9 v9.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/extra/redisotel/v9 v9.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.3 // indirect
 	github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec // indirect
 	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.7 // indirect
 	github.com/rs/xid v1.5.0 // indirect
@@ -258,13 +279,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/slackhq/nebula v1.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/certificates v0.26.1 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/nosql v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/smallstep/pkcs7 v0.0.0-20231024181729-3b98ecc1ca81 // indirect
+	github.com/smallstep/pkcs7 v0.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/scep v0.0.0-20231024192529-aee96d7ad34d // indirect
 	github.com/smallstep/truststore v0.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0 // indirect
-	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.6 // indirect
 	github.com/stoewer/go-strcase v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/tailscale/tscert v0.0.0-20240517230440-bbccfbf48933 // indirect
 	github.com/theupdateframework/notary v0.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/tonistiigi/dchapes-mode v0.0.0-20241001053921-ca0759fec205 // indirect
@@ -274,26 +296,39 @@ require (
 	github.com/tonistiigi/vt100 v0.0.0-20240514184818-90bafcd6abab // indirect
 	github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.16 // indirect
 	github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.11.6 // indirect
-	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer v0.0.0-20190905194746-02993c407bfb // indirect
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonreference v0.0.0-20180127040603-bd5ef7bd5415 // indirect
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/xo/terminfo v0.0.0-20220910002029-abceb7e1c41e // indirect
 	github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.4 // indirect
-	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.11 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.4.0 // indirect
 	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.49.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/bridges/prometheus v0.57.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/exporters/autoexport v0.57.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.60.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/httptrace/otelhttptrace v0.46.1 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.58.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.60.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.33.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v0.44.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploggrpc v0.8.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.33.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlplog/otlploghttp v0.8.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.27.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetricgrpc v1.32.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.33.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlpmetric/otlpmetrichttp v1.32.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.33.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.32.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.33.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.4.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.54.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutlog v0.8.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdoutmetric v1.32.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/stdout/stdouttrace v1.32.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/log v0.8.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/log v0.8.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0 // indirect
 	go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.9.0 // indirect
 	go.step.sm/crypto v0.45.0 // indirect
 	go.step.sm/linkedca v0.20.1 // indirect
@@ -303,14 +338,14 @@ require (
 	go.uber.org/zap/exp v0.2.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto/x509roots/fallback v0.0.0-20240507223354-67b13616a595 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20241215155358-4a5509556b9e // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.24.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/term v0.29.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.22.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.8.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240401170217-c3f982113cda // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240903143218-8af14fe29dc1 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241209162323-e6fa225c2576 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20230927004350-cbd86285d259 // indirect
 	howett.net/plist v1.0.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
 cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.112.2 h1:ZaGT6LiG7dBzi6zNOvVZwacaXlmf3lRqnC4DQzqyRQw=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.115.1 h1:Jo0SM9cQnSkYfp44+v+NQXHpcHqlnRJk2qxh6yvxxxQ=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.4.1 h1:Z7YNIhlWRtrnKlZke7z3GMqzvuYzdc2z98F9D1NV5Hg=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.115.1/go.mod h1:DuujITeaufu3gL68/lOFIirVNJwQeyf5UXyi+Wbgknc=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.4.1/go.mod h1:QVBuVEKpCn4Zp58hzRGvL0tjRGU0YqdRTdCHM1IHnro=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.9.3 h1:VOEUIAADkkLtyfr3BLa3R8Ed/j6w1jTBmARx+wb5w5U=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2 h1:+TTV8aXpjeChS9M+aTtN/TjdQnzJvmzKFt//oWu7HX4=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.9.3/go.mod h1:7z6VY+7h3KUdRov5F1i8NDP5ZzWKYmEPO842BgCsmTk=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2/go.mod h1:wcYjgpZI9+Yu7LyYBg4pqSiaRkfEK3GQcpb7C/uyF1Q=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.4 h1:0GWE/FUsXhf6C+jAkWgYm7X9tK8cuEIfy19DBn6B6bY=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.25.1 h1:ZRpHJedLtTpKgr3RV1Fx23NuaAEN1Zfx9hw1u4aJdjU=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.4/go.mod h1:jC/jOpwFP6JBxhB3P5Rr0a9HLMC/Pe3eaL4NmdvqPtc=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.0 h1:Zr0eK8JbFv6+Wi4ilXAR8FJ3wyNdpxHKJNPos6LTZOY=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.28.0 h1:OPtBxMcheSS+DWfci803qvPly3d4w7Eu5ztKBcFfzwk=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.0/go.mod h1:aHnloV2TPI38yx4s9+wAZhHykWvVCfu7hQbF+9CWoiY=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.6.0 h1:A6hENjEsCDtC1k8byVsgwvVcioamEHvZ4j01OwKxG9I=
-cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.1.8 h1:r7umDwhj+BQyz0ScZMp4QrGXjSTI3ZINnpgU2nlB/K0=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.6.0/go.mod h1:FjyFAW1MW0C203CEOMDTu3Dk1FlqW3Rga40jzHL4hfg=
-cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.1.8/go.mod h1:GvE6lyMmfxXauzNq8NbgJbeVQNspG+tcdL/W8QO1+zE=
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@@ -222,7 +246,6 @@ github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0 h1:RrqgGjYQKalulkV8NGVIfkXQf6YYmOyiJKk8
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@@ -257,8 +280,14 @@ github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.1.1/go.mod h1:S1GPSBCYCIhmVNfcth17y2zZtQT6wzkz
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@@ -270,8 +299,8 @@ github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.3+incompatible h1:AtKxIZ36LoNK51+Z6RpzLpddBi
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@@ -312,8 +341,8 @@ github.com/francoispqt/gojay v1.2.13/go.mod h1:ehT5mTG4ua4581f1++1WLG0vPdaA9HaiD
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@@ -361,8 +390,8 @@ github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:Ov1cvc58UF3b5XjBnZv7+opcTcQFZebYjWzi34vdm4Q=
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@@ -403,6 +432,7 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/
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@@ -419,28 +449,30 @@ github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19/go.mod h1:iJ8V8n6KS+z2U1A8pUwu8bW5SyEMkXJB8Yo
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@@ -473,6 +505,8 @@ github.com/hashicorp/go-version v1.7.0/go.mod h1:fltr4n8CU8Ke44wwGCBoEymUuxUHl09
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@@ -487,6 +521,8 @@ github.com/hashicorp/memberlist v0.5.1 h1:mk5dRuzeDNis2bi6LLoQIXfMH7JQvAzt3mQD0v
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@@ -996,8 +1042,9 @@ github.com/smallstep/go-attestation v0.4.4-0.20240109183208-413678f90935 h1:kjYv
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@@ -1107,39 +1158,61 @@ github.com/zmap/zcrypto v0.0.0-20210511125630-18f1e0152cfc h1:zkGwegkOW709y0oiAr
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+go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.5.0/go.mod h1:keN8WnHxOy8PG0rQZjJJ5A2ebUoafqWp0eVQ4yIXvJ4=
 go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.9.0 h1:55jYcsQbnArNqepZyAwcato6Zy2MoZDRkWW+jF+aPfQ=
 go.step.sm/cli-utils v0.9.0/go.mod h1:Y/CRoWl1FVR9j+7PnAewufAwKmBOTzR6l9+7EYGAnp8=
 go.step.sm/crypto v0.45.0 h1:Z0WYAaaOYrJmKP9sJkPW+6wy3pgN3Ija8ek/D4serjc=
@@ -1199,9 +1272,12 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210616213533-5ff15b29337e/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5y
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210711020723-a769d52b0f97/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.3.0/go.mod h1:hebNnKkNXi2UzZN1eVRvBB7co0a+JxK6XbPiWVs/3J4=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.13.0/go.mod h1:y6Z2r+Rw4iayiXXAIxJIDAJ1zMW4yaTpebo8fPOliYc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.19.0/go.mod h1:Iy9bg/ha4yyC70EfRS8jz+B6ybOBKMaSxLj6P6oBDfU=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.33.0 h1:IOBPskki6Lysi0lo9qQvbxiQ+FvsCC/YWOecCHAixus=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0/go.mod h1:CKFgDieR+mRhux2Lsu27y0fO304Db0wZe70UKqHu0v8=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.33.0/go.mod h1:bVdXmD7IV/4GdElGPozy6U7lWdRXA4qyRVGJV57uQ5M=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.30.0/go.mod h1:kDsLvtWBEx7MV9tJOj9bnXsPbxwJQ6csT/x4KIN4Ssk=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0 h1:AnAEvhDddvBdpY+uR+MyHmuZzzNqXSe/GvuDeob5L34=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0/go.mod h1:Y4J0ReaxCR1IMaabaSMugxJES1EpwhBHhv2bDHklZvc=
 golang.org/x/crypto/x509roots/fallback v0.0.0-20240507223354-67b13616a595 h1:TgSqweA595vD0Zt86JzLv3Pb/syKg8gd5KMGGbJPYFw=
 golang.org/x/crypto/x509roots/fallback v0.0.0-20240507223354-67b13616a595/go.mod h1:kNa9WdvYnzFwC79zRpLRMJbdEFlhyM5RPFBBZp/wWH8=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
@@ -1218,8 +1294,11 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91VN4djpZkiMVwK6gcyfeH4XE8wZrZaV4=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0 h1:Zb7khfcRGKk+kqfxFaP5tZqCnDZMjC5VtUBs87Hr6QM=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.12.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0/go.mod h1:6SkKJ3Xj0I0BrPOZoBy3bdMptDDU9oJrpohJ3eWZ1fY=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.15.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.24.0 h1:ZfthKaKaT4NrhGVZHO1/WDTwGES4De8KtWO0SIbNJMU=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.24.0/go.mod h1:IXM97Txy2VM4PJ3gI61r1YEk/gAj6zAHN3AdZt6S9Ww=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180826012351-8a410e7b638d/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -1241,11 +1320,14 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220722155237-a158d28d115b/go.mod h1:XRhObCWvk6IyKnWLug
 golang.org/x/net v0.2.0/go.mod h1:KqCZLdyyvdV855qA2rE3GC2aiw5xGR5TEjj8smXukLY=
 golang.org/x/net v0.6.0/go.mod h1:2Tu9+aMcznHK/AK1HMvgo6xiTLG5rD5rZLDS+rp2Bjs=
 golang.org/x/net v0.10.0/go.mod h1:0qNGK6F8kojg2nk9dLZ2mShWaEBan6FAoqfSigmmuDg=
-golang.org/x/net v0.35.0 h1:T5GQRQb2y08kTAByq9L4/bz8cipCdA8FbRTXewonqY8=
+golang.org/x/net v0.15.0/go.mod h1:idbUs1IY1+zTqbi8yxTbhexhEEk5ur9LInksu6HrEpk=
-golang.org/x/net v0.35.0/go.mod h1:EglIi67kWsHKlRzzVMUD93VMSWGFOMSZgxFjparz1Qk=
+golang.org/x/net v0.21.0/go.mod h1:bIjVDfnllIU7BJ2DNgfnXvpSvtn8VRwhlsaeUTyUS44=
+golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
+golang.org/x/net v0.38.0 h1:vRMAPTMaeGqVhG5QyLJHqNDwecKTomGeqbnfZyKlBI8=
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 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.24.0 h1:KTBBxWqUa0ykRPLtV69rRto9TLXcqYkeswu48x/gvNE=
+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.28.0 h1:CrgCKl8PPAVtLnU3c+EDw6x11699EWlsDeWNWKdIOkc=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.24.0/go.mod h1:XYTD2NtWslqkgxebSiOHnXEap4TF09sJSc7H1sXbhtI=
+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.28.0/go.mod h1:onh5ek6nERTohokkhCD/y2cV4Do3fxFHFuAejCkRWT8=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20180314180146-1d60e4601c6f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181108010431-42b317875d0f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181221193216-37e7f081c4d4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@@ -1256,8 +1338,12 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220722155255-886fb9371eb4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0 h1:GGz8+XQP4FvTTrjZPzNKTMFtSXH80RAzG+5ghFPgK9w=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0/go.mod h1:FU7BRWz2tNW+3quACPkgCx/L+uEAv1htQ0V83Z9Rj+Y=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
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 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180823144017-11551d06cbcc/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180830151530-49385e6e1522/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180905080454-ebe1bf3edb33/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -1304,18 +1390,25 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
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+golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0 h1:ioabZlmFYtWhL+TRYpcnNlLwhyxaM9kWTDEmfnprqik=
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-golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
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-golang.org/x/term v0.29.0/go.mod h1:6bl4lRlvVuDgSf3179VpIxBF0o10JUpXWOnI7nErv7s=
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@@ -1325,9 +1418,12 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
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-golang.org/x/text v0.22.0 h1:bofq7m3/HAFvbF51jz3Q9wLg3jkvSPuiZu/pD1XwgtM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.15.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
-golang.org/x/text v0.22.0/go.mod h1:YRoo4H8PVmsu+E3Ou7cqLVH8oXWIHVoX0jqUWALQhfY=
+golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
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@@ -1349,6 +1445,8 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210106214847-113979e3529a/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4f
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.5/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
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 golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.13.0/go.mod h1:HvlwmtVNQAhOuCjW7xxvovg8wbNq7LwfXh/k7wXUl58=
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@@ -1363,20 +1461,20 @@ golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173 h1:/jFs0duh4rdb8uI
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173/go.mod h1:tkCQ4FQXmpAgYVh++1cq16/dH4QJtmvpRv19DWGAHSA=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6 h1:CawjfCvYQH2OU3/TnxLx97WDSUDRABfT18pCOYwc2GE=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6/go.mod h1:3rxYc4HtVcSG9gVaTs2GEBdehh+sYPOwKtyUWEOTb80=
-google.golang.org/api v0.180.0 h1:M2D87Yo0rGBPWpo1orwfCLehUUL6E7/TYe5gvMQWDh4=
+google.golang.org/api v0.197.0 h1:x6CwqQLsFiA5JKAiGyGBjc2bNtHtLddhJCE2IKuhhcQ=
-google.golang.org/api v0.180.0/go.mod h1:51AiyoEg1MJPSZ9zvklA8VnRILPXxn1iVen9v25XHAE=
+google.golang.org/api v0.197.0/go.mod h1:AuOuo20GoQ331nq7DquGHlU6d+2wN2fZ8O0ta60nRNw=
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 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190425155659-357c62f0e4bb/go.mod h1:VzzqZJRnGkLBvHegQrXjBqPurQTc5/KpmUdxsrq26oE=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190819201941-24fa4b261c55/go.mod h1:DMBHOl98Agz4BDEuKkezgsaosCRResVns1a3J2ZsMNc=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200526211855-cb27e3aa2013/go.mod h1:NbSheEEYHJ7i3ixzK3sjbqSGDJWnxyFXZblF3eUsNvo=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240401170217-c3f982113cda h1:wu/KJm9KJwpfHWhkkZGohVC6KRrc1oJNr4jwtQMOQXw=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240903143218-8af14fe29dc1 h1:BulPr26Jqjnd4eYDVe+YvyR7Yc2vJGkO5/0UxD0/jZU=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240401170217-c3f982113cda/go.mod h1:g2LLCvCeCSir/JJSWosk19BR4NVxGqHUC6rxIRsd7Aw=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240903143218-8af14fe29dc1/go.mod h1:hL97c3SYopEHblzpxRL4lSs523++l8DYxGM1FQiYmb4=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241209162323-e6fa225c2576 h1:CkkIfIt50+lT6NHAVoRYEyAvQGFM7xEwXUUywFvEb3Q=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a h1:nwKuGPlUAt+aR+pcrkfFRrTU1BVrSmYyYMxYbUIVHr0=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241209162323-e6fa225c2576/go.mod h1:1R3kvZ1dtP3+4p4d3G8uJ8rFk/fWlScl38vanWACI08=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a/go.mod h1:3kWAYMk1I75K4vykHtKt2ycnOgpA6974V7bREqbsenU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241209162323-e6fa225c2576 h1:8ZmaLZE4XWrtU3MyClkYqqtl6Oegr3235h7jxsDyqCY=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a h1:51aaUVRocpvUOSQKM6Q7VuoaktNIaMCLuhZB6DKksq4=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241209162323-e6fa225c2576/go.mod h1:5uTbfoYQed2U9p3KIj2/Zzm02PYhndfdmML0qC3q3FU=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250218202821-56aae31c358a/go.mod h1:uRxBH1mhmO8PGhU89cMcHaXKZqO+OfakD8QQO0oYwlQ=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.0.5/go.mod h1:yo6s7OP7yaDglbqo1J04qKzAhqBH6lvTonzMVmEdcZw=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.20.1/go.mod h1:10oTOabMzJvdu6/UiuZezV6QK5dSlG84ov/aaiqXj38=
@@ -1384,8 +1482,8 @@ google.golang.org/grpc v1.23.0/go.mod h1:Y5yQAOtifL1yxbo5wqy6BxZv8vAUGQwXBOALyac
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.25.1/go.mod h1:c3i+UQWmh7LiEpx4sFZnkU36qjEYZ0imhYfXVyQciAY=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.27.0/go.mod h1:qbnxyOmOxrQa7FizSgH+ReBfzJrCY1pSN7KXBS8abTk=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.2/go.mod h1:JMHMWHQWaTccqQQlmk3MJZS+GWXOdAesneDmEnv2fbc=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.68.1 h1:oI5oTa11+ng8r8XMMN7jAOmWfPZWbYpCFaMUTACxkM0=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.72.0 h1:S7UkcVa60b5AAQTaO6ZKamFp1zMZSU0fGDK2WZLbBnM=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.68.1/go.mod h1:+q1XYFJjShcqn0QZHvCyeR4CXPA+llXIeUIfIe00waw=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.72.0/go.mod h1:wH5Aktxcg25y1I3w7H69nHfXdOG3UiadoBtjh3izSDM=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200221191635-4d8936d0db64/go.mod h1:kwYJMbMJ01Woi6D6+Kah6886xMZcty6N08ah7+eCXa0=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200228230310-ab0ca4ff8a60/go.mod h1:cfTl7dwQJ+fmap5saPgwCLgHXTUD7jkjRqWcaiX5VyM=
@@ -1395,8 +1493,8 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.22.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.1-0.20200526195155-81db48ad09cc/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.3 h1:82DV7MYdb8anAVi3qge1wSnMDrnKK7ebr+I0hHRN1BU=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.3/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
 gopkg.in/airbrake/gobrake.v2 v2.0.9/go.mod h1:/h5ZAUhDkGaJfjzjKLSjv6zCL6O0LLBxU4K+aSYdM/U=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/cenkalti/backoff.v2 v2.2.1 h1:eJ9UAg01/HIHG987TwxvnzK2MgxXq97YY6rYDpY9aII=
@@ -1438,8 +1536,8 @@ honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWh
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2019.2.3/go.mod h1:a3bituU0lyd329TUQxRnasdCoJDkEUEAqEt0JzvZhAg=
 howett.net/plist v1.0.0 h1:7CrbWYbPPO/PyNy38b2EB/+gYbjCe2DXBxgtOOZbSQM=
 howett.net/plist v1.0.0/go.mod h1:lqaXoTrLY4hg8tnEzNru53gicrbv7rrk+2xJA/7hw9g=
-k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.110.1 h1:U/Af64HJf7FcwMcXyKm2RPM22WZzyR7OSpYj5tg3cL0=
+k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.130.1 h1:n9Xl7H1Xvksem4KFG4PYbdQCQxqc/tTUyrgXaOhHSzk=
-k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.110.1/go.mod h1:YGtd1984u+GgbuZ7e08/yBuAfKLSO0+uR1Fhi6ExXjo=
+k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.130.1/go.mod h1:3Jpz1GvMt720eyJH1ckRHK1EDfpxISzJ7I9OYgaDtPE=
 lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.3.0 h1:sJ3XhFINmHSrYCgl958hscfIa3bw8x4DqMP3u1YvoYE=
 lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.3.0/go.mod h1:0OFRp7fBtAylGVCO40o87sbupkyIGgbpv1+M1k1LM6k=
 modernc.org/cc/v4 v4.24.4 h1:TFkx1s6dCkQpd6dKurBNmpo+G8Zl4Sq/ztJ+2+DEsh0=

internal/cli/cli.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package cli
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/streams"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli/config"
-	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/fs"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/sshexec"
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ const (
 	// DefaultSSHKeyPath is the fallback location for the SSH private key when provisioning remote machines.
 	// Used when no key is explicitly provided and SSH agent authentication fails.
 	DefaultSSHKeyPath  = "~/.ssh/id_ed25519"
-	defaultContextName = "default"
+	DefaultContextName = "default"
 )
 
 type CLI struct {
@@ -73,8 +71,18 @@ func (cli *CLI) SetCurrentContext(name string) error {
 // ConnectCluster connects to a cluster using the given context name or the current context if not specified.
 // If the CLI was initialised with a machine connection, the config is ignored and the connection is used instead.
 func (cli *CLI) ConnectCluster(ctx context.Context, contextName string) (*client.Client, error) {
+	return cli.ConnectClusterWithOptions(ctx, contextName, ConnectOptions{
+		// Default to showing progress for CLI usage.
+		ShowProgress: true,
+	})
+}
+
+// ConnectClusterWithOptions connects to a cluster using the given context name and options.
+// If the CLI was initialised with a machine connection, the config is ignored and the connection is used instead.
+// Options are useful when using the CLI as a library where you may want to disable visual feedback.
+func (cli *CLI) ConnectClusterWithOptions(ctx context.Context, contextName string, opts ConnectOptions) (*client.Client, error) {
 	if cli.conn != nil {
-		return connectCluster(ctx, *cli.conn)
+		return ConnectCluster(ctx, *cli.conn, opts)
 	}
 
 	if len(cli.Config.Contexts) == 0 {
@@ -116,38 +124,20 @@ func (cli *CLI) ConnectCluster(ctx context.Context, contextName string) (*client
 		)
 	}
 
-	// TODO: iterate over all connections and try to connect to the cluster using the first successful connection.
+	// Try each connection in order until one succeeds.
-	conn := cfg.Connections[0]
+	var lastErr error
-
+	for _, conn := range cfg.Connections {
-	c, err := connectCluster(ctx, conn)
+		c, err := ConnectCluster(ctx, conn, opts)
-	if err != nil {
+		if err == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("connect to cluster (context '%s'): %w", contextName, err)
-	}
-
 			return c, nil
 		}
 
-func connectCluster(ctx context.Context, conn config.MachineConnection) (*client.Client, error) {
+		lastErr = err
-	if conn.SSH != "" {
-		user, host, port, err := conn.SSH.Parse()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse SSH connection %q: %w", conn.SSH, err)
 	}
 
-		keyPath := fs.ExpandHomeDir(conn.SSHKeyFile)
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to cluster context '%s': "+
-
+		"all connections (%d) in the Uncloud config (%s) failed; last error: %w",
-		sshConfig := &connector.SSHConnectorConfig{
+		contextName, len(cfg.Connections), cli.Config.Path(), lastErr)
-			User:    user,
-			Host:    host,
-			Port:    port,
-			KeyPath: keyPath,
-		}
-		return client.New(ctx, connector.NewSSHConnector(sshConfig))
-	} else if conn.TCP != nil && conn.TCP.IsValid() {
-		return client.New(ctx, connector.NewTCPConnector(*conn.TCP))
-	}
-
-	return nil, errors.New("connection configuration is invalid")
 }
 
 type InitClusterOptions struct {
@@ -156,6 +146,7 @@ type InitClusterOptions struct {
 	Network       netip.Prefix
 	PublicIP      *netip.Addr
 	RemoteMachine *RemoteMachine
+	SkipInstall   bool
 	Version       string
 }
 
@@ -170,15 +161,12 @@ func (cli *CLI) InitCluster(ctx context.Context, opts InitClusterOptions) (*clie
 }
 
 func (cli *CLI) initRemoteMachine(ctx context.Context, opts InitClusterOptions) (*client.Client, error) {
-	contextName := opts.Context
+	contextName, err := cli.newContextName(opts.Context)
-	if contextName == "" {
+	if err != nil {
-		contextName = defaultContextName
+		return nil, err
-	}
-	if _, ok := cli.Config.Contexts[contextName]; ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cluster context '%s' already exists", contextName)
 	}
 
-	machineClient, err := provisionRemoteMachine(ctx, opts.RemoteMachine, opts.Version)
+	machineClient, err := provisionOrConnectRemoteMachine(ctx, opts.RemoteMachine, opts.SkipInstall, opts.Version)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -250,11 +238,38 @@ func (cli *CLI) initRemoteMachine(ctx context.Context, opts InitClusterOptions)
 	return machineClient, nil
 }
 
+// newContextName returns a unique name for a new cluster context. If the provided name is not DefaultContextName,
+// and it's already taken, an error is returned. If the name is not provided or is DefaultContextName, the first
+// available name "default[-N]" is returned.
+func (cli *CLI) newContextName(name string) (string, error) {
+	if name == "" {
+		name = DefaultContextName
+	}
+
+	if _, exists := cli.Config.Contexts[name]; !exists {
+		return name, nil
+	}
+
+	// If non-default context already exists, error out.
+	if name != DefaultContextName {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("cluster context '%s' already exists", name)
+	}
+
+	// The default context already exists, generate a numbered suffix to make it unique.
+	for i := 1; ; i++ {
+		name = fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", DefaultContextName, i)
+		if _, exists := cli.Config.Contexts[name]; !exists {
+			return name, nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 type AddMachineOptions struct {
 	Context       string
 	MachineName   string
 	PublicIP      *netip.Addr
 	RemoteMachine *RemoteMachine
+	SkipInstall   bool
 	Version       string
 }
 
@@ -277,7 +292,7 @@ func (cli *CLI) AddMachine(ctx context.Context, opts AddMachineOptions) (*client
 		}
 	}()
 
-	machineClient, err := provisionRemoteMachine(ctx, opts.RemoteMachine, opts.Version)
+	machineClient, err := provisionOrConnectRemoteMachine(ctx, opts.RemoteMachine, opts.SkipInstall, opts.Version)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
@@ -395,15 +410,16 @@ func (cli *CLI) AddMachine(ctx context.Context, opts AddMachineOptions) (*client
 	return c, machineClient, nil
 }
 
-// provisionRemoteMachine installs the Uncloud daemon and dependencies on the remote machine over SSH and returns
+// provisionOrConnectRemoteMachine installs the Uncloud daemon and dependencies on the remote machine over SSH and
-// a machine API client to interact with the machine. The client should be closed after use by the caller.
+// returns a machine API client to interact with the machine. The client should be closed after use by the caller.
 // The version parameter specifies the version of the Uncloud daemon to install. If empty, the latest version is used.
+// If skipInstall is true, the installation step is skipped, and it is assumed that the Uncloud daemon and dependencies
+// are already installed and running.
 // The remoteMachine.SSHKeyPath could be updated to the default SSH key path if it is not set and the SSH agent
 // authentication fails.
-func provisionRemoteMachine(
+func provisionOrConnectRemoteMachine(
-	ctx context.Context, remoteMachine *RemoteMachine, version string,
+	ctx context.Context, remoteMachine *RemoteMachine, skipInstall bool, version string,
 ) (*client.Client, error) {
-	// Provision the remote machine by installing the Uncloud daemon and dependencies over SSH.
 	sshClient, err := sshexec.Connect(remoteMachine.User, remoteMachine.Host, remoteMachine.Port, remoteMachine.KeyPath)
 	// If the SSH connection using SSH agent fails and no key path is provided, try to use the default SSH key.
 	if err != nil && remoteMachine.KeyPath == "" {
@@ -418,14 +434,17 @@ func provisionRemoteMachine(
 			config.NewSSHDestination(remoteMachine.User, remoteMachine.Host, remoteMachine.Port), err,
 		)
 	}
+
+	if !skipInstall {
+		// Provision the remote machine by installing the Uncloud daemon and dependencies over SSH.
 		exec := sshexec.NewRemote(sshClient)
-	// Install and run the Uncloud daemon and dependencies on the remote machine.
 		if err = provisionMachine(ctx, exec, version); err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("provision machine: %w", err)
 		}
+	}
 
 	var machineClient *client.Client
-	if remoteMachine.User == "root" {
+	if remoteMachine.User == "root" || skipInstall {
 		// Create a machine API client over the established SSH connection to the remote machine.
 		machineClient, err = client.New(ctx, connector.NewSSHConnectorFromClient(sshClient))
 	} else {

internal/cli/config/config.go

@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ func (c *Config) Read() error {
 
 func (c *Config) Save() error {
 	dir, _ := filepath.Split(c.path)
+	// If dir is empty (e.g., when path is just a filename), use current directory
+	if dir == "" {
+		dir = "."
+	}
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o700); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create config directory '%s': %w", dir, err)
 	}

internal/cli/config/config_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestConfig_Save(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Create a temporary directory for the test
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Change to temp directory so relative paths resolve correctly
+	originalDir, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get current directory: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := os.Chdir(originalDir); err != nil {
+			t.Logf("Failed to restore original directory: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name            string
+		configPath      string
+		contextName     string
+		expectFileAt    string // Expected file location for verification
+		useAbsolutePath bool   // Whether to use absolute path for expectFileAt
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "relative path without prefix",
+			configPath:  "test-config.yaml",
+			contextName: "test",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "relative path with prefix",
+			configPath:  "./test-config-2.yaml",
+			contextName: "test2",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "absolute path",
+			configPath:  filepath.Join(tmpDir, "absolute-config.yaml"),
+			contextName: "test3",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			if err := os.Chdir(tmpDir); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Failed to change to temp directory: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			cfg := &Config{
+				CurrentContext: tt.contextName,
+				Contexts: map[string]*Context{
+					tt.contextName: {
+						Name: tt.contextName,
+					},
+				},
+				path: tt.configPath,
+			}
+
+			// This should not fail when saving the config
+			err := cfg.Save()
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Expected no error when saving config, got: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// Verify the file was created
+			if _, err := os.Stat(tt.configPath); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				t.Errorf("Config file was not created at expected path: %s", tt.configPath)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/cli/config/connection.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package config
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"strconv"
@@ -24,6 +25,15 @@ type MachineConnection struct {
 	PublicKey secret.Secret   `yaml:"public_key,omitempty"`
 }
 
+func (c MachineConnection) String() string {
+	if c.SSH != "" {
+		return string(c.SSH)
+	} else if c.TCP != nil && c.TCP.IsValid() {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("tcp://%s", c.TCP)
+	}
+	return "unknown connection"
+}
+
 // SSHDestination represents an SSH destination string in the canonical form of "user@host:port".
 // The default user "root" and port 22 can be omitted.
 type SSHDestination string

internal/cli/connect.go

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+package cli
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles/spinner"
+	tea "github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea"
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/cli/config"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/fs"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/client"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/client/connector"
+)
+
+// ConnectOptions configures the behavior of cluster connection attempts.
+type ConnectOptions struct {
+	// Whether to show connection progress spinner if stdout is a terminal or progress logs if not.
+	ShowProgress bool
+}
+
+func ConnectCluster(ctx context.Context, conn config.MachineConnection, opts ConnectOptions) (*client.Client, error) {
+	if opts.ShowProgress {
+		return connectClusterWithProgress(ctx, conn)
+	}
+	return connectCluster(ctx, conn)
+}
+
+// connectClusterWithProgress connects to the cluster while displaying a progress spinner.
+// If the stdout is not a terminal, it falls back to simple progress logs to stderr.
+func connectClusterWithProgress(ctx context.Context, conn config.MachineConnection) (*client.Client, error) {
+	// If stdout is not a terminal, fall back to simple progress logs.
+	if !IsStdoutTerminal() {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "Connecting to", conn.String())
+		cli, err := connectCluster(ctx, conn)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "Connection failed:", err)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "Connected to cluster.")
+		}
+		return cli, err
+	}
+
+	// Run the connection TUI model.
+	p := tea.NewProgram(newConnectModel(ctx, conn))
+	model, err := p.Run()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("run connection TUI: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	m := model.(connectModel)
+	return m.result.client, m.result.err
+}
+
+func connectCluster(ctx context.Context, conn config.MachineConnection) (*client.Client, error) {
+	if conn.SSH != "" {
+		user, host, port, err := conn.SSH.Parse()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse SSH connection %q: %w", conn.SSH, err)
+		}
+
+		keyPath := fs.ExpandHomeDir(conn.SSHKeyFile)
+
+		sshConfig := &connector.SSHConnectorConfig{
+			User:    user,
+			Host:    host,
+			Port:    port,
+			KeyPath: keyPath,
+		}
+		return client.New(ctx, connector.NewSSHConnector(sshConfig))
+	} else if conn.TCP != nil && conn.TCP.IsValid() {
+		return client.New(ctx, connector.NewTCPConnector(*conn.TCP))
+	}
+
+	return nil, errors.New("connection configuration is invalid")
+}
+
+// connectModel is a TUI model for connecting to a cluster with a progress spinner.
+type connectModel struct {
+	ctx     context.Context
+	conn    config.MachineConnection
+	spinner spinner.Model
+	// showSpinner controls whether the spinner is visible (delayed to avoid flashing).
+	showSpinner bool
+	// done indicates whether the connection attempt has completed (successfully or with error).
+	done bool
+	// result holds the result of the connection attempt.
+	result connectResultMsg
+}
+
+type connectResultMsg struct {
+	client *client.Client
+	err    error
+}
+
+// showSpinnerMsg is sent after a delay to show the spinner.
+type showSpinnerMsg struct{}
+
+func newConnectModel(ctx context.Context, conn config.MachineConnection) connectModel {
+	s := spinner.New()
+	s.Spinner = spinner.MiniDot
+	s.Style = lipgloss.NewStyle().Foreground(lipgloss.Color("3")) // the same yellow as in compose progress
+
+	return connectModel{
+		ctx:     ctx,
+		conn:    conn,
+		spinner: s,
+	}
+}
+
+func (m connectModel) Init() tea.Cmd {
+	return tea.Batch(
+		m.spinner.Tick,
+		m.connect(),
+		m.delayShowSpinner(),
+	)
+}
+
+func (m connectModel) connect() tea.Cmd {
+	return func() tea.Msg {
+		cli, err := connectCluster(m.ctx, m.conn)
+		return connectResultMsg{
+			client: cli,
+			err:    err,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// delayShowSpinner returns a command that sends a message to show the spinner after a delay.
+// This avoids flashing the spinner if the connection is fast.
+func (m connectModel) delayShowSpinner() tea.Cmd {
+	return tea.Tick(500*time.Millisecond, func(t time.Time) tea.Msg {
+		return showSpinnerMsg{}
+	})
+}
+
+func (m connectModel) Update(msg tea.Msg) (tea.Model, tea.Cmd) {
+	select {
+	case <-m.ctx.Done():
+		m.result.err = m.ctx.Err()
+		m.done = true
+		return m, tea.Quit
+	default:
+	}
+
+	switch msg := msg.(type) {
+	case connectResultMsg:
+		m.result = msg
+		m.done = true
+		return m, tea.Quit
+
+	case showSpinnerMsg:
+		// Only show spinner if connection hasn't completed yet.
+		if !m.done {
+			m.showSpinner = true
+		}
+		return m, nil
+
+	case spinner.TickMsg:
+		var cmd tea.Cmd
+		m.spinner, cmd = m.spinner.Update(msg)
+		return m, cmd
+
+	case tea.KeyMsg:
+		if msg.Type == tea.KeyCtrlC {
+			m.result.err = fmt.Errorf("connection cancelled")
+			m.done = true
+			return m, tea.Quit
+		}
+	}
+
+	return m, nil
+}
+
+func (m connectModel) View() string {
+	// Don't show anything if done or spinner not yet visible.
+	if m.done || !m.showSpinner {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	style := lipgloss.NewStyle().Foreground(lipgloss.Color("153"))
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s\n",
+		m.spinner.View(),
+		fmt.Sprintf("Connecting to %s", style.Render(m.conn.String())),
+	)
+}

internal/cli/flags.go

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 package cli
 
 import (
+	"log"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
 // ExpandCommaSeparatedValues takes a slice of strings and expands any comma-separated values into individual elements.
@@ -21,3 +25,12 @@ func ExpandCommaSeparatedValues(values []string) []string {
 
 	return expanded
 }
+
+// BindEnvToFlag assigns the value of an environment variable to the given command flag if the flag has not been set.
+func BindEnvToFlag(cmd *cobra.Command, flagName, envVar string) {
+	if value := os.Getenv(envVar); value != "" && !cmd.Flags().Changed(flagName) {
+		if err := cmd.Flags().Set(flagName, value); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Failed to bind environment variable '%s' to flag '%s': %v", envVar, flagName, err)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/cli/prompt.go

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 package cli
 
-import "github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
+import (
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
+	"golang.org/x/term"
+)
 
 func Confirm() (bool, error) {
 	var confirmed bool
@@ -21,3 +26,13 @@ func Confirm() (bool, error) {
 
 	return confirmed, nil
 }
+
+// IsStdinTerminal checks if the standard input is a terminal (TTY).
+func IsStdinTerminal() bool {
+	return term.IsTerminal(int(os.Stdin.Fd()))
+}
+
+// IsStdoutTerminal checks if the standard output is a terminal (TTY).
+func IsStdoutTerminal() bool {
+	return term.IsTerminal(int(os.Stdout.Fd()))
+}

internal/machine/api/pb/caddy.pb.go

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.34.2
+// 	protoc        v5.27.3
+// source: internal/machine/api/pb/caddy.proto
+
+package pb
+
+import (
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	emptypb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb"
+	timestamppb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+type GetCaddyConfigResponse struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	// The generated Caddyfile content.
+	Caddyfile string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=caddyfile,proto3" json:"caddyfile,omitempty"`
+	// Timestamp when the config was last modified.
+	ModifiedAt *timestamppb.Timestamp `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=modified_at,json=modifiedAt,proto3" json:"modified_at,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *GetCaddyConfigResponse) Reset() {
+	*x = GetCaddyConfigResponse{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *GetCaddyConfigResponse) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*GetCaddyConfigResponse) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *GetCaddyConfigResponse) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use GetCaddyConfigResponse.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*GetCaddyConfigResponse) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+func (x *GetCaddyConfigResponse) GetCaddyfile() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Caddyfile
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *GetCaddyConfigResponse) GetModifiedAt() *timestamppb.Timestamp {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ModifiedAt
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var File_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
+	0x0a, 0x23, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x2f, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x63, 0x68, 0x69,
+	0x6e, 0x65, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x70, 0x69, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x2f, 0x63, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x2e,
+	0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x03, 0x61, 0x70, 0x69, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67,
+	0x6c, 0x65, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2f, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x74,
+	0x79, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x1a, 0x1f, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2f,
+	0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2f, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61,
+	0x6d, 0x70, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x22, 0x73, 0x0a, 0x16, 0x47, 0x65, 0x74, 0x43,
+	0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x69, 0x67, 0x52, 0x65, 0x73, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x6e,
+	0x73, 0x65, 0x12, 0x1c, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x63, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x18,
+	0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x09, 0x63, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65,
+	0x12, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x66, 0x69, 0x65, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x61, 0x74, 0x18,
+	0x02, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x1a, 0x2e, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x70,
+	0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2e, 0x54, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6d,
+	0x70, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x66, 0x69, 0x65, 0x64, 0x41, 0x74, 0x32, 0x49, 0x0a,
+	0x05, 0x43, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x12, 0x40, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x47, 0x65, 0x74, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6e,
+	0x66, 0x69, 0x67, 0x12, 0x16, 0x2e, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f,
+	0x74, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x2e, 0x45, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x74, 0x79, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x2e, 0x61, 0x70,
+	0x69, 0x2e, 0x47, 0x65, 0x74, 0x43, 0x61, 0x64, 0x64, 0x79, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x69, 0x67,
+	0x52, 0x65, 0x73, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x42, 0x37, 0x5a, 0x35, 0x67, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68,
+	0x75, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x73, 0x76, 0x69, 0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x6b,
+	0x69, 0x2f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x64, 0x2f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x6e,
+	0x61, 0x6c, 0x2f, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x63, 0x68, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x2f, 0x61, 0x70, 0x69, 0x2f, 0x70,
+	0x62, 0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
+}
+
+var (
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescData = file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDesc
+)
+
+func file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescData)
+	})
+	return file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDescData
+}
+
+var file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 1)
+var file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_goTypes = []any{
+	(*GetCaddyConfigResponse)(nil), // 0: api.GetCaddyConfigResponse
+	(*timestamppb.Timestamp)(nil),  // 1: google.protobuf.Timestamp
+	(*emptypb.Empty)(nil),          // 2: google.protobuf.Empty
+}
+var file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	1, // 0: api.GetCaddyConfigResponse.modified_at:type_name -> google.protobuf.Timestamp
+	2, // 1: api.Caddy.GetConfig:input_type -> google.protobuf.Empty
+	0, // 2: api.Caddy.GetConfig:output_type -> api.GetCaddyConfigResponse
+	2, // [2:3] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	1, // [1:2] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	1, // [1:1] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	1, // [1:1] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0, // [0:1] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_init() }
+func file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_init() {
+	if File_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
+			switch v := v.(*GetCaddyConfigResponse); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      0,
+			NumMessages:   1,
+			NumExtensions: 0,
+			NumServices:   1,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_depIdxs,
+		MessageInfos:      file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_msgTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto = out.File
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_internal_machine_api_pb_caddy_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}

internal/machine/api/pb/caddy.proto

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package api;
+
+option go_package = "github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb";
+
+import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
+import "google/protobuf/timestamp.proto";
+
+service Caddy {
+  // GetConfig retrieves the current Caddy configuration from the machine.
+  rpc GetConfig(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetCaddyConfigResponse);
+}
+
+message GetCaddyConfigResponse {
+  // The generated Caddyfile content.
+  string caddyfile = 1;
+  // Timestamp when the config was last modified.
+  google.protobuf.Timestamp modified_at = 2;
+}

internal/machine/api/pb/caddy_grpc.pb.go

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go-grpc. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// - protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.5.1
+// - protoc             v5.27.3
+// source: internal/machine/api/pb/caddy.proto
+
+package pb
+
+import (
+	context "context"
+	grpc "google.golang.org/grpc"
+	codes "google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	status "google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+	emptypb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb"
+)
+
+// This is a compile-time assertion to ensure that this generated file
+// is compatible with the grpc package it is being compiled against.
+// Requires gRPC-Go v1.64.0 or later.
+const _ = grpc.SupportPackageIsVersion9
+
+const (
+	Caddy_GetConfig_FullMethodName = "/api.Caddy/GetConfig"
+)
+
+// CaddyClient is the client API for Caddy service.
+//
+// For semantics around ctx use and closing/ending streaming RPCs, please refer to https://pkg.go.dev/google.golang.org/grpc/?tab=doc#ClientConn.NewStream.
+type CaddyClient interface {
+	// GetConfig retrieves the current Caddy configuration from the machine.
+	GetConfig(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*GetCaddyConfigResponse, error)
+}
+
+type caddyClient struct {
+	cc grpc.ClientConnInterface
+}
+
+func NewCaddyClient(cc grpc.ClientConnInterface) CaddyClient {
+	return &caddyClient{cc}
+}
+
+func (c *caddyClient) GetConfig(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*GetCaddyConfigResponse, error) {
+	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
+	out := new(GetCaddyConfigResponse)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, Caddy_GetConfig_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// CaddyServer is the server API for Caddy service.
+// All implementations must embed UnimplementedCaddyServer
+// for forward compatibility.
+type CaddyServer interface {
+	// GetConfig retrieves the current Caddy configuration from the machine.
+	GetConfig(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*GetCaddyConfigResponse, error)
+	mustEmbedUnimplementedCaddyServer()
+}
+
+// UnimplementedCaddyServer must be embedded to have
+// forward compatible implementations.
+//
+// NOTE: this should be embedded by value instead of pointer to avoid a nil
+// pointer dereference when methods are called.
+type UnimplementedCaddyServer struct{}
+
+func (UnimplementedCaddyServer) GetConfig(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*GetCaddyConfigResponse, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method GetConfig not implemented")
+}
+func (UnimplementedCaddyServer) mustEmbedUnimplementedCaddyServer() {}
+func (UnimplementedCaddyServer) testEmbeddedByValue()               {}
+
+// UnsafeCaddyServer may be embedded to opt out of forward compatibility for this service.
+// Use of this interface is not recommended, as added methods to CaddyServer will
+// result in compilation errors.
+type UnsafeCaddyServer interface {
+	mustEmbedUnimplementedCaddyServer()
+}
+
+func RegisterCaddyServer(s grpc.ServiceRegistrar, srv CaddyServer) {
+	// If the following call pancis, it indicates UnimplementedCaddyServer was
+	// embedded by pointer and is nil.  This will cause panics if an
+	// unimplemented method is ever invoked, so we test this at initialization
+	// time to prevent it from happening at runtime later due to I/O.
+	if t, ok := srv.(interface{ testEmbeddedByValue() }); ok {
+		t.testEmbeddedByValue()
+	}
+	s.RegisterService(&Caddy_ServiceDesc, srv)
+}
+
+func _Caddy_GetConfig_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(CaddyServer).GetConfig(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: Caddy_GetConfig_FullMethodName,
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(CaddyServer).GetConfig(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+// Caddy_ServiceDesc is the grpc.ServiceDesc for Caddy service.
+// It's only intended for direct use with grpc.RegisterService,
+// and not to be introspected or modified (even as a copy)
+var Caddy_ServiceDesc = grpc.ServiceDesc{
+	ServiceName: "api.Caddy",
+	HandlerType: (*CaddyServer)(nil),
+	Methods: []grpc.MethodDesc{
+		{
+			MethodName: "GetConfig",
+			Handler:    _Caddy_GetConfig_Handler,
+		},
+	},
+	Streams:  []grpc.StreamDesc{},
+	Metadata: "internal/machine/api/pb/caddy.proto",
+}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/caddyfile.go

@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"maps"
+	"net"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"text/template"
+
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/store"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
+)
+
+const (
+	caddyfileHeader = `# This file is autogenerated by Uncloud based on the configuration of running services.
+# Do not edit manually. Any manual changes will be overwritten on the next update.
+`
+	caddyfileTemplate = `# Health check endpoint to verify Caddy reachability on this machine.
+http:// {
+	handle {{.VerifyPath}} {
+		respond "{{.VerifyResponse}}" 200
+	}
+	log
+}
+
+(common_proxy) {
+	# Retry failed requests up to lb_retries times against other available upstreams.
+	lb_retries 3
+	# Upstreams are marked unhealthy for fail_duration after a failed request (passive health checking).
+	fail_duration 30s
+}
+{{- if or .HTTPHostUpstreams .HTTPSHostUpstreams }}
+
+# Sites generated from service ports.{{end}}
+{{- range $hostname, $upstreams := .HTTPHostUpstreams}}
+
+http://{{$hostname}} {
+	reverse_proxy {{join $upstreams " "}} {
+		import common_proxy
+	}
+	log
+}{{end}}
+{{- range $hostname, $upstreams := .HTTPSHostUpstreams}}
+
+https://{{$hostname}} {
+	reverse_proxy {{join $upstreams " "}} {
+		import common_proxy
+	}
+	log
+}{{end}}
+`
+	caddyfileUnavailabeFooter = `# NOTE: User-defined configs for services were skipped because Caddy is not running on this machine
+#       or the latest generated config is invalid. Please check the Caddy logs if it's running.
+`
+)
+
+// CaddyfileGenerator generates a Caddyfile configuration for the Caddy reverse proxy.
+type CaddyfileGenerator struct {
+	// machineID is the unique identifier of the machine where the controller is running.
+	machineID string
+	validator CaddyfileValidator
+	log       *slog.Logger
+}
+
+// CaddyfileValidator is an interface for validating Caddyfile configurations.
+type CaddyfileValidator interface {
+	Validate(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) error
+}
+
+func NewCaddyfileGenerator(machineID string, validator CaddyfileValidator, log *slog.Logger) *CaddyfileGenerator {
+	if log == nil {
+		log = slog.Default()
+	}
+	return &CaddyfileGenerator{
+		machineID: machineID,
+		validator: validator,
+		log:       log,
+	}
+}
+
+// Generate creates a Caddyfile configuration based on the provided service containers.
+// The Caddyfile is generated from the service ports of the healthy containers.
+// If a 'caddy' service container is running on this machine and defines a custom Caddy config (x-caddy) in its service
+// spec, it will be validated and prepended to the generated Caddyfile. Custom Caddy configs (x-caddy) defined in other
+// service specs are validated and appended to the generated Caddyfile. Invalid configs are logged and skipped to ensure
+// the generated Caddyfile remains valid.
+//
+// The final Caddyfile structure includes:
+//
+//	[caddy x-caddy (global config)]
+//	[generated Caddyfile from all service ports]
+//	[service-a x-caddy]
+//	...
+//	[service-z x-caddy]
+//
+// If includeCustom is false, custom Caddy configs (x-caddy) are not included in the generated Caddyfile.
+func (g *CaddyfileGenerator) Generate(
+	ctx context.Context, records []store.ContainerRecord, includeCustom bool,
+) (string, error) {
+	containers := make([]api.ServiceContainer, len(records))
+	for i, cr := range records {
+		containers[i] = cr.Container
+	}
+	// Sort containers by service name and creation time to generate a stable Caddyfile.
+	slices.SortStableFunc(containers, func(a, b api.ServiceContainer) int {
+		return cmp.Or(
+			strings.Compare(a.ServiceName(), b.ServiceName()),
+			a.CreatedTime().Compare(b.CreatedTime()),
+		)
+	})
+
+	caddyfile, err := g.generateBaseFromPorts(containers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("generate base Caddyfile from service ports: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !includeCustom {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%s\n%s", caddyfileHeader, caddyfile, caddyfileUnavailabeFooter), nil
+	}
+
+	upstreams := serviceUpstreams(containers)
+	// Track validation errors for reporting.
+	var configErrors []string
+
+	// Find the 'caddy' service container on this machine. Use the most recent one if multiple exist.
+	var caddyCtr *api.ServiceContainer
+	for _, cr := range records {
+		if cr.MachineID == g.machineID && cr.Container.ServiceName() == CaddyServiceName &&
+			(caddyCtr == nil || cr.Container.CreatedTime().Compare(caddyCtr.CreatedTime()) > 0) {
+			caddyCtr = &cr.Container
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If the caddy container is running on this machine and has a custom Caddy config (global),
+	// prepend it to the generated Caddyfile and validate it.
+	if caddyCtr != nil && caddyCtr.ServiceSpec.CaddyConfig() != "" {
+		// Render the custom global Caddy config as a Go template with the upstreams.
+		tmplCtx := templateContext{
+			Name:      caddyCtr.ServiceName(),
+			Upstreams: upstreams,
+		}
+		renderedConfig, err := renderCaddyfile(tmplCtx, caddyCtr.ServiceSpec.CaddyConfig())
+		if err != nil {
+			g.log.Error("Failed to render template directives in user-defined global Caddy config, skipping it.",
+				"service", caddyCtr.ServiceName(), "container", caddyCtr.ID, "err", err)
+			configErrors = append(configErrors,
+				fmt.Sprintf("service '%s': failed to render template: %v", caddyCtr.ServiceName(), err))
+		} else {
+			caddyfileCandidate := fmt.Sprintf("# User-defined global config from service '%s'.\n%s\n\n%s",
+				caddyCtr.ServiceName(), renderedConfig, caddyfile)
+
+			if err = g.validator.Validate(ctx, caddyfileCandidate); err != nil {
+				g.log.Error("User-defined global Caddy config is invalid, skipping it.",
+					"service", caddyCtr.ServiceName(), "container", caddyCtr.ID, "err", err)
+				configErrors = append(configErrors,
+					fmt.Sprintf("service '%s': validation failed: %v", caddyCtr.ServiceName(), err))
+			} else {
+				caddyfile = caddyfileCandidate
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// There could be multiple service containers for the same service with different custom Caddy configs, for example,
+	// if the service has been partially updated. The most recent container for each service defines the current custom
+	// Caddy config for that service.
+	latestServiceContainers := make(map[string]api.ServiceContainer, len(containers))
+	for _, ctr := range containers {
+		if latest, ok := latestServiceContainers[ctr.ServiceName()]; ok {
+			if ctr.CreatedTime().Compare(latest.CreatedTime()) > 0 {
+				latestServiceContainers[ctr.ServiceName()] = ctr
+			}
+		} else {
+			latestServiceContainers[ctr.ServiceName()] = ctr
+		}
+	}
+	sortedServiceNames := slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(latestServiceContainers))
+
+	// Append a custom Caddy config for each service to the Caddyfile and validate it. If the config for a service
+	// is invalid, skip it but continue processing other services to ensure the Caddyfile remains valid.
+	for _, serviceName := range sortedServiceNames {
+		// Skip the caddy container as we already processed it.
+		if serviceName == CaddyServiceName {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ctr := latestServiceContainers[serviceName]
+		if ctr.ServiceSpec.CaddyConfig() == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Render the template actions in the service's Caddy config.
+		tmplCtx := templateContext{
+			Name:      serviceName,
+			Upstreams: upstreams,
+		}
+		renderedConfig, err := renderCaddyfile(tmplCtx, ctr.ServiceSpec.CaddyConfig())
+		if err != nil {
+			g.log.Error("Failed to render template directives in user-defined Caddy config for service, skipping it.",
+				"service", serviceName, "err", err)
+			configErrors = append(configErrors,
+				fmt.Sprintf("service '%s': failed to render template: %v", serviceName, err))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		caddyfileCandidate := fmt.Sprintf("%s\n# User-defined config for service '%s'.\n%s\n",
+			caddyfile, serviceName, renderedConfig)
+		if err = g.validator.Validate(ctx, caddyfileCandidate); err != nil {
+			g.log.Error("User-defined Caddy config for service is invalid, skipping it.",
+				"service", serviceName, "err", err)
+			configErrors = append(configErrors, fmt.Sprintf("service '%s': validation failed: %v", serviceName, err))
+		} else {
+			caddyfile = caddyfileCandidate
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Append error summary as comment if there were any invalid configs.
+	if len(configErrors) > 0 {
+		errorsComment := "# Skipped invalid user-defined configs:\n"
+		for _, e := range configErrors {
+			errorsComment += fmt.Sprintf("# - %s\n", e)
+		}
+
+		caddyfile += "\n" + errorsComment
+	}
+
+	return caddyfileHeader + "\n" + caddyfile, nil
+}
+
+func (g *CaddyfileGenerator) generateBaseFromPorts(containers []api.ServiceContainer) (string, error) {
+	httpHostUpstreams, httpsHostUpstreams := httpUpstreamsFromPorts(containers)
+
+	funcs := template.FuncMap{"join": strings.Join}
+	tmpl, err := template.New("Caddyfile").Funcs(funcs).Parse(caddyfileTemplate)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse Caddyfile template: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	data := struct {
+		VerifyPath         string
+		VerifyResponse     string
+		HTTPHostUpstreams  map[string][]string
+		HTTPSHostUpstreams map[string][]string
+	}{
+		VerifyPath:         VerifyPath,
+		VerifyResponse:     g.machineID,
+		HTTPHostUpstreams:  httpHostUpstreams,
+		HTTPSHostUpstreams: httpsHostUpstreams,
+	}
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if err = tmpl.Execute(&buf, data); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("execute Caddyfile template: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return buf.String(), nil
+}
+
+// httpUpstreamsFromPorts extracts upstreams for HTTP and HTTPS protocols from the published ports of the provided
+// service containers. It's expected that all containers are healthy.
+func httpUpstreamsFromPorts(containers []api.ServiceContainer) (map[string][]string, map[string][]string) {
+	// Maps hostnames to lists of upstreams (container IP:port pairs).
+	httpHostUpstreams := make(map[string][]string)
+	httpsHostUpstreams := make(map[string][]string)
+	for _, ctr := range containers {
+		ip := ctr.UncloudNetworkIP()
+		if !ip.IsValid() {
+			// Container is not connected to the uncloud Docker network (could be host network).
+			continue
+		}
+		log := slog.With("container", ctr.ID)
+
+		ports, err := ctr.ServicePorts()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to parse service ports for container.", "err", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		for _, port := range ports {
+			if port.Mode != api.PortModeIngress {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			switch port.Protocol {
+			case api.ProtocolHTTP:
+				upstream := net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), strconv.Itoa(int(port.ContainerPort)))
+				httpHostUpstreams[port.Hostname] = append(httpHostUpstreams[port.Hostname], upstream)
+			case api.ProtocolHTTPS:
+				upstream := net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), strconv.Itoa(int(port.ContainerPort)))
+				httpsHostUpstreams[port.Hostname] = append(httpsHostUpstreams[port.Hostname], upstream)
+			default:
+				// TODO: implement L4 ingress routing for TCP and UDP.
+				log.Error("Unsupported protocol for ingress port.", "port", port)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return httpHostUpstreams, httpsHostUpstreams
+}
+
+// serviceUpstreams creates a map of service names to their container IPs.
+// Only includes containers connected to the uncloud Docker network.
+func serviceUpstreams(containers []api.ServiceContainer) map[string][]string {
+	upstreams := make(map[string][]string)
+	for _, ctr := range containers {
+		ip := ctr.UncloudNetworkIP()
+		if !ip.IsValid() {
+			// Container is not connected to the uncloud Docker network (could be host network).
+			continue
+		}
+
+		serviceName := ctr.ServiceName()
+		upstreams[serviceName] = append(upstreams[serviceName], ip.String())
+	}
+
+	return upstreams
+}
+
+// renderCaddyfile renders a Caddyfile template with the upstreams function and data.
+func renderCaddyfile(tmplCtx templateContext, caddyfile string) (string, error) {
+	funcs := template.FuncMap{
+		"upstreams": upstreamsTemplateFn(tmplCtx),
+	}
+
+	tmpl, err := template.New("Caddyfile").Funcs(funcs).Parse(caddyfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse config as Go template: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if err = tmpl.Execute(&buf, tmplCtx); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("execute template: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return buf.String(), nil
+}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/client.go

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
+)
+
+// CaddyAdminClient is a client for interacting with the Caddy admin API over a Unix socket.
+type CaddyAdminClient struct {
+	socketPath string
+	client     *http.Client
+}
+
+func NewCaddyAdminClient(socketPath string) *CaddyAdminClient {
+	return &CaddyAdminClient{
+		socketPath: socketPath,
+		client: &http.Client{
+			Timeout: 5 * time.Second,
+			Transport: &http.Transport{
+				DialContext: func(_ context.Context, _, _ string) (net.Conn, error) {
+					return net.Dial("unix", socketPath)
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// IsAvailable checks if the local Caddy instance is running and responding to admin API requests.
+func (c *CaddyAdminClient) IsAvailable(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	// Caddy doesn't serve a /ping endpoint. It's a random endpoint we can use to check if Caddy is running.
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "http://localhost/ping", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	resp, err := c.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	// Any HTTP response means Caddy is running and accessible.
+	return true
+}
+
+// Adapt converts a Caddyfile to JSON configuration without loading or running it.
+func (c *CaddyAdminClient) Adapt(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) (string, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "http://localhost/adapt", strings.NewReader(caddyfile))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("create adapt request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "text/caddyfile")
+
+	resp, err := c.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("send adapt request: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("read response body: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
+		// Parse the response body to extract the result field.
+		var msg struct {
+			Result json.RawMessage `json:"result"`
+		}
+		if err = json.Unmarshal(body, &msg); err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("parse adapt response: %w", err)
+		}
+		return string(msg.Result), nil
+	}
+
+	// If the response is a 400 Bad Request, try to parse the error message from it.
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusBadRequest {
+		var apiError caddy.APIError
+		if err = json.Unmarshal(body, &apiError); err == nil {
+			return "", errors.New(apiError.Message)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return "", errors.New(string(body))
+}
+
+// Load loads a Caddyfile configuration into the Caddy instance running on the machine.
+// Due to a Caddy bug (https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/7246), we first adapt the Caddyfile to JSON
+// and then load the JSON config to get proper error handling.
+func (c *CaddyAdminClient) Load(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) error {
+	jsonConfig, err := c.Adapt(ctx, caddyfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("adapt Caddyfile to JSON config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", "http://localhost/load", strings.NewReader(jsonConfig))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create load request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	resp, err := c.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("send load request: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	// If the response is a 400 Bad Request, try to parse the error message from it.
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusBadRequest {
+		var apiError caddy.APIError
+		if err = json.Unmarshal(body, &apiError); err == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("caddy responded with error: %s", apiError.Message)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("caddy responded with error: HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
+}
+
+// Validate checks if the provided Caddyfile can be adapted to Caddy JSON config using the running Caddy instance via
+// its admin API. It doesn't guarantee that the Caddyfile is actually valid and can be loaded. For example, a tls
+// directive with a missing certificate will pass the adaptation but will fail when Caddy tries to load it.
+// But this is the best we can do over the admin API.
+// TODO: run 'docker exec caddy-container caddy validate' to do proper validation or implement a Caddy module that
+// exposes a validation endpoint.
+func (c *CaddyAdminClient) Validate(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) error {
+	_, err := c.Adapt(ctx, caddyfile)
+	return err
+}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/controller.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
+	CaddyServiceName = "caddy"
 	CaddyGroup       = "uncloud"
 	VerifyPath       = "/.uncloud-verify"
 )
@@ -22,40 +23,49 @@ const (
 // proxy. The generated configuration allows Caddy to route external traffic to service containers across the internal
 // network.
 type Controller struct {
+	machineID     string
+	caddyfilePath string
+	generator     *CaddyfileGenerator
+	client        *CaddyAdminClient
 	store         *store.Store
-	path           string
+	log           *slog.Logger
-	verifyResponse string
 }
 
-func NewController(store *store.Store, path string, verifyResponse string) (*Controller, error) {
+func NewController(machineID, configDir, adminSock string, store *store.Store) (*Controller, error) {
-	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(configDir, 0o750); err != nil {
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o750); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create directory for Caddy configuration '%s': %w", configDir, err)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create parent directory for Caddy configuration '%s': %w", dir, err)
 	}
-	if err := fs.Chown(dir, "", CaddyGroup); err != nil {
+	if err := fs.Chown(configDir, "", CaddyGroup); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("change owner of parent directory for Caddy configuration '%s': %w", dir, err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("change owner of directory for Caddy configuration '%s': %w", configDir, err)
 	}
 
+	log := slog.With("component", "caddy-controller")
+	client := NewCaddyAdminClient(adminSock)
+	generator := NewCaddyfileGenerator(machineID, client, log)
+
 	return &Controller{
+		machineID:     machineID,
+		caddyfilePath: filepath.Join(configDir, "Caddyfile"),
+		generator:     generator,
+		client:        client,
 		store:         store,
-		path:           path,
+		log:           log,
-		verifyResponse: verifyResponse,
 	}, nil
 }
 
 func (c *Controller) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
-	containerRecords, changes, err := c.store.SubscribeContainers(ctx)
+	containers, changes, err := c.store.SubscribeContainers(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("subscribe to container changes: %w", err)
 	}
-	slog.Info("Subscribed to container changes in the cluster to generate Caddy configuration.")
+	c.log.Info("Subscribed to container changes in the cluster to generate Caddy configuration.")
 
-	containers, err := c.filterAvailableContainers(containerRecords)
+	containers = filterHealthyContainers(containers)
-	if err != nil {
+	c.generateAndLoadCaddyfile(ctx, containers)
-		return fmt.Errorf("filter available containers: %w", err)
+
-	}
+	// TODO: left for backward compatibility, remove later.
-	if err = c.generateConfig(containers); err != nil {
+	if err = c.generateJSONConfig(containers); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("generate Caddy configuration: %w", err)
+		c.log.Error("Failed to generate Caddy JSON configuration to disk.", "err", err)
 	}
 
 	for {
@@ -64,47 +74,97 @@ func (c *Controller) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 			if !ok {
 				return fmt.Errorf("containers subscription failed")
 			}
-			slog.Debug("Cluster containers changed, updating Caddy configuration.")
+			c.log.Info("Cluster containers changed, updating Caddy configuration.")
 
-			containerRecords, err = c.store.ListContainers(ctx, store.ListOptions{})
+			containers, err = c.store.ListContainers(ctx, store.ListOptions{})
 			if err != nil {
-				slog.Error("Failed to list containers.", "err", err)
+				c.log.Error("Failed to list containers.", "err", err)
 				continue
 			}
-			containers, err = c.filterAvailableContainers(containerRecords)
+			containers = filterHealthyContainers(containers)
-			if err != nil {
+			c.generateAndLoadCaddyfile(ctx, containers)
-				slog.Error("Failed to filter available containers.", "err", err)
-				continue
-			}
-			if err = c.generateConfig(containers); err != nil {
-				slog.Error("Failed to generate Caddy configuration.", "err", err)
-			}
 
-			slog.Debug("Updated Caddy configuration.", "path", c.path)
+			// TODO: left for backward compatibility, remove later.
+			if err = c.generateJSONConfig(containers); err != nil {
+				c.log.Error("Failed to generate Caddy JSON configuration to disk.", "err", err)
+			}
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-// filterAvailableContainers filters out containers from this machine that are likely unavailable. The availability
+// filterHealthyContainers filters out containers that are not healthy.
-// is determined by the cluster membership state of the machine that the container is running on.
+// TODO: Filters out containers from this machine that are likely unavailable. The availability can be determined
-// TODO: implement machine membership check using Corrossion Admin client.
+// by the cluster membership state of the machine that the container is running on. Implement machine membership
-func (c *Controller) filterAvailableContainers(
+// check using Corrossion Admin client.
-	containerRecords []store.ContainerRecord,
+func filterHealthyContainers(containers []store.ContainerRecord) []store.ContainerRecord {
-) ([]api.ServiceContainer, error) {
+	healthy := make([]store.ContainerRecord, 0, len(containers))
-	containers := make([]api.ServiceContainer, len(containerRecords))
+	for _, cr := range containers {
-	for i, cr := range containerRecords {
+		if cr.Container.Healthy() {
-		containers[i] = api.ServiceContainer{
+			healthy = append(healthy, cr)
-			Container: cr.Container,
-			// TODO: restore ServiceSpec from the container record once it's saved in the store.
 		}
 	}
-	return containers, nil
+	return healthy
 }
 
-func (c *Controller) generateConfig(containers []api.ServiceContainer) error {
+func (c *Controller) generateAndLoadCaddyfile(ctx context.Context, containers []store.ContainerRecord) {
-	config, err := GenerateConfig(containers, c.verifyResponse)
+	// Check if Caddy is available before attempting to generate and load config.
+	caddyAvailable := c.client.IsAvailable(ctx)
+	caddyfile, err := c.generator.Generate(ctx, containers, caddyAvailable)
+	if err != nil {
+		c.log.Error("Failed to generate Caddyfile configuration.", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if !caddyAvailable {
+		// Caddy is not running so the generated Caddyfile should not include user-defined configs thus must be valid.
+		// It's safe to write the config to disk so that when Caddy is deployed on this machine, it can pick it up.
+		if err = c.writeCaddyfile(caddyfile); err != nil {
+			c.log.Error("Failed to write Caddyfile to disk.", "err", err)
+			return
+		}
+		c.log.Debug("Caddy is not running on this machine, skipping configuration load.", "path", c.caddyfilePath)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Caddy is available, try to load the config which may fail if the config is invalid. Generally, a config can
+	// pass the adaptation/validation step but still fail to load, for example, if it references resources that are
+	// not available.
+	if err = c.client.Load(ctx, caddyfile); err != nil {
+		c.log.Error("Failed to load new Caddy configuration into local Caddy instance.",
+			"err", err, "path", c.caddyfilePath)
+		// Don't write invalid config to disk.
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Config loaded successfully, now write it to disk.
+	if err = c.writeCaddyfile(caddyfile); err != nil {
+		c.log.Error("Failed to write Caddyfile to disk after successful load.", "err", err)
+		// Config is already loaded in Caddy, so this is not critical.
+	}
+
+	c.log.Info("New Caddy configuration loaded into local Caddy instance.", "path", c.caddyfilePath)
+}
+
+// writeCaddyfile writes the Caddyfile content to disk with proper permissions.
+func (c *Controller) writeCaddyfile(caddyfile string) error {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(c.caddyfilePath, []byte(caddyfile), 0o640); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write Caddyfile to file '%s': %w", c.caddyfilePath, err)
+	}
+	if err := fs.Chown(c.caddyfilePath, "", CaddyGroup); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("change owner of Caddyfile '%s': %w", c.caddyfilePath, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *Controller) generateJSONConfig(containers []store.ContainerRecord) error {
+	serviceContainers := make([]api.ServiceContainer, len(containers))
+	for i, cr := range containers {
+		serviceContainers[i] = cr.Container
+	}
+
+	config, err := GenerateJSONConfig(serviceContainers, c.machineID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -113,12 +173,13 @@ func (c *Controller) generateConfig(containers []api.ServiceContainer) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("marshal Caddy configuration: %w", err)
 	}
+	configPath := filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(c.caddyfilePath), "caddy.json")
 
-	if err = os.WriteFile(c.path, configBytes, 0o640); err != nil {
+	if err = os.WriteFile(configPath, configBytes, 0o640); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("write Caddy configuration to file '%s': %w", c.path, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("write Caddy configuration to file '%s': %w", configPath, err)
 	}
-	if err = fs.Chown(c.path, "", CaddyGroup); err != nil {
+	if err = fs.Chown(configPath, "", CaddyGroup); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("change owner of Caddy configuration file '%s': %w", c.path, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("change owner of Caddy configuration file '%s': %w", configPath, err)
 	}
 
 	return nil

internal/machine/caddyconfig/jsonconfig.go

@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
 	"maps"
-	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
@@ -19,47 +17,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
 )
 
-func GenerateConfig(containers []api.ServiceContainer, verifyResponse string) (*caddy.Config, error) {
+func GenerateJSONConfig(containers []api.ServiceContainer, verifyResponse string) (*caddy.Config, error) {
-	// Maps hostnames to lists of upstreams (container IP:port pairs).
+	httpHostUpstreams, httpsHostUpstreams := httpUpstreamsFromPorts(containers)
-	httpHostUpstreams := make(map[string][]string)
-	httpsHostUpstreams := make(map[string][]string)
-	for _, ctr := range containers {
-		if !ctr.Healthy() {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		ip := ctr.UncloudNetworkIP()
-		if !ip.IsValid() {
-			// Container is not connected to the uncloud Docker network (could be host network).
-			continue
-		}
-		log := slog.With("container", ctr.ID)
-
-		ports, err := ctr.ServicePorts()
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to parse service ports for container.", "err", err)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		for _, port := range ports {
-			if port.Mode != api.PortModeIngress {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			switch port.Protocol {
-			case api.ProtocolHTTP:
-				upstream := net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), strconv.Itoa(int(port.ContainerPort)))
-				httpHostUpstreams[port.Hostname] = append(httpHostUpstreams[port.Hostname], upstream)
-			case api.ProtocolHTTPS:
-				upstream := net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), strconv.Itoa(int(port.ContainerPort)))
-				httpsHostUpstreams[port.Hostname] = append(httpsHostUpstreams[port.Hostname], upstream)
-			default:
-				// TODO: implement L4 ingress routing for TCP and UDP.
-				log.Error("Unsupported protocol for ingress port.", "port", port)
-				continue
-			}
-		}
-	}
 
 	var warnings []caddyconfig.Warning
 	servers := make(map[string]*caddyhttp.Server)

internal/machine/caddyconfig/jsonconfig_test.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func TestGenerateConfig(t *testing.T) {
+func TestGenerateJSONConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	configWithoutServices := `{
 		"servers": {
 			"http": {
@@ -312,73 +312,11 @@ func TestGenerateConfig(t *testing.T) {
 			want:    configWithoutServices,
 			wantErr: false,
 		},
-		{
-			name: "restarting container ignored",
-			containers: []api.ServiceContainer{
-				newRestartingContainer("10.210.0.2", "app.example.com:8080/http"),
-			},
-			want:    configWithoutServices,
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "stopped container ignored",
-			containers: []api.ServiceContainer{
-				newStoppedContainer("10.210.0.2", "app.example.com:8080/http"),
-			},
-			want:    configWithoutServices,
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "mix of running, restarting, and stopped containers",
-			containers: []api.ServiceContainer{
-				newContainer("10.210.0.2", "app.example.com:8080/http"),
-				newRestartingContainer("10.210.0.3", "app.example.com:8080/http"),
-				newStoppedContainer("10.210.0.4", "app.example.com:8080/http"),
-			},
-			want: `{
-                "servers": {
-                    "http": {
-                        "listen": [":80"],
-                        "routes": [
-                            {
-                                "match": [{"host": ["app.example.com"]}],
-                                "handle": [{
-                                    "handler": "reverse_proxy",
-									"health_checks": {
-                                        "passive": {
-                                            "fail_duration": 30000000000
-                                        }
-                                    },
-                                    "load_balancing": {
-                                        "retries": 3
-                                    },
-                                    "upstreams": [{"dial": "10.210.0.2:8080"}]
-                                }]
-                            },
-                            {
-                                "match": [{"path": ["/.uncloud-verify"]}],
-                                "handle": [{
-                                    "body": "verification-response-body",
-                                    "handler": "static_response",
-                                    "status_code": 200
-                                }]
-                            }
-                        ],
-						"logs": {}
-                    },
-                    "https": {
-                        "listen": [":443"],
-						"logs": {}
-                    }
-                }
-            }`,
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			config, err := GenerateConfig(tt.containers, "verification-response-body")
+			config, err := GenerateJSONConfig(tt.containers, "verification-response-body")
 
 			if tt.wantErr {
 				assert.Error(t, err)
@@ -439,15 +377,3 @@ func newContainerWithoutNetwork(ports ...string) api.ServiceContainer {
 		},
 	}}}
 }
-
-func newRestartingContainer(ip string, ports ...string) api.ServiceContainer {
-	ctr := newContainer(ip, ports...)
-	ctr.Container.State.Restarting = true
-	return ctr
-}
-
-func newStoppedContainer(ip string, ports ...string) api.ServiceContainer {
-	ctr := newContainer(ip, ports...)
-	ctr.Container.State.Running = false
-	return ctr
-}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/mocks_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Code generated by mockery; DO NOT EDIT.
+// github.com/vektra/mockery
+// template: testify
+
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	mock "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
+)
+
+// NewMockCaddyfileValidator creates a new instance of MockCaddyfileValidator. It also registers a testing interface on the mock and a cleanup function to assert the mocks expectations.
+// The first argument is typically a *testing.T value.
+func NewMockCaddyfileValidator(t interface {
+	mock.TestingT
+	Cleanup(func())
+}) *MockCaddyfileValidator {
+	mock := &MockCaddyfileValidator{}
+	mock.Mock.Test(t)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { mock.AssertExpectations(t) })
+
+	return mock
+}
+
+// MockCaddyfileValidator is an autogenerated mock type for the CaddyfileValidator type
+type MockCaddyfileValidator struct {
+	mock.Mock
+}
+
+type MockCaddyfileValidator_Expecter struct {
+	mock *mock.Mock
+}
+
+func (_m *MockCaddyfileValidator) EXPECT() *MockCaddyfileValidator_Expecter {
+	return &MockCaddyfileValidator_Expecter{mock: &_m.Mock}
+}
+
+// Validate provides a mock function for the type MockCaddyfileValidator
+func (_mock *MockCaddyfileValidator) Validate(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) error {
+	ret := _mock.Called(ctx, caddyfile)
+
+	if len(ret) == 0 {
+		panic("no return value specified for Validate")
+	}
+
+	var r0 error
+	if returnFunc, ok := ret.Get(0).(func(context.Context, string) error); ok {
+		r0 = returnFunc(ctx, caddyfile)
+	} else {
+		r0 = ret.Error(0)
+	}
+	return r0
+}
+
+// MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call is a *mock.Call that shadows Run/Return methods with type explicit version for method 'Validate'
+type MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call struct {
+	*mock.Call
+}
+
+// Validate is a helper method to define mock.On call
+//   - ctx context.Context
+//   - caddyfile string
+func (_e *MockCaddyfileValidator_Expecter) Validate(ctx interface{}, caddyfile interface{}) *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call {
+	return &MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call{Call: _e.mock.On("Validate", ctx, caddyfile)}
+}
+
+func (_c *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call) Run(run func(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string)) *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call {
+	_c.Call.Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+		var arg0 context.Context
+		if args[0] != nil {
+			arg0 = args[0].(context.Context)
+		}
+		var arg1 string
+		if args[1] != nil {
+			arg1 = args[1].(string)
+		}
+		run(
+			arg0,
+			arg1,
+		)
+	})
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call) Return(err error) *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(err)
+	return _c
+}
+
+func (_c *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call) RunAndReturn(run func(ctx context.Context, caddyfile string) error) *MockCaddyfileValidator_Validate_Call {
+	_c.Call.Return(run)
+	return _c
+}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/server.go

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
+
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
+)
+
+// Server implements the gRPC Caddy service.
+type Server struct {
+	pb.UnimplementedCaddyServer
+	service *Service
+}
+
+func NewServer(service *Service) *Server {
+	return &Server{service: service}
+}
+
+// GetConfig retrieves the current Caddy configuration from the machine.
+func (s *Server) GetConfig(ctx context.Context, _ *emptypb.Empty) (*pb.GetCaddyConfigResponse, error) {
+	caddyfile, modifiedAt, err := s.service.Caddyfile()
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+		}
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+	}
+
+	return &pb.GetCaddyConfigResponse{
+		Caddyfile:  caddyfile,
+		ModifiedAt: timestamppb.New(modifiedAt),
+	}, nil
+}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Service provides methods to interact with the Caddy configuration on the machine.
+type Service struct {
+	configDir string
+}
+
+// NewService creates a new Service instance with the specified Caddy configuration directory.
+func NewService(configDir string) *Service {
+	return &Service{configDir: configDir}
+}
+
+// Caddyfile retrieves the current Caddy configuration (Caddyfile) from the machine's config directory.
+func (s *Service) Caddyfile() (string, time.Time, error) {
+	path := filepath.Join(s.configDir, "Caddyfile")
+	content, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("read Caddyfile from file '%s': %w", path, err)
+	}
+
+	// Get the file modification time.
+	fileInfo, err := os.Stat(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("get Caddyfile file info '%s': %w", path, err)
+	}
+
+	return string(content), fileInfo.ModTime(), nil
+}

internal/machine/caddyconfig/template.go

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package caddyconfig
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// templateContext holds the data available to Caddyfile templates.
+type templateContext struct {
+	// Name is the current service name.
+	Name string
+	// Upstreams maps service names to their container IPs.
+	Upstreams map[string][]string
+}
+
+// upstreamsTemplateFn returns a template function that generates a space separated string of upstreams for the service.
+// It optionally accepts a service name and a port number: {{upstreams [service-name] [port]}}.
+func upstreamsTemplateFn(tmplCtx templateContext) func(args ...any) (string, error) {
+	return func(args ...any) (string, error) {
+		var serviceName string
+		var port int
+
+		// Parse arguments.
+		switch len(args) {
+		case 0:
+			// Current service, default port.
+			serviceName = tmplCtx.Name
+		case 1:
+			// Either port (int) for current service or service name (string).
+			switch arg := args[0].(type) {
+			case int:
+				serviceName = tmplCtx.Name
+				port = arg
+			case string:
+				serviceName = arg
+				port = 0
+			default:
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("upstreams function: invalid argument type: %T", arg)
+			}
+		case 2:
+			// Service name and port.
+			name, ok := args[0].(string)
+			if !ok {
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("upstreams function: first argument must be service name (string)")
+			}
+			serviceName = name
+
+			p, ok := args[1].(int)
+			if !ok {
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("upstreams function: second argument must be port (int)")
+			}
+			port = p
+		default:
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("upstreams function: too many arguments; expected 0-2, got %d", len(args))
+		}
+
+		ips, ok := tmplCtx.Upstreams[serviceName]
+		if !ok || len(ips) == 0 {
+			// No upstreams available.
+			return "", nil
+		}
+
+		// Build the space separated upstreams string.
+		var upstreams []string
+		for _, ip := range ips {
+			if port > 0 {
+				upstreams = append(upstreams, net.JoinHostPort(ip, strconv.Itoa(port)))
+			} else {
+				upstreams = append(upstreams, ip)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return strings.Join(upstreams, " "), nil
+	}
+}

internal/machine/cluster.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/caddyconfig"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/constants"
@@ -22,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/firewall"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/network"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/store"
+	"github.com/psviderski/unregistry"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
 )
@@ -38,8 +38,7 @@ type clusterController struct {
 
 	server       *grpc.Server
 	corroService corroservice.Service
-	dockerCli     *client.Client
+	dockerCtrl   *docker.Controller
-	dockerManager *docker.Manager
 	// dockerReady is signalled when Docker is configured and ready for containers.
 	dockerReady     chan<- struct{}
 	caddyconfigCtrl *caddyconfig.Controller
@@ -47,6 +46,8 @@ type clusterController struct {
 	// dnsServer is the embedded internal DNS server for the cluster listening on the machine IP.
 	dnsServer   *dns.Server
 	dnsResolver *dns.ClusterResolver
+	// unregistry is the embedded container registry that uses the local Docker (containerd) image store as its backend.
+	unregistry *unregistry.Registry
 
 	// stopped is a channel that is closed when the controller is stopped.
 	stopped chan struct{}
@@ -57,11 +58,12 @@ func newClusterController(
 	store *store.Store,
 	server *grpc.Server,
 	corroService corroservice.Service,
-	dockerCli *client.Client,
+	dockerService *docker.Service,
 	dockerReady chan<- struct{},
 	caddyfileCtrl *caddyconfig.Controller,
 	dnsServer *dns.Server,
 	dnsResolver *dns.ClusterResolver,
+	unregistry *unregistry.Registry,
 ) (*clusterController, error) {
 	slog.Info("Starting WireGuard network.")
 	wgnet, err := network.NewWireGuardNetwork()
@@ -77,12 +79,12 @@ func newClusterController(
 		endpointChanges: endpointChanges,
 		server:          server,
 		corroService:    corroService,
-		dockerCli:       dockerCli,
+		dockerCtrl:      docker.NewController(state.ID, dockerService, store),
-		dockerManager:   docker.NewManager(dockerCli, state.ID, store),
 		dockerReady:     dockerReady,
 		caddyconfigCtrl: caddyfileCtrl,
 		dnsServer:       dnsServer,
 		dnsResolver:     dnsResolver,
+		unregistry:      unregistry,
 		stopped:         make(chan struct{}),
 	}, nil
 }
@@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ func (cc *clusterController) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return nil
 	})
 
-	// Watch for endpoint changes and update the machine state accordingly.
+	// Watch for WireGuard peer endpoint changes and update the machine state accordingly.
 	errGroup.Go(func() error {
 		for {
 			select {
@@ -213,6 +215,14 @@ func (cc *clusterController) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return nil
 	})
 
+	errGroup.Go(func() error {
+		slog.Info("Starting unregistry server.")
+		if err := cc.unregistry.ListenAndServe(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unregistry server failed: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
 	// Wait for the context to be done and stop the network API server.
 	<-ctx.Done()
 	slog.Info("Stopping network API server.")
@@ -220,12 +230,23 @@ func (cc *clusterController) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 	cc.server.GracefulStop()
 	slog.Info("Network API server stopped.")
 
+	// Stop the unregistry server with a timeout.
+	unregTimeout := 30 * time.Second
+	slog.Info("Stopping unregistry server.", "timeout", unregTimeout)
+	unregCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), unregTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if err = cc.unregistry.Shutdown(unregCtx); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unregistry server forced to shutdown: %w", err)
+	}
+	slog.Info("Unregistry server stopped.")
+
 	// Wait for all controllers to finish.
 	err = errGroup.Wait()
 
 	// It's safe to stop the Corrosion service after the controllers depending on it and API server are stopped.
 	// Use a new context with a timeout as the current context is already canceled.
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 	if corroErr := cc.corroService.Stop(ctx); corroErr != nil {
 		err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("stop corrosion service: %w", corroErr))
@@ -238,11 +259,11 @@ func (cc *clusterController) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 // ensureDockerNetwork ensures that the Docker network is configured and ready for containers.
 func (cc *clusterController) ensureDockerNetwork(ctx context.Context) error {
-	if err := cc.dockerManager.WaitDaemonReady(ctx); err != nil {
+	if err := cc.dockerCtrl.WaitDaemonReady(ctx); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("wait for Docker daemon: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := cc.dockerManager.EnsureUncloudNetwork(
+	if err := cc.dockerCtrl.EnsureUncloudNetwork(
 		ctx,
 		cc.state.Network.Subnet,
 		cc.dnsServer.ListenAddr(),
@@ -257,6 +278,7 @@ func (cc *clusterController) ensureDockerNetwork(ctx context.Context) error {
 }
 
 // syncDockerContainers watches local Docker containers and syncs them to the cluster store.
+// TODO: move this to the Docker controller.
 func (cc *clusterController) syncDockerContainers(ctx context.Context) error {
 	// Retry to watch and sync containers until the context is done.
 	boff := backoff.WithContext(backoff.NewExponentialBackOff(
@@ -265,7 +287,7 @@ func (cc *clusterController) syncDockerContainers(ctx context.Context) error {
 		backoff.WithMaxElapsedTime(0),
 	), ctx)
 	watchAndSync := func() error {
-		if wErr := cc.dockerManager.WatchAndSyncContainers(ctx); wErr != nil {
+		if wErr := cc.dockerCtrl.WatchAndSyncContainers(ctx); wErr != nil {
 			slog.Error("Failed to watch and sync containers to cluster store, retrying.", "err", wErr)
 			return wErr
 		}
@@ -413,7 +435,7 @@ func (cc *clusterController) Cleanup() error {
 	<-cc.stopped
 
 	var errs []error
-	if err := cc.dockerManager.Cleanup(); err != nil {
+	if err := cc.dockerCtrl.Cleanup(); err != nil {
 		errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("cleanup Docker resources: %w", err))
 	}
 	if err := cc.wgnet.Cleanup(); err != nil {

internal/machine/cluster/dns.go

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func (c *Cluster) ReserveDomain(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ReserveDomainReques
 	dnsClient := dns.NewClient()
 	name, token, err := dnsClient.ReserveDomain(req.Endpoint)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	domain := uncloudDNSDomain{

internal/machine/constants/constants.go

@@ -3,4 +3,6 @@ package constants
 const (
 	// MachineAPIPort is the port for the Machine API service on the management WireGuard network.
 	MachineAPIPort = 51000
+	// UnregistryPort is the port for the embedded container registry listening on the machine IP.
+	UnregistryPort = 5000
 )

internal/machine/dns/resolver.go

@@ -5,12 +5,10 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/netip"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/store"
-	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
 )
 
 // ClusterResolver implements Resolver by tracking containers in the cluster and resolving service names
@@ -84,17 +82,13 @@ func (r *ClusterResolver) updateServiceIPs(containers []store.ContainerRecord) {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		ctr := api.ServiceContainer{Container: record.Container}
+		ctr := record.Container
 		if ctr.ServiceID() == "" || ctr.ServiceName() == "" {
 			// Container is not part of a service, skip it.
 			continue
 		}
 
-		// TODO: remove normalisation after implementing service name validation:
+		newServiceIPs[ctr.ServiceName()] = append(newServiceIPs[ctr.ServiceName()], ip)
-		//.https://github.com/psviderski/uncloud/issues/53
-		serviceName := strings.ToLower(ctr.ServiceName())
-
-		newServiceIPs[serviceName] = append(newServiceIPs[serviceName], ip)
 		// Also add the service ID as a valid lookup.
 		newServiceIPs[ctr.ServiceID()] = append(newServiceIPs[ctr.ServiceID()], ip)
 		containersCount++

internal/machine/docker/client.go

@@ -196,13 +196,27 @@ func (c *Client) RemoveContainer(ctx context.Context, id string, opts container.
 	return err
 }
 
+// PullOptions defines the options for pulling an image from a remote registry.
+// This is a copy of image.PullOptions from the Docker API without the PrivilegeFunc field that is non-serialisable.
+type PullOptions struct {
+	All bool
+	// RegistryAuth is the base64 encoded credentials for the registry.
+	RegistryAuth string
+	Platform     string
+}
+
 type PullImageMessage struct {
 	Message jsonmessage.JSONMessage
 	Err     error
 }
 
-func (c *Client) PullImage(ctx context.Context, image string) (<-chan PullImageMessage, error) {
+func (c *Client) PullImage(ctx context.Context, image string, opts PullOptions) (<-chan PullImageMessage, error) {
-	stream, err := c.grpcClient.PullImage(ctx, &pb.PullImageRequest{Image: image})
+	optsBytes, err := json.Marshal(opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshal options: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	stream, err := c.grpcClient.PullImage(ctx, &pb.PullImageRequest{Image: image, Options: optsBytes})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

internal/machine/docker/controller.go

@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"log/slog"
 	"time"
 
-	dockercontainer "github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/events"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/store"
-	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -24,23 +23,26 @@ const (
 	SyncInterval = 30 * time.Second
 )
 
-type Manager struct {
+// Controller monitors Docker events and synchronises service containers with the cluster store.
-	client *client.Client
+type Controller struct {
 	// machineID is the ID of the machine where the managed Docker daemon is running.
 	machineID string
+	client    *client.Client
+	service   *Service
 	store     *store.Store
 }
 
-func NewManager(client *client.Client, machineID string, store *store.Store) *Manager {
+func NewController(machineID string, service *Service, store *store.Store) *Controller {
-	return &Manager{
+	return &Controller{
-		client:    client,
 		machineID: machineID,
+		client:    service.Client,
+		service:   service,
 		store:     store,
 	}
 }
 
 // WaitDaemonReady waits for the Docker daemon to start and be ready to serve requests.
-func (m *Manager) WaitDaemonReady(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (c *Controller) WaitDaemonReady(ctx context.Context) error {
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second)
 	defer ticker.Stop()
 
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ func (m *Manager) WaitDaemonReady(ctx context.Context) error {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return ctx.Err()
 		case <-ticker.C:
-			_, err := m.client.Ping(ctx)
+			_, err := c.client.Ping(ctx)
 			if err == nil {
 				ready = true
 				break
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ func (m *Manager) WaitDaemonReady(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (m *Manager) WatchAndSyncContainers(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (c *Controller) WatchAndSyncContainers(ctx context.Context) error {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	defer cancel()
 	// Filter only local container events.
@@ -79,9 +81,9 @@ func (m *Manager) WatchAndSyncContainers(ctx context.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	// Subscribe to Docker events before running the initial sync to avoid missing any events.
-	eventCh, errCh := m.client.Events(ctx, opts)
+	eventCh, errCh := c.service.Client.Events(ctx, opts)
 	slog.Debug("Syncing containers to cluster store before processing Docker events.")
-	if err := m.syncContainersToStore(ctx); err != nil {
+	if err := c.syncContainersToStore(ctx); err != nil {
 		// The deferred cancel will stop the event subscription.
 		return fmt.Errorf("sync containers to cluster store: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -126,13 +128,13 @@ func (m *Manager) WatchAndSyncContainers(ctx context.Context) error {
 				"container_name", e.Actor.Attributes["name"],
 				"action", e.Action)
 
-			if err := m.syncContainersToStore(ctx); err != nil {
+			if err := c.syncContainersToStore(ctx); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("sync containers to cluster store: %w", err)
 			}
 		case <-ticker.C:
 			slog.Debug("Syncing containers to cluster store triggered by a regular interval.",
 				"interval", SyncInterval)
-			if err := m.syncContainersToStore(ctx); err != nil {
+			if err := c.syncContainersToStore(ctx); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("sync containers to cluster store: %w", err)
 			}
 		case err := <-errCh:
@@ -144,33 +146,16 @@ func (m *Manager) WatchAndSyncContainers(ctx context.Context) error {
 	}
 }
 
-func (m *Manager) syncContainersToStore(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (c *Controller) syncContainersToStore(ctx context.Context) error {
-	storeContainers, err := m.store.ListContainers(ctx, store.ListOptions{MachineIDs: []string{m.machineID}})
+	storeContainers, err := c.store.ListContainers(ctx, store.ListOptions{MachineIDs: []string{c.machineID}})
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("list containers from store: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// List only Uncloud service containers identified by their labels.
+	containers, err := c.service.ListServiceContainers(ctx, "", container.ListOptions{})
-	containerSummaries, err := m.client.ContainerList(ctx, dockercontainer.ListOptions{
-		Filters: filters.NewArgs(
-			filters.Arg("label", api.LabelServiceID),
-			filters.Arg("label", api.LabelServiceName),
-			filters.Arg("label", api.LabelManaged),
-		),
-	})
 	if err != nil {
 		// TODO: mark all containers as outdated in the store.
-		return fmt.Errorf("list Docker containers: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("list service containers: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Inspect each container to get the full container details.
-	containers := make([]api.Container, len(containerSummaries))
-	for i, cs := range containerSummaries {
-		ctr, err := m.client.ContainerInspect(ctx, cs.ID)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("inspect container '%s': %w", cs.ID, err)
-		}
-		containers[i] = api.Container{ContainerJSON: ctr}
 	}
 
 	// Delete containers from the store that are no longer present in the Docker daemon.
@@ -190,15 +175,15 @@ func (m *Manager) syncContainersToStore(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 	var storeErr error
 	if len(deleteIDs) > 0 {
-		if err = m.store.DeleteContainers(ctx, store.DeleteOptions{IDs: deleteIDs}); err != nil {
+		if err = c.store.DeleteContainers(ctx, store.DeleteOptions{IDs: deleteIDs}); err != nil {
 			storeErr = fmt.Errorf("delete containers from store: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Create or update the current Docker containers in the store.
-	for _, c := range containers {
+	for _, ctr := range containers {
-		if err = m.store.CreateOrUpdateContainer(ctx, c, m.machineID); err != nil {
+		if err = c.store.CreateOrUpdateContainer(ctx, ctr, c.machineID); err != nil {
-			storeErr = errors.Join(storeErr, fmt.Errorf("create or update container %q: %w", c.ID, err))
+			storeErr = errors.Join(storeErr, fmt.Errorf("create or update container '%s': %w", ctr.ID, err))
 		}
 	}
 	return storeErr

internal/machine/docker/controller_darwin.go

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 // EnsureUncloudNetwork is a stub for Darwin.
-func (m *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix, dnsServer netip.Addr) error {
+func (c *Controller) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix, dnsServer netip.Addr) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("not supported on Darwin")
 }
 
 // Cleanup is a stub for Darwin.
-func (m *Manager) Cleanup() error {
+func (c *Controller) Cleanup() error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("not supported on Darwin")
 }

internal/machine/docker/controller_linux.go

@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ import (
 // EnsureUncloudNetwork creates the Docker bridge network NetworkName with the provided machine subnet
 // if it doesn't exist. If the network exists but has a different subnet, it removes and recreates the network.
 // It also configures iptables to allow container access from the WireGuard network.
-func (m *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix, dnsServer netip.Addr) error {
+func (c *Controller) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix, dnsServer netip.Addr) error {
 	// Ensure the Docker network 'uncloud' is created with the correct subnet.
 	needsCreation := false
-	nw, err := m.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{})
+	nw, err := c.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{})
 	if err != nil {
 		if !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("inspect Docker network '%s': %w", NetworkName, err)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func (m *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix,
 		slog.Info(
 			"Removing Docker network with old subnet.", "name", NetworkName, "subnet", nw.IPAM.Config[0].Subnet,
 		)
-		if err = m.client.NetworkRemove(ctx, NetworkName); err != nil {
+		if err = c.client.NetworkRemove(ctx, NetworkName); err != nil {
 			// It can still fail if the network is in use by a container. Leave it to the user to resolve the issue.
 			return fmt.Errorf("remove Docker network '%s': %w", NetworkName, err)
 		}
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func (m *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix,
 	}
 
 	if needsCreation {
-		if _, err = m.client.NetworkCreate(
+		if _, err = c.client.NetworkCreate(
 			ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.CreateOptions{
 				Driver: "bridge",
 				Scope:  "local",
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func (m *Manager) EnsureUncloudNetwork(ctx context.Context, subnet netip.Prefix,
 		}
 		slog.Info("Docker network created.", "name", NetworkName, "subnet", subnet.String())
 
-		if nw, err = m.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{}); err != nil {
+		if nw, err = c.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{}); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("inspect Docker network '%s': %w", NetworkName, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -168,12 +168,12 @@ func cleanupIptables(bridgeName string, subnet netip.Prefix) error {
 }
 
 // Cleanup removes all uncloud-managed containers and the uncloud Docker network.
-func (m *Manager) Cleanup() error {
+func (c *Controller) Cleanup() error {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	var errs []error
 
 	// Remove uncloud-managed Docker containers.
-	containers, err := m.client.ContainerList(ctx, dockercontainer.ListOptions{
+	containers, err := c.client.ContainerList(ctx, dockercontainer.ListOptions{
 		All: true, // Include stopped containers.
 		Filters: filters.NewArgs(
 			filters.Arg("label", api.LabelManaged),
@@ -186,12 +186,12 @@ func (m *Manager) Cleanup() error {
 		removed := 0
 
 		for _, ctr := range containers {
-			err = m.client.ContainerStop(ctx, ctr.ID, dockercontainer.StopOptions{})
+			err = c.client.ContainerStop(ctx, ctr.ID, dockercontainer.StopOptions{})
 			if err != nil && !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 				errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("stop container '%s': %w", ctr.ID, err))
 			}
 
-			err = m.client.ContainerRemove(ctx, ctr.ID, dockercontainer.RemoveOptions{
+			err = c.client.ContainerRemove(ctx, ctr.ID, dockercontainer.RemoveOptions{
 				// Remove anonymous volumes created by the container.
 				RemoveVolumes: true,
 			})
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Cleanup() error {
 	}
 
 	// Remove the uncloud Docker network and related iptables rules.
-	nw, err := m.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{})
+	nw, err := c.client.NetworkInspect(ctx, NetworkName, dnetwork.InspectOptions{})
 	if err == nil {
 		bridgeName := "br-" + nw.ID[:12]
 		var subnet netip.Prefix
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Cleanup() error {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if err = m.client.NetworkRemove(ctx, NetworkName); err == nil {
+		if err = c.client.NetworkRemove(ctx, NetworkName); err == nil {
 			slog.Info("Docker network removed.", "name", NetworkName)
 		} else if !client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
 			errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("remove Docker network '%s': %w", NetworkName, err))

internal/machine/docker/server.go

@@ -2,19 +2,21 @@ package docker
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/netip"
+	"os"
 	"regexp"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
+	dockercommand "github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	dockerconfig "github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ var fullDockerIDRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-f0-9]{64}$`)
 type Server struct {
 	pb.UnimplementedDockerServer
 	client  *client.Client
+	service *Service
 	db      *sqlx.DB
 	// internalDNSIP is a function that returns the IP address of the internal DNS server. It may return an empty
 	// address if the address is unknown (e.g. when the machine is not initialised yet).
@@ -73,10 +76,11 @@ func WithWaitForNetworkReady(waitForNetworkReady func(ctx context.Context) error
 	}
 }
 
-// NewServer creates a new Docker gRPC server with the provided Docker client.
+// NewServer creates a new Docker gRPC server with the provided Docker service.
-func NewServer(cli *client.Client, db *sqlx.DB, internalDNSIP func() netip.Addr, opts ...ServerOption) *Server {
+func NewServer(service *Service, db *sqlx.DB, internalDNSIP func() netip.Addr, opts ...ServerOption) *Server {
 	s := &Server{
-		client:        cli,
+		client:        service.Client,
+		service:       service,
 		db:            db,
 		internalDNSIP: internalDNSIP,
 	}
@@ -112,9 +116,9 @@ func (s *Server) CreateContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.CreateContainerReq
 	resp, err := s.client.ContainerCreate(ctx, &config, &hostConfig, &networkConfig, &platform, req.Name)
 	if err != nil {
 		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	respBytes, err := json.Marshal(resp)
@@ -130,9 +134,9 @@ func (s *Server) InspectContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.InspectContainerR
 	resp, err := s.client.ContainerInspect(ctx, req.Id)
 	if err != nil {
 		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	respBytes, err := json.Marshal(resp)
@@ -163,9 +167,9 @@ func (s *Server) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.StartContainerReque
 
 	if err := s.client.ContainerStart(ctx, req.Id, opts); err != nil {
 		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	return &emptypb.Empty{}, nil
@@ -182,9 +186,9 @@ func (s *Server) StopContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.StopContainerRequest
 
 	if err := s.client.ContainerStop(ctx, req.Id, opts); err != nil {
 		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	return &emptypb.Empty{}, nil
@@ -214,7 +218,7 @@ func (s *Server) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, req *pb.ListContainersReque
 
 	containerSummaries, err := s.client.ContainerList(ctx, opts)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 	containers := make([]types.ContainerJSON, 0, len(containerSummaries))
 	for _, cs := range containerSummaries {
@@ -254,9 +258,9 @@ func (s *Server) RemoveContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.RemoveContainerReq
 
 	if err := s.client.ContainerRemove(ctx, req.Id, opts); err != nil {
 		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	return &emptypb.Empty{}, nil
@@ -265,7 +269,6 @@ func (s *Server) RemoveContainer(ctx context.Context, req *pb.RemoveContainerReq
 func (s *Server) PullImage(req *pb.PullImageRequest, stream grpc.ServerStreamingServer[pb.JSONMessage]) error {
 	ctx := stream.Context()
 
-	// TODO: replace with another JSON serializable type (PullOptions.PrivilegeFunc is not serializable).
 	var opts image.PullOptions
 	if len(req.Options) > 0 {
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(req.Options, &opts); err != nil {
@@ -273,9 +276,17 @@ func (s *Server) PullImage(req *pb.PullImageRequest, stream grpc.ServerStreaming
 		}
 	}
 
+	if opts.RegistryAuth == "" {
+		// Try to retrieve the authentication token for the image from the default local Docker config file.
+		dockerConfig := dockerconfig.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
+		if encodedAuth, err := dockercommand.RetrieveAuthTokenFromImage(dockerConfig, req.Image); err == nil {
+			opts.RegistryAuth = encodedAuth
+		}
+	}
+
 	respBody, err := s.client.ImagePull(ctx, req.Image, opts)
 	if err != nil {
-		return status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 	defer respBody.Close()
 
@@ -306,7 +317,7 @@ func (s *Server) PullImage(req *pb.PullImageRequest, stream grpc.ServerStreaming
 		case err = <-errCh:
 			return err
 		case <-ctx.Done():
-			return status.Errorf(codes.Canceled, ctx.Err().Error())
+			return status.Error(codes.Canceled, ctx.Err().Error())
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -316,9 +327,9 @@ func (s *Server) InspectImage(ctx context.Context, req *pb.InspectImageRequest)
 	resp, _, err := s.client.ImageInspectWithRaw(ctx, req.Id)
 	if err != nil {
 		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
 	respBytes, err := json.Marshal(resp)
@@ -455,6 +466,7 @@ func (s *Server) RemoveVolume(ctx context.Context, req *pb.RemoveVolumeRequest)
 }
 
 // CreateServiceContainer creates a new container for the service with the given specifications.
+// TODO: move the main logic to the Docker service and remove db dependency from the server.
 func (s *Server) CreateServiceContainer(
 	ctx context.Context, req *pb.CreateServiceContainerRequest,
 ) (*pb.CreateContainerResponse, error) {
@@ -709,27 +721,22 @@ func (s *Server) verifyDockerVolumesExist(ctx context.Context, mounts []mount.Mo
 func (s *Server) InspectServiceContainer(
 	ctx context.Context, req *pb.InspectContainerRequest,
 ) (*pb.ServiceContainer, error) {
-	ctr, err := s.client.ContainerInspect(ctx, req.Id)
+	serviceCtr, err := s.service.InspectServiceContainer(ctx, req.Id)
 	if err != nil {
 		if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
+			return nil, status.Error(codes.NotFound, err.Error())
 		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, err.Error())
+		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
-	ctrBytes, err := json.Marshal(ctr)
+	ctrBytes, err := json.Marshal(serviceCtr.Container)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "marshal response: %v", err)
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "marshal container: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	var specBytes []byte
+	specBytes, err := json.Marshal(serviceCtr.ServiceSpec)
-	err = s.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT service_spec FROM containers WHERE id = $1`, ctr.ID).Scan(&specBytes)
 	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "marshal service spec: %v", err)
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.NotFound, "service spec not found for container: '%s'", ctr.ID)
-		}
-		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "get service spec for container '%s' from machine database: %v",
-			ctr.ID, err)
 	}
 
 	return &pb.ServiceContainer{
@@ -761,54 +768,28 @@ func (s *Server) ListServiceContainers(
 				return nil, status.Errorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "unmarshal filters: %v", err)
 			}
 			opts.Filters = args
-		} else {
-			opts.Filters = filters.NewArgs()
 		}
 	}
-	// Only uncloud-managed containers that belong to some service.
-	opts.Filters.Add("label", api.LabelServiceID)
-	opts.Filters.Add("label", api.LabelManaged)
 
-	containerSummaries, err := s.client.ContainerList(ctx, opts)
+	containers, err := s.service.ListServiceContainers(ctx, req.ServiceId, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
 	}
 
-	containers := make([]*pb.ServiceContainer, 0, len(containerSummaries))
+	// Convert to protobuf format.
-	for _, cs := range containerSummaries {
+	pbContainers := make([]*pb.ServiceContainer, 0, len(containers))
-		if req.ServiceId != "" &&
+	for _, ctr := range containers {
-			cs.Labels[api.LabelServiceID] != req.ServiceId && cs.Labels[api.LabelServiceName] != req.ServiceId {
+		ctrBytes, err := json.Marshal(ctr.Container)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		ctr, err := s.client.ContainerInspect(ctx, cs.ID)
-		if err != nil {
-			if client.IsErrNotFound(err) {
-				// The listed container may have been removed while we were inspecting other containers.
-				continue
-			}
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "inspect container %s: %v", cs.ID, err)
-		}
-		ctrBytes, err := json.Marshal(ctr)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "marshal container: %v", err)
 		}
 
-		var specBytes []byte
+		specBytes, err := json.Marshal(ctr.ServiceSpec)
-		err = s.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT service_spec FROM containers WHERE id = $1`, ctr.ID).Scan(&specBytes)
 		if err != nil {
-			if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "marshal service spec: %v", err)
-				// If this happens, there is a bug in the code, or someone manually removed the container from the DB,
-				// or created a managed container out of band.
-				slog.Error("Service container not found in machine database.", "id", ctr.ID)
-				// Just ignore such a container to not fail the list operation as it's not easily recoverable.
-				continue
-			}
-			return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "get service spec for container '%s' from machine database: %v",
-				ctr.ID, err)
 		}
 
-		containers = append(containers, &pb.ServiceContainer{
+		pbContainers = append(pbContainers, &pb.ServiceContainer{
 			Container:   ctrBytes,
 			ServiceSpec: specBytes,
 		})
@@ -817,7 +798,7 @@ func (s *Server) ListServiceContainers(
 	return &pb.ListServiceContainersResponse{
 		Messages: []*pb.MachineServiceContainers{
 			{
-				Containers: containers,
+				Containers: pbContainers,
 			},
 		},
 	}, nil

internal/machine/docker/service.go

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+package docker
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
+	"github.com/jmoiron/sqlx"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
+)
+
+// Service provides higher-level Docker operations that extends Docker API with Uncloud-specific data
+// from the machine database.
+type Service struct {
+	Client *client.Client
+	db     *sqlx.DB
+}
+
+// NewService creates a new Docker service instance.
+func NewService(client *client.Client, db *sqlx.DB) *Service {
+	return &Service{
+		Client: client,
+		db:     db,
+	}
+}
+
+// InspectServiceContainer inspects a Docker container and retrieves its associated ServiceSpec
+// from the machine database, returning a complete ServiceContainer.
+func (s *Service) InspectServiceContainer(ctx context.Context, nameOrID string) (api.ServiceContainer, error) {
+	var serviceCtr api.ServiceContainer
+
+	ctr, err := s.Client.ContainerInspect(ctx, nameOrID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return serviceCtr, err
+	}
+	if _, ok := ctr.Config.Labels[api.LabelManaged]; !ok {
+		return serviceCtr, fmt.Errorf("container '%s' is not managed by Uncloud", nameOrID)
+	}
+
+	serviceCtr.Container = api.Container{ContainerJSON: ctr}
+
+	// Retrieve ServiceSpec from the machine database.
+	var specBytes []byte
+	err = s.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT service_spec FROM containers WHERE id = $1`, ctr.ID).Scan(&specBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+			// If this happens, there is a bug in the code, or someone manually removed the container from the DB,
+			// or created a managed container out of band or by previous uncloud installation.
+			return serviceCtr, fmt.Errorf("service spec not found for container '%s' in machine DB", ctr.ID)
+		}
+		return serviceCtr, fmt.Errorf("get service spec for container '%s' from machine DB: %w", ctr.ID, err)
+	}
+
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(specBytes, &serviceCtr.ServiceSpec); err != nil {
+		return serviceCtr, fmt.Errorf("unmarshal service spec for container '%s': %w", ctr.ID, err)
+	}
+
+	return serviceCtr, nil
+}
+
+// ListServiceContainers lists Docker containers that belong to the service with the given name or ID.
+// If serviceIDOrName is empty, all service containers are returned. The opts parameter allows additional filtering.
+func (s *Service) ListServiceContainers(
+	ctx context.Context, serviceNameOrID string, opts container.ListOptions,
+) ([]api.ServiceContainer, error) {
+	if opts.Filters.Len() == 0 {
+		opts.Filters = filters.NewArgs()
+	}
+	// Add labels to existing filters to list only Uncloud-managed service containers.
+	opts.Filters.Add("label", api.LabelServiceID)
+	opts.Filters.Add("label", api.LabelManaged)
+
+	containerSummaries, err := s.Client.ContainerList(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var containers []api.ServiceContainer
+	for _, cs := range containerSummaries {
+		// Filter by service name or ID if provided.
+		if serviceNameOrID != "" &&
+			cs.Labels[api.LabelServiceID] != serviceNameOrID &&
+			cs.Labels[api.LabelServiceName] != serviceNameOrID {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ctr, err := s.InspectServiceContainer(ctx, cs.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			// Log error but continue with other containers.
+			slog.Error("Failed to inspect service container.", "service", serviceNameOrID, "id", cs.ID, "err", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		containers = append(containers, ctr)
+	}
+
+	return containers, nil
+}

internal/machine/machine.go

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import (
 	machinedocker "github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/docker"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/network"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/store"
-	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
+	"github.com/psviderski/unregistry"
 	"github.com/siderolabs/grpc-proxy/proxy"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ const (
 	DefaultMachineSockPath = "/run/uncloud/machine.sock"
 	DefaultUncloudSockPath = "/run/uncloud/uncloud.sock"
 	DefaultSockGroup       = "uncloud"
+	// DefaultCaddyAdminSockPath is the default path to the Caddy admin socket for validating the generated Caddy
+	// reverse proxy configuration.
+	DefaultCaddyAdminSockPath = "/run/uncloud/caddy/admin.sock"
 )
 
 type Config struct {
@@ -62,9 +65,9 @@ type Config struct {
 	// DockerClient manages system and user containers using the local Docker daemon.
 	DockerClient *client.Client
 
-	// CaddyConfigPath specifies where the machine generates the Caddy reverse proxy configuration file for routing
+	// CaddyConfigDir specifies the directory where the machine generates the Caddy reverse proxy configuration file
-	// external traffic to service containers across the internal network. Default is DataDir/caddy/caddy.json.
+	// for routing external traffic to service containers across the internal network. Default is DataDir/caddy.
-	CaddyConfigPath string
+	CaddyConfigDir string
 	// DNSUpstreams specifies the upstream DNS servers for the embedded internal DNS server.
 	DNSUpstreams []netip.AddrPort
 }
@@ -129,8 +132,8 @@ func (c *Config) SetDefaults() (*Config, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if cfg.CaddyConfigPath == "" {
+	if cfg.CaddyConfigDir == "" {
-		cfg.CaddyConfigPath = filepath.Join(cfg.DataDir, "caddy", "caddy.json")
+		cfg.CaddyConfigDir = filepath.Join(cfg.DataDir, "caddy")
 	}
 
 	return &cfg, nil
@@ -162,7 +165,9 @@ type Machine struct {
 	// store is the cluster store backed by a distributed Corrosion database.
 	store   *store.Store
 	cluster *cluster.Cluster
-	docker  *machinedocker.Server
+	// dockerService provides high-level operations for managing Docker containers.
+	dockerService *machinedocker.Service
+	dockerServer  *machinedocker.Server
 	// localMachineServer is the gRPC server for the machine API listening on the local Unix socket.
 	localMachineServer *grpc.Server
 
@@ -222,17 +227,14 @@ func NewMachine(config *Config) (*Machine, error) {
 	c := cluster.NewCluster(corroStore, corroAdmin)
 
 	// Init dependencies for a gRPC Docker server that proxies requests to the local Docker daemon.
-	dockerCli, err := client.NewClientWithOpts(client.FromEnv, client.WithAPIVersionNegotiation())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create Docker client: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	dbFilePath := filepath.Join(config.DataDir, DBFileName)
 	db, err := NewDB(dbFilePath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("init machine database: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	dockerService := machinedocker.NewService(config.DockerClient, db)
+
 	// Init a local gRPC proxy server that proxies requests to the local or remote machine API servers.
 	proxyDirector := apiproxy.NewDirector(config.MachineSockPath, constants.MachineAPIPort)
 	localProxyServer := grpc.NewServer(
@@ -250,6 +252,7 @@ func NewMachine(config *Config) (*Machine, error) {
 		networkReady:     make(chan struct{}),
 		store:            corroStore,
 		cluster:          c,
+		dockerService:    dockerService,
 		localProxyServer: localProxyServer,
 		proxyDirector:    proxyDirector,
 	}
@@ -258,10 +261,11 @@ func NewMachine(config *Config) (*Machine, error) {
 	internalDNSIP := func() netip.Addr {
 		return m.IP()
 	}
-	m.docker = machinedocker.NewServer(dockerCli, db, internalDNSIP,
+	m.dockerServer = machinedocker.NewServer(dockerService, db, internalDNSIP,
 		machinedocker.WithNetworkReady(m.IsNetworkReady),
 		machinedocker.WithWaitForNetworkReady(m.WaitForNetworkReady))
-	m.localMachineServer = newGRPCServer(m, c, m.docker)
+	caddyServer := caddyconfig.NewServer(caddyconfig.NewService(config.CaddyConfigDir))
+	m.localMachineServer = newGRPCServer(m, c, m.dockerServer, caddyServer)
 
 	if m.Initialised() {
 		m.initialised <- struct{}{}
@@ -270,11 +274,12 @@ func NewMachine(config *Config) (*Machine, error) {
 	return m, nil
 }
 
-func newGRPCServer(m pb.MachineServer, c pb.ClusterServer, d pb.DockerServer) *grpc.Server {
+func newGRPCServer(m pb.MachineServer, c pb.ClusterServer, d pb.DockerServer, caddy pb.CaddyServer) *grpc.Server {
 	s := grpc.NewServer()
 	pb.RegisterMachineServer(s, m)
 	pb.RegisterClusterServer(s, c)
 	pb.RegisterDockerServer(s, d)
+	pb.RegisterCaddyServer(s, caddy)
 	return s
 }
 
@@ -388,7 +393,12 @@ func (m *Machine) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 			// Create a new caddyconfig controller for managing the Caddy reverse proxy configuration.
 			// It will also serve the current machine ID at /.uncloud-verify to verify Caddy reachability.
-			caddyconfigCtrl, err := caddyconfig.NewController(m.store, m.config.CaddyConfigPath, m.state.ID)
+			caddyconfigCtrl, err := caddyconfig.NewController(
+				m.state.ID,
+				m.config.CaddyConfigDir,
+				DefaultCaddyAdminSockPath,
+				m.store,
+			)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("create caddyconfig controller: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -399,17 +409,32 @@ func (m *Machine) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 				return fmt.Errorf("create embedded DNS server: %w", err)
 			}
 
+			// Create an embedded container registry listening on the machine IP address and
+			// using the local Docker (containerd) image store as its backend.
+			unreg, err := unregistry.NewRegistry(unregistry.Config{
+				Addr:                net.JoinHostPort(m.IP().String(), strconv.Itoa(constants.UnregistryPort)),
+				ContainerdNamespace: "moby",
+				// TODO: auto-detect the containerd.sock path used by Docker and/or allow configuring it.
+				ContainerdSock: "/run/containerd/containerd.sock",
+				LogFormatter:   "text",
+				LogLevel:       "info",
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("create embedded registry: %w", err)
+			}
+
 			m.mu.Lock()
 			m.clusterCtrl, err = newClusterController(
 				m.state,
 				m.store,
 				proxyServer,
 				m.config.CorrosionService,
-				m.config.DockerClient,
+				m.dockerService,
 				m.networkReady,
 				caddyconfigCtrl,
 				dnsServer,
 				dnsResolver,
+				unreg,
 			)
 			m.mu.Unlock()
 			if err != nil {
@@ -569,7 +594,7 @@ func (m *Machine) cleanup() error {
 }
 
 // CheckPrerequisites verifies if the machine meets all necessary system requirements to participate in the cluster.
-func (m *Machine) CheckPrerequisites(ctx context.Context, _ *emptypb.Empty) (*pb.CheckPrerequisitesResponse, error) {
+func (m *Machine) CheckPrerequisites(_ context.Context, _ *emptypb.Empty) (*pb.CheckPrerequisitesResponse, error) {
 	// Check DNS port (UDP) availability.
 	if err := checkDNSPortAvailable(); err != nil {
 		return &pb.CheckPrerequisitesResponse{
@@ -835,7 +860,7 @@ func (m *Machine) WaitForNetworkReady(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 // Reset restores the machine to a clean state, scheduling a graceful shutdown and removing all cluster-related
 // configuration and resource. The uncloud daemon will restart the machine if managed by systemd.
-func (m *Machine) Reset(ctx context.Context, _ *pb.ResetRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
+func (m *Machine) Reset(_ context.Context, _ *pb.ResetRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
 	if !m.Initialised() {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -890,7 +915,7 @@ func (m *Machine) InspectService(
 		}
 	}
 
-	ctr := api.ServiceContainer{Container: records[0].Container}
+	ctr := records[0].Container
 	svc := &pb.Service{
 		Id:         ctr.ServiceID(),
 		Name:       ctr.ServiceName(),

internal/machine/store/container.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 type ContainerRecord struct {
-	Container  api.Container
+	Container  api.ServiceContainer
 	MachineID  string
 	SyncStatus string
 	UpdatedAt  time.Time
@@ -48,10 +48,12 @@ type DeleteOptions struct {
 
 // CreateOrUpdateContainer creates a new container record or updates an existing one in the store database.
 // The container is associated with the given machine ID that indicates which machine the container is running on.
-func (s *Store) CreateOrUpdateContainer(ctx context.Context, ctr api.Container, machineID string) error {
+func (s *Store) CreateOrUpdateContainer(ctx context.Context, ctr api.ServiceContainer, machineID string) error {
 	// Remove the environment variables from the container record before storing it in the database
 	// to avoid leaking secrets.
 	ctr.Config.Env = nil
+	ctr.ServiceSpec.Container.Env = nil
+
 	cJSON, err := json.Marshal(ctr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("marshal container: %w", err)
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ func (s *Store) ListContainers(ctx context.Context, opts ListOptions) ([]Contain
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("scan container record: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		var c api.Container
+		var c api.ServiceContainer
 		if err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(cJSON), &c); err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unmarshal container: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ func (s *Store) DeleteContainers(ctx context.Context, opts DeleteOptions) error
 // SubscribeContainers returns a list of containers and a channel that signals changes to the list. The channel doesn't
 // receive any values, it just signals when a container(s) has been added, updated, or deleted in the database.
 func (s *Store) SubscribeContainers(ctx context.Context) ([]ContainerRecord, <-chan struct{}, error) {
-	// TODO: figure out whether we need sync_status at all.
+	// TODO: figure out whether we need sync_status at all (not used at the moment).
 	q := sq.Select("container", "machine_id", "sync_status", "updated_at").From("containers").
 		Where(sq.Eq{"sync_status": SyncStatusSynced})
 	query, args, err := q.ToSql()

pkg/api/caddy.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package api
+
+import "strings"
+
+// CaddySpec is the Caddy reverse proxy configuration for a service.
+type CaddySpec struct {
+	// Config contains the Caddy config (Caddyfile) content. It must not conflict with the Caddy configs
+	// of other services.
+	Config string
+}
+
+func (c *CaddySpec) Equals(other *CaddySpec) bool {
+	if c == nil {
+		return other == nil || strings.TrimSpace(other.Config) == ""
+	}
+	if other == nil {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(c.Config) == ""
+	}
+
+	return strings.TrimSpace(c.Config) == strings.TrimSpace(other.Config)
+}

pkg/api/container.go

@@ -24,6 +24,20 @@ const (
 
 type Container struct {
 	types.ContainerJSON
+	// created caches the parsed creation time by CreatedTime.
+	created time.Time
+}
+
+// CreatedTime returns the time when the container was created parsed from the Created field.
+func (c *Container) CreatedTime() time.Time {
+	if c.created.IsZero() && c.Created != "" {
+		created, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, c.Created)
+		if err != nil {
+			return time.Time{}
+		}
+		c.created = created
+	}
+	return c.created
 }
 
 // Healthy determines if the container is running and healthy.
@@ -199,3 +213,24 @@ func (c *ServiceContainer) ConflictingServicePorts(ports []PortSpec) ([]PortSpec
 
 	return conflicting, nil
 }
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements custom unmarshalling for ServiceContainer to override the custom unmarshaler
+// of the embedded Container field.
+func (c *ServiceContainer) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	// Unmarshal everything except Container into a temporary struct. Keep this in sync with ServiceContainer.
+	var temp struct {
+		ServiceSpec ServiceSpec
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &temp); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Let Container's UnmarshalJSON handle its part.
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &c.Container); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	c.ServiceSpec = temp.ServiceSpec
+
+	return nil
+}

pkg/api/service.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"maps"
 	"regexp"
 	"slices"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
@@ -42,6 +43,10 @@ func ValidateServiceID(id string) bool {
 // ServiceSpec defines the desired state of a service.
 // ATTENTION: after changing this struct, verify if deploy.EvalContainerSpecChange needs to be updated.
 type ServiceSpec struct {
+	// Caddy is the optional Caddy reverse proxy configuration for the service.
+	// Caddy and Ports cannot be specified simultaneously.
+	Caddy *CaddySpec `json:",omitempty"`
+	// Container defines the desired state of each container in the service.
 	Container ContainerSpec
 	// Mode is the replication mode of the service. Default is ServiceModeReplicated if empty.
 	Mode string
@@ -49,6 +54,7 @@ type ServiceSpec struct {
 	// Placement defines the placement constraints for the service.
 	Placement Placement
 	// Ports defines what service ports to publish to make the service accessible outside the cluster.
+	// Caddy and Ports cannot be specified simultaneously.
 	Ports []PortSpec
 	// Replicas is the number of containers to run for the service. Only valid for a replicated service.
 	Replicas uint `json:",omitempty"`
@@ -56,6 +62,14 @@ type ServiceSpec struct {
 	Volumes []VolumeSpec
 }
 
+// CaddyConfig returns the Caddy reverse proxy configuration for the service or an empty string if it's not defined.
+func (s *ServiceSpec) CaddyConfig() string {
+	if s.Caddy == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(s.Caddy.Config)
+}
+
 func (s *ServiceSpec) Volume(name string) (VolumeSpec, bool) {
 	for _, v := range s.Volumes {
 		if v.Name == name {
@@ -112,7 +126,8 @@ func (s *ServiceSpec) Validate() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("service name too long (max 63 characters): %q", s.Name)
 		}
 		if !dnsLabelRegexp.MatchString(s.Name) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid service name: %q. must be 1-63 characters, lowercase letters, numbers, and dashes only; must start and end with a letter or number", s.Name)
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid service name: %q. must be 1-63 characters, lowercase letters, numbers, "+
+				"and dashes only; must start and end with a letter or number", s.Name)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -125,6 +140,23 @@ func (s *ServiceSpec) Validate() error {
 
 	// TODO: validate there is no conflict between ports.
 
+	// Validate that Caddy and Ports are not used together, unless all ports are host mode.
+	if s.Caddy != nil && strings.TrimSpace(s.Caddy.Config) != "" && len(s.Ports) > 0 {
+		// Check if all ports are in host mode.
+		hasIngressPort := false
+		for _, p := range s.Ports {
+			if p.Mode == "" || p.Mode == PortModeIngress {
+				hasIngressPort = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if hasIngressPort {
+			return fmt.Errorf("ingress ports and Caddy configuration cannot be specified simultaneously: " +
+				"Caddy config is auto-generated from ingress ports, use only one of them. " +
+				"Host mode ports can be used with Caddy config")
+		}
+	}
+
 	volumeNames := make(map[string]struct{})
 	for _, v := range s.Volumes {
 		if err := v.Validate(); err != nil {
@@ -151,11 +183,16 @@ func (s *ServiceSpec) Validate() error {
 func (s *ServiceSpec) Clone() ServiceSpec {
 	spec := *s
 
+	if s.Caddy != nil {
+		caddyCopy := *s.Caddy
+		spec.Caddy = &caddyCopy
+	}
+	spec.Container = s.Container.Clone()
+
 	if s.Ports != nil {
 		spec.Ports = make([]PortSpec, len(s.Ports))
 		copy(spec.Ports, s.Ports)
 	}
-	spec.Container = s.Container.Clone()
 
 	if s.Volumes != nil {
 		spec.Volumes = make([]VolumeSpec, len(s.Volumes))

pkg/api/service_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestServiceSpec_Validate_CaddyAndPorts(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		spec    ServiceSpec
+		wantErr string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "valid with neither Caddy nor Ports",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid with Caddy only",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}",
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid with Ports only",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 80,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolHTTP,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid with empty Caddy config and Ports",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 80,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolHTTP,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid with Caddy and Ports (default mode is ingress)",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 80,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolHTTP,
+						// Mode is empty, defaults to ingress
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "ingress ports and Caddy configuration cannot be specified simultaneously",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid with both Caddy and ingress Ports",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 80,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolHTTP,
+						Mode:          PortModeIngress,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "ingress ports and Caddy configuration cannot be specified simultaneously",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid with Caddy and host mode Ports",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 3306,
+						PublishedPort: 3306,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+						Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid with Caddy and mixed mode Ports",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 3306,
+						PublishedPort: 3306,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+						Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					},
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 80,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolHTTP,
+						Mode:          PortModeIngress,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "ingress ports and Caddy configuration cannot be specified simultaneously",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid with Caddy and multiple host mode Ports",
+			spec: ServiceSpec{
+				Name: "test",
+				Container: ContainerSpec{
+					Image: "nginx:latest",
+				},
+				Caddy: &CaddySpec{
+					Config: "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}",
+				},
+				Ports: []PortSpec{
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 3306,
+						PublishedPort: 3306,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+						Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					},
+					{
+						ContainerPort: 5432,
+						PublishedPort: 5432,
+						Protocol:      ProtocolTCP,
+						Mode:          PortModeHost,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: "",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := tt.spec.Validate()
+			if tt.wantErr == "" {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			} else {
+				require.ErrorContains(t, err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/client/caddy.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ var caddyImageTagRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^2\.\d+\.\d+$`)
 // NewCaddyDeployment creates a new deployment for a Caddy reverse proxy service.
 // The service is deployed in global mode to all machines in the cluster. If the image is not provided, the latest
 // version of the official Caddy Docker image is used.
-func (cli *Client) NewCaddyDeployment(image string, placement api.Placement) (*deploy.Deployment, error) {
+func (cli *Client) NewCaddyDeployment(image, config string, placement api.Placement) (*deploy.Deployment, error) {
 	if image == "" {
 		latest, err := LatestCaddyImage()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -35,13 +35,24 @@ func (cli *Client) NewCaddyDeployment(image string, placement api.Placement) (*d
 
 	spec := api.ServiceSpec{
 		Container: api.ContainerSpec{
-			Command: []string{"caddy", "run", "-c", "/config/caddy.json", "--watch"},
+			Command: []string{"caddy", "run", "-c", "/config/Caddyfile"},
+			Env: map[string]string{
+				"CADDY_ADMIN": "unix//run/caddy/admin.sock",
+			},
 			Image: image,
 			VolumeMounts: []api.VolumeMount{
 				{
-					VolumeName:    "config",
+					VolumeName:    "data",
 					ContainerPath: "/config",
 				},
+				{
+					VolumeName:    "data",
+					ContainerPath: "/data",
+				},
+				{
+					VolumeName:    "run",
+					ContainerPath: "/run/caddy",
+				},
 			},
 		},
 		Mode:      api.ServiceModeGlobal,
@@ -63,13 +74,27 @@ func (cli *Client) NewCaddyDeployment(image string, placement api.Placement) (*d
 		},
 		Volumes: []api.VolumeSpec{
 			{
-				Name: "config",
+				Name: "data",
 				Type: api.VolumeTypeBind,
 				BindOptions: &api.BindOptions{
 					HostPath: "/var/lib/uncloud/caddy",
 				},
 			},
+			{
+				Name: "run",
+				Type: api.VolumeTypeBind,
+				BindOptions: &api.BindOptions{
+					HostPath:       "/run/uncloud/caddy",
+					CreateHostPath: true,
 				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	if config != "" {
+		spec.Caddy = &api.CaddySpec{
+			Config: config,
+		}
 	}
 
 	return cli.NewDeployment(spec, nil), nil

pkg/client/client.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ type Client struct {
 	//  Methods such as Reset or Inspect are ambiguous in the context of a machine+cluster client.
 	pb.MachineClient
 	pb.ClusterClient
+	Caddy pb.CaddyClient
 	// Docker is a namespaced client for the Docker service to distinguish Uncloud-specific service container operations
 	// from generic Docker operations.
 	Docker *docker.Client
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, connector Connector) (*Client, error) {
 
 	c.MachineClient = pb.NewMachineClient(c.conn)
 	c.ClusterClient = pb.NewClusterClient(c.conn)
+	c.Caddy = pb.NewCaddyClient(c.conn)
 	c.Docker = docker.NewClient(c.conn)
 	return c, nil
 }

pkg/client/compose/caddy.go

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+package compose
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/v2/types"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
+)
+
+const CaddyExtensionKey = "x-caddy"
+
+type Caddy struct {
+	Config string `yaml:"config" json:"config"`
+}
+
+// DecodeMapstructure decodes x-caddy extension from either a string or an object.
+// When x-caddy is a string, it's mapped directly to the Config field.
+func (c *Caddy) DecodeMapstructure(value any) error {
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case *Caddy:
+		// Already decoded, happens when mapstructure is called after initial parsing.
+		*c = *v
+		return nil
+	case string:
+		// Handle x-caddy: "Caddyfile config"
+		*c = Caddy{Config: v}
+	case map[string]any:
+		// Use mapstructure to decode the map directly to the struct.
+		decoder, err := mapstructure.NewDecoder(&mapstructure.DecoderConfig{
+			Result:           c,
+			ErrorUnused:      true,  // Error if there are extra keys not in the struct.
+			WeaklyTypedInput: false, // Enforce strict type matching.
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create decoder for x-caddy extension: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := decoder.Decode(v); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("decode x-caddy extension: %w", err)
+		}
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid type %T for x-caddy extension: expected string or object", value)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isCaddyfilePath determines if a string is likely a file path rather than inline Caddyfile config.
+func isCaddyfilePath(s string) bool {
+	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+	if s == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// For simplicity, multi-line string is considered an inline Caddyfile content.
+	return !strings.Contains(s, "\n")
+}
+
+// transformServicesCaddyExtension processes Caddy extensions to load configs from files if needed.
+func transformServicesCaddyExtension(project *types.Project) (*types.Project, error) {
+	return project.WithServicesTransform(func(name string, service types.ServiceConfig) (types.ServiceConfig, error) {
+		ext, ok := service.Extensions[CaddyExtensionKey]
+		if !ok {
+			return service, nil
+		}
+
+		caddy, ok := ext.(Caddy)
+		if !ok {
+			return service, nil
+		}
+
+		// Load the Caddyfile config from file if it's a path and replace the path with its content.
+		if isCaddyfilePath(caddy.Config) {
+			configPath := caddy.Config
+			if !filepath.IsAbs(configPath) {
+				configPath = filepath.Join(project.WorkingDir, configPath)
+			}
+
+			content, err := os.ReadFile(configPath)
+			if err != nil {
+				return service, fmt.Errorf("read Caddy config (Caddyfile) from file '%s' for service '%s': %w",
+					caddy.Config, name, err)
+			}
+
+			caddy.Config = string(content)
+		}
+
+		caddy.Config = strings.TrimSpace(caddy.Config)
+		service.Extensions[CaddyExtensionKey] = caddy
+
+		return service, nil
+	})
+}

pkg/client/compose/caddy_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+package compose
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCaddyExtension(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		composeYAML string
+		wantConfig  string
+		wantErr     string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy as string",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: |
+      example.com {
+        reverse_proxy web:80
+      }
+`,
+			wantConfig: `example.com {
+  reverse_proxy web:80
+}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy as string with extra spaces",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: |+
+
+      example.com {
+        reverse_proxy web:80
+      }
+
+
+`,
+			wantConfig: `example.com {
+  reverse_proxy web:80
+}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy as object with config field",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy:
+      config: |
+        example.com {
+          reverse_proxy web:80
+        }
+`,
+			wantConfig: `example.com {
+  reverse_proxy web:80
+}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy as object with config field and extra spaces",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy:
+      config: |+
+
+        example.com {
+          reverse_proxy web:80
+        }
+
+
+`,
+			wantConfig: `example.com {
+  reverse_proxy web:80
+}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy with path to Caddyfile",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: testdata/Caddyfile
+`,
+			wantConfig: `test.example.com {
+  reverse_proxy test:8000
+}`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy with empty object",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: {}
+`,
+			wantConfig: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy with empty string",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: ""
+`,
+			wantConfig: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy with extra unknown field should fail",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy:
+      config: |
+        example.com {
+          reverse_proxy web:80
+        }
+      unknown_field: "should cause error"
+`,
+			wantErr: "invalid keys: unknown_field",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy with non-string config field should fail",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy:
+      config: 123
+`,
+			wantErr: "expected type 'string'",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy with ingress x-ports conflict",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: |
+      example.com {
+        reverse_proxy web:80
+      }
+    x-ports:
+      - example.com:80/http
+`,
+			wantErr: "ingress ports in 'x-ports' and 'x-caddy' cannot be specified simultaneously",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy with host-only x-ports allowed",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: |
+      example.com {
+        reverse_proxy web:80
+      }
+    x-ports:
+      - 8080:80@host
+      - 9090:90/tcp@host
+`,
+			wantConfig: `example.com {
+  reverse_proxy web:80
+}`,
+			// Should not error - host ports are allowed with x-caddy
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			project, err := loadProjectFromContent(t, tt.composeYAML)
+
+			if tt.wantErr != "" {
+				require.ErrorContains(t, err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			service, err := project.GetService("web")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Verify the x-caddy extension was parsed correctly.
+			caddyExt, ok := service.Extensions[CaddyExtensionKey]
+			require.True(t, ok, "x-caddy extension not found")
+
+			caddy, ok := caddyExt.(Caddy)
+			require.True(t, ok, "x-caddy extension is not Caddy type")
+
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantConfig, caddy.Config)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsCaddyfilePath(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input string
+		want  bool
+	}{
+		// Should be detected as file paths.
+		{"relative path with slash", "./Caddyfile", true},
+		{"relative path parent", "../Caddyfile", true},
+		{"relative path", "relative/path/to/file", true},
+		{"absolute path", "/etc/caddy/Caddyfile", true},
+		{"just Caddyfile", "Caddyfile", true},
+		{"Caddyfile with suffix", "Caddyfile.app", true},
+		{"caddyfile lowercase", "caddyfile", true},
+		{"with .caddyfile extension", "my.caddyfile", true},
+		{"with .Caddyfile extension", "my.Caddyfile", true},
+		{"with .caddy extension", "config.caddy", true},
+		{"with .conf extension", "caddy.conf", true},
+		{"simple filename", "config", true},
+
+		// Should NOT be detected as file paths.
+		{"multiline config", "example.com {\n  reverse_proxy :8080\n}", false},
+		{"empty string", "", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := isCaddyfilePath(tt.input)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, result, "isCaddyfilePath(%q) should be %v", tt.input, tt.want)
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/client/compose/project.go

@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ func LoadProject(ctx context.Context, paths []string, opts ...composecli.Project
 		composecli.WithConfigFileEnv,
 		// If none was selected, get default Compose file names from current or parent folders.
 		composecli.WithDefaultConfigPath,
-		composecli.WithExtension(PortsExtensionKey, PortsSource{}),
+		composecli.WithExtension(CaddyExtensionKey, Caddy{}),
 		composecli.WithExtension(MachinesExtensionKey, MachinesSource{}),
+		composecli.WithExtension(PortsExtensionKey, PortsSource{}),
 	}
 
 	options, err := composecli.NewProjectOptions(
@@ -41,9 +42,17 @@ func LoadProject(ctx context.Context, paths []string, opts ...composecli.Project
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	if project, err = transformServicesCaddyExtension(project); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	if project, err = transformServicesPortsExtension(project); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	// Validate extension combinations after all transformations.
+	if err = validateServicesExtensions(project); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	return project, nil
 }

pkg/client/compose/service.go

@@ -57,6 +57,12 @@ func ServiceSpecFromCompose(project *types.Project, serviceName string) (api.Ser
 		Mode: api.ServiceModeReplicated,
 	}
 
+	// Map x-caddy extension to spec.Caddy if specified.
+	if caddy, ok := service.Extensions[CaddyExtensionKey].(Caddy); ok && caddy.Config != "" {
+		spec.Caddy = &api.CaddySpec{
+			Config: caddy.Config,
+		}
+	}
 	if ports, ok := service.Extensions[PortsExtensionKey].([]api.PortSpec); ok {
 		spec.Ports = ports
 	}
@@ -242,3 +248,32 @@ func tmpfsVolumeSpecFromCompose(serviceVolume types.ServiceVolumeConfig) api.Vol
 
 	return spec
 }
+
+// validateServicesExtensions validates extension combinations across all services in the project.
+func validateServicesExtensions(project *types.Project) error {
+	for _, service := range project.Services {
+		// Check for x-caddy and x-ports conflict, unless all ports are host mode.
+		hasCaddy := false
+		if caddy, ok := service.Extensions[CaddyExtensionKey].(Caddy); ok && caddy.Config != "" {
+			hasCaddy = true
+		}
+
+		if ports, ok := service.Extensions[PortsExtensionKey].([]api.PortSpec); ok && len(ports) > 0 && hasCaddy {
+			// Check if all ports are in host mode.
+			hasIngressPort := false
+			for _, p := range ports {
+				if p.Mode == "" || p.Mode == api.PortModeIngress {
+					hasIngressPort = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if hasIngressPort {
+				return fmt.Errorf("service '%s': ingress ports in 'x-ports' and 'x-caddy' cannot be specified "+
+					"simultaneously: Caddy config is auto-generated from ingress ports, use only one of them. "+
+					"Host mode ports in 'x-caddy' can be used with 'x-caddy'", service.Name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

pkg/client/compose/service_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package compose
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"net/netip"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ func loadProjectFromContent(t *testing.T, content string) (*types.Project, error
 		if o.KnownExtensions == nil {
 			o.KnownExtensions = map[string]any{}
 		}
+		o.KnownExtensions[CaddyExtensionKey] = Caddy{}
 		o.KnownExtensions[PortsExtensionKey] = PortsSource{}
 		o.KnownExtensions[MachinesExtensionKey] = MachinesSource{}
 	})
@@ -45,11 +47,19 @@ func loadProjectFromContent(t *testing.T, content string) (*types.Project, error
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// Apply ports extension transformation since we're not using LoadProject
+	// Apply extension transformations since we're not using LoadProject.
+	if project, err = transformServicesCaddyExtension(project); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	if project, err = transformServicesPortsExtension(project); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	// Validate extension combinations after all transformations.
+	if err = validateServicesExtensions(project); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	return project, nil
 }
 
@@ -182,6 +192,25 @@ func TestServiceSpecFromCompose(t *testing.T) {
 							},
 						},
 					},
+					Ports: []api.PortSpec{
+						{
+							Hostname:      "test.example.com",
+							ContainerPort: 80,
+							Protocol:      api.ProtocolHTTPS,
+							Mode:          api.PortModeIngress,
+						},
+						{
+							ContainerPort: 8000,
+							Protocol:      api.ProtocolHTTP,
+							Mode:          api.PortModeIngress,
+						},
+						{
+							ContainerPort: 3000,
+							PublishedPort: 5000,
+							Protocol:      "tcp",
+							Mode:          api.PortModeHost,
+						},
+					},
 					Replicas: 3,
 					Volumes: []api.VolumeSpec{
 						{
@@ -225,6 +254,19 @@ func TestServiceSpecFromCompose(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					},
 				},
+				"test-caddy-config": {
+					Name: "test-caddy-config",
+					Mode: api.ServiceModeReplicated,
+					Container: api.ContainerSpec{
+						Image:      "myapp:1.2.3",
+						PullPolicy: api.PullPolicyMissing,
+					},
+					Caddy: &api.CaddySpec{
+						Config: `test-caddy-config.example.com {
+  reverse_proxy {{ upstreams 80 }}
+}`,
+					},
+				},
 			},
 		},
 	}
@@ -245,13 +287,153 @@ func TestServiceSpecFromCompose(t *testing.T) {
 					return strings.Compare(a.Name, b.Name)
 				})
 
-				assert.True(t, cmp.Equal(spec, expectedSpec, cmpopts.EquateEmpty()),
+				cmpOpts := cmp.Options{cmpopts.EquateEmpty(), cmpopts.EquateComparable(netip.Addr{})}
-					cmp.Diff(spec, expectedSpec, cmpopts.EquateEmpty()))
+				assert.True(t, cmp.Equal(spec, expectedSpec, cmpOpts...), cmp.Diff(spec, expectedSpec, cmpOpts...))
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+func TestServiceSpecFromCompose_Caddy(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		composeYAML string
+		want        *api.CaddySpec
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy as string",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: |
+      example.com {
+        reverse_proxy web:80
+      }
+`,
+			want: &api.CaddySpec{
+				Config: `example.com {
+  reverse_proxy web:80
+}`,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy as string with extra spaces",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: |+
+
+      example.com {
+        reverse_proxy web:80
+      }
+
+
+`,
+			want: &api.CaddySpec{
+				Config: `example.com {
+  reverse_proxy web:80
+}`,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy as object with config field",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy:
+      config: |
+        example.com {
+          reverse_proxy web:80
+        }
+`,
+			want: &api.CaddySpec{
+				Config: `example.com {
+  reverse_proxy web:80
+}`,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy as object with config field and extra spaces",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy:
+      config: |+
+
+        example.com {
+          reverse_proxy web:80
+        }
+
+
+`,
+			want: &api.CaddySpec{
+				Config: `example.com {
+  reverse_proxy web:80
+}`,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy with path to Caddyfile",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: testdata/Caddyfile
+`,
+			want: &api.CaddySpec{
+				Config: `test.example.com {
+  reverse_proxy test:8000
+}`,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy with empty string",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: ""
+`,
+			want: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "no x-caddy extension",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+`,
+			want: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "x-caddy with empty object",
+			composeYAML: `
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    x-caddy: {}
+`,
+			want: nil,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			project, err := loadProjectFromContent(t, tt.composeYAML)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			spec, err := ServiceSpecFromCompose(project, "web")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, spec.Caddy)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestServiceSpecFromCompose_XMachinesPlacement(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name        string

pkg/client/compose/testdata/Caddyfile

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+test.example.com {
+  reverse_proxy test:8000
+}

pkg/client/compose/testdata/compose-full-spec.yaml

@@ -31,6 +31,18 @@ services:
         target: /tmpfs
         tmpfs:
           size: 10485760
+    x-ports:
+      - test.example.com:80/https
+      - 8000/http
+      - 5000:3000@host
+
+  test-caddy-config:
+    image: myapp:1.2.3
+    # x-ports and x-caddy are mutually exclusive.
+    x-caddy: |
+      test-caddy-config.example.com {
+        reverse_proxy {{ upstreams 80 }}
+      }
 
 volumes:
   data1:

pkg/client/container.go

@@ -4,12 +4,17 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 
+	dockercommand "github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	dockerconfig "github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
 	"github.com/docker/compose/v2/pkg/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/registry"
 	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/jsonmessage"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/docker"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/secret"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
@@ -89,7 +94,14 @@ func (cli *Client) pullImageWithProgress(ctx context.Context, image, machineName
 		StatusText: "Pulling",
 	})
 
-	pullCh, err := cli.Docker.PullImage(ctx, image)
+	opts := docker.PullOptions{}
+	// Try to retrieve the authentication token for the image from the default local Docker config file.
+	if encodedAuth, err := retrieveRegistryAuthFromDocker(image); err == nil && encodedAuth != "" {
+		// If RegistryAuth is empty, Uncloud daemon will try to retrieve the credentials from its own Docker config.
+		opts.RegistryAuth = encodedAuth
+	}
+
+	pullCh, err := cli.Docker.PullImage(ctx, image, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		statusErr := status.Convert(err)
 		pw.Event(progress.Event{
@@ -143,6 +155,34 @@ func (cli *Client) pullImageWithProgress(ctx context.Context, image, machineName
 	return nil
 }
 
+// retrieveRegistryAuthFromDocker retrieves the authentication token for the specified image from the local Docker
+// config file. It returns the encoded authentication token if it contains any credentials, or an empty string if
+// no credentials are found.
+func retrieveRegistryAuthFromDocker(image string) (string, error) {
+	// Try to retrieve the authentication token for the image from the default local Docker config file.
+	dockerConfig := dockerconfig.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
+	encodedAuth, err := dockercommand.RetrieveAuthTokenFromImage(dockerConfig, image)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	// The encodedAuth can be a base64-encoded "{}" (empty JSON object) or include a server address but no credentials.
+	// Return encodedAuth only if it contains any credentials.
+	auth, err := registry.DecodeAuthConfig(encodedAuth)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("decode auth config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if auth.Username == "" &&
+		auth.Password == "" &&
+		auth.Auth == "" &&
+		auth.IdentityToken == "" &&
+		auth.RegistryToken == "" {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	return encodedAuth, nil
+}
+
 // toPullProgressEvent converts a JSON progress message from the Docker API to a progress event.
 // It's based on toPullProgressEvent from Docker Compose.
 func toPullProgressEvent(jm jsonmessage.JSONMessage) *progress.Event {

pkg/client/deploy/container.go

@@ -72,6 +72,10 @@ func EvalContainerSpecChange(current api.ServiceSpec, new api.ServiceSpec) Conta
 	}
 
 	// Check if any mutable properties changed.
+	if !current.Caddy.Equals(new.Caddy) {
+		return ContainerNeedsRecreate
+	}
+
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(current.Container.Resources, newResources) {
 		return ContainerNeedsUpdate
 	}

pkg/client/deploy/resolver.go

@@ -1,24 +1,17 @@
 package deploy
 
 import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/distribution/reference"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
-	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/secret"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
-	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 )
 
 // ServiceSpecResolver transforms user-provided service specs into deployment-ready form.
 type ServiceSpecResolver struct {
 	ClusterDomain string
-	ImageResolver *ImageDigestResolver
 }
 
 // Resolve transforms a service spec into its fully resolved form ready for deployment.
@@ -33,7 +26,6 @@ func (r *ServiceSpecResolver) Resolve(spec api.ServiceSpec) (api.ServiceSpec, er
 		r.applyDefaults,
 		r.resolveServiceName,
 		r.expandIngressPorts,
-		r.resolveImageDigest,
 	}
 
 	for _, step := range steps {
@@ -111,21 +103,6 @@ func (r *ServiceSpecResolver) expandIngressPorts(spec *api.ServiceSpec) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (r *ServiceSpecResolver) resolveImageDigest(spec *api.ServiceSpec) error {
-	if r.ImageResolver == nil {
-		// Skip digest resolution when no resolver is provided.
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	image, err := r.ImageResolver.Resolve(spec.Container.Image, spec.Container.PullPolicy)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("resolve image digest: %w", err)
-	}
-	spec.Container.Image = image
-
-	return nil
-}
-
 func GenerateServiceName(image string) (string, error) {
 	img, err := reference.ParseDockerRef(image)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -144,181 +121,3 @@ func GenerateServiceName(image string) (string, error) {
 	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", imageName, suffix), nil
 }
-
-type ImageResolverClient interface {
-	api.ImageClient
-	api.MachineClient
-}
-
-// TODO(lhf): as of April 2025, ImageDigestResolver is not used in the codebase and considered more harmful
-// than helpful. It's safe to remove it.
-type ImageDigestResolver struct {
-	Ctx    context.Context
-	Client ImageResolverClient
-}
-
-// Resolve resolves the image to the image with the digest according to the pull policy:
-//   - always: Fetch the latest digest for the image tag in the registry.
-//   - missing: Find the latest image matching the tag on any machine and use its digest, if it exists.
-//     When there is no matching image on any machine, it behaves like 'always'.
-//   - never: !Not implemented! Similar to 'missing' but when there is no matching image on any machine,
-//     it returns an error.
-//
-// If the image is already pinned to a digest, it is returned as is.
-func (r *ImageDigestResolver) Resolve(image, policy string) (string, error) {
-	if r.Ctx == nil {
-		r.Ctx = context.Background()
-	}
-
-	ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(image)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse image: %w", err)
-	}
-	if _, ok := ref.(reference.Canonical); ok {
-		// The image is already pinned to a digest.
-		return image, nil
-	}
-
-	switch policy {
-	case api.PullPolicyAlways:
-		return r.resolveAlways(image)
-	case api.PullPolicyMissing:
-		return r.resolveMissing(image)
-	case api.PullPolicyNever:
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("pull policy '%s' is not supported yet", policy)
-	}
-	return image, nil
-}
-
-// resolveAlways resolves the image to the image with the digest by querying the registry from all machines.
-func (r *ImageDigestResolver) resolveAlways(image string) (string, error) {
-	// TODO: broadcast to a subset of machines in large clusters to avoid being rate-limited by the registry.
-	ctx, _, err := api.ProxyMachinesContext(r.Ctx, r.Client, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("create request context to broadcast to all machines: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	remoteImages, err := r.Client.InspectRemoteImage(ctx, image)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("inspect image '%s' in registry from all machines: %w", image, err)
-	}
-	if len(remoteImages) == 0 {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("inspect image '%s' in registry from all machines: unexpected empty response", image)
-	}
-
-	for _, ri := range remoteImages {
-		if ri.Metadata != nil && ri.Metadata.Error != "" {
-			// Save the last error to return it if all machines fail to inspect the image.
-			err = fmt.Errorf("inspect image '%s' in registry on machine '%s': %s",
-				image, ri.Metadata.Machine, ri.Metadata.Error)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		return reference.FamiliarString(ri.Image.Reference), nil
-	}
-
-	return "", err
-}
-
-func (r *ImageDigestResolver) resolveMissing(image string) (string, error) {
-	ctx, _, err := api.ProxyMachinesContext(r.Ctx, r.Client, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("create request context to broadcast to all machines: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	machineImages, err := r.Client.InspectImage(ctx, image)
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, api.ErrNotFound) {
-			// If the image is missing on all machines, the 'missing' policy is equivalent to 'always'.
-			return r.resolveAlways(image)
-		}
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("inspect image '%s' on all machines: %w", image, err)
-	}
-
-	var availableImages []types.ImageInspect
-	for _, mi := range machineImages {
-		// Metadata can be nil if the request was proxied to only one machine.
-		if mi.Metadata != nil && mi.Metadata.Error != "" {
-			if codes.Code(mi.Metadata.Status.Code) != codes.NotFound {
-				fmt.Printf("WARNING: failed to inspect image '%s' on machine '%s': %s\n",
-					image, mi.Metadata.Machine, mi.Metadata.Error)
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-
-		availableImages = append(availableImages, mi.Image)
-	}
-
-	if len(availableImages) == 0 {
-		// If the image is missing on all machines, the 'missing' policy is equivalent to 'always'.
-		return r.resolveAlways(image)
-	}
-
-	// Find the latest image with a RepoDigest.
-	var latestDigest digest.Digest
-	var latestCreated time.Time
-	for _, img := range availableImages {
-		if len(img.RepoDigests) == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// TODO: handle multiple RepoDigests. This could happen for example if the same image was pulled twice using
-		// 	both its index (multi-arch) digest and manifest (platform-specific) digest:
-		//  {
-		//    "Id": "sha256:6fee7566e4273ee6078f08e167e36434b35f72152232a5e6f1446288817dabe5",
-		//    "RepoTags": [
-		//        "traefik/whoami:latest"
-		//    ],
-		//    "RepoDigests": [
-		//        "traefik/whoami@sha256:200689790a0a0ea48ca45992e0450bc26ccab5307375b41c84dfc4f2475937ab",
-		//        "traefik/whoami@sha256:4f90b33ddca9c4d4f06527070d6e503b16d71016edea036842be2a84e60c91cb"
-		//    ],
-		//    ...
-		//  }
-		//  Should the registry be queried to find out which digest to use?
-		repoDigest := img.RepoDigests[0]
-		created, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, img.Created)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if created.After(latestCreated) {
-			ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(repoDigest)
-			if err != nil {
-				continue
-			}
-			if c, ok := ref.(reference.Canonical); ok {
-				latestDigest = c.Digest()
-				latestCreated = created
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if latestDigest != "" {
-		return imageWithDigest(image, latestDigest)
-	}
-
-	// Don't pin the digest if no RepoDigests were found. This means the available images were not pulled from
-	// a registry but built locally or loaded from an archive. In this case, the available images (could be multiple
-	// for different platforms) should be copied to other machines to be able to run service containers on them.
-	return image, nil
-}
-
-// imageWithDigest adds a digest to an image string if it doesn't already contain one.
-func imageWithDigest(image string, dig digest.Digest) (string, error) {
-	ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(image)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse image: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if _, ok := ref.(reference.Canonical); !ok {
-		// Preserves the original tag if present.
-		img, err := reference.WithDigest(ref, dig)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", fmt.Errorf("add digest to image: %w", err)
-		}
-		return reference.FamiliarString(img), nil
-	}
-
-	return image, nil
-}

scripts/install.sh

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ RestartSec=2
 NoNewPrivileges=true
 ProtectSystem=full
 ProtectControlGroups=true
-ProtectHome=true
+ProtectHome=read-only
 ProtectKernelTunables=true
 PrivateTmp=true
 RestrictAddressFamilies=AF_INET AF_INET6 AF_UNIX AF_NETLINK

test/e2e/service_test.go

@@ -4,12 +4,15 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"net/netip"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/mount"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/volume"
 	"github.com/docker/go-units"
+	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/machine/api/pb"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/secret"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/internal/ucind"
 	"github.com/psviderski/uncloud/pkg/api"
@@ -271,7 +274,7 @@ func TestDeployment(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		})
 
-		deployment, err := cli.NewCaddyDeployment("", api.Placement{})
+		deployment, err := cli.NewCaddyDeployment("", "", api.Placement{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		_, err = deployment.Run(ctx)
@@ -284,6 +287,12 @@ func TestDeployment(t *testing.T) {
 
 		ctr := svc.Containers[0].Container
 		assert.Regexp(t, `^caddy:2\.\d+\.\d+$`, ctr.Config.Image)
+
+		config, err := cli.Caddy.GetConfig(ctx, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Contains(t, config.Caddyfile, "# This file is autogenerated by Uncloud")
+		assert.Contains(t, config.Caddyfile, "handle /.uncloud-verify")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("caddy with machine placement", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -295,7 +304,7 @@ func TestDeployment(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 
 		// Deploy to machine #0.
-		deployment, err := cli.NewCaddyDeployment("", api.Placement{
+		deployment, err := cli.NewCaddyDeployment("", "", api.Placement{
 			Machines: []string{c.Machines[0].Name},
 		})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -313,7 +322,7 @@ func TestDeployment(t *testing.T) {
 		// initialContainerID := svc.Containers[0].Container.ID
 
 		// Deploy to all machines without a placement constraint.
-		deployment, err = cli.NewCaddyDeployment(image, api.Placement{})
+		deployment, err = cli.NewCaddyDeployment(image, "", api.Placement{})
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
 		_, err = deployment.Run(ctx)
@@ -332,6 +341,147 @@ func TestDeployment(t *testing.T) {
 		// assert.True(t, containers.Contains(initialContainerID), "Expected initial container to remain")
 	})
 
+	t.Run("caddy and service with custom configs", func(t *testing.T) {
+		name := "test-custom-caddy-config"
+		t.Cleanup(func() {
+			err := cli.RemoveService(ctx, name)
+			if !errors.Is(err, api.ErrNotFound) {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+			err = cli.RemoveService(ctx, client.CaddyServiceName)
+			if !errors.Is(err, api.ErrNotFound) {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+
+		// First deploy a service with custom caddy config before caddy is deployed.
+		serviceCaddyfile := `test-custom-caddy-config.example.com {
+	reverse_proxy {{upstreams}} {
+		import common_proxy
+	}
+	log
+}`
+		spec := api.ServiceSpec{
+			Name: name,
+			Container: api.ContainerSpec{
+				Image: "portainer/pause:latest",
+			},
+			Caddy: &api.CaddySpec{
+				Config: serviceCaddyfile,
+			},
+		}
+
+		deployment := cli.NewDeployment(spec, nil)
+		_, err := deployment.Run(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		svc, err := cli.InspectService(ctx, name)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assertServiceMatchesSpec(t, svc, spec)
+
+		// Check that the generated Caddyfile contains a comment that user-define configs were skipped.
+		var config *pb.GetCaddyConfigResponse
+		require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+			config, err = cli.Caddy.GetConfig(ctx, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			return strings.Contains(config.Caddyfile, "# NOTE: User-defined configs for services were skipped")
+		}, 5*time.Second, 100*time.Millisecond)
+
+		assert.NotContains(t, config.Caddyfile, "test-custom-caddy-config.example.com {")
+
+		// Now deploy caddy with custom config.
+		caddyCaddyfile := `{
+	debug
+}
+
+myapp.example.com {
+	reverse_proxy 1.2.3.4:8000
+}`
+		caddyDeployment, err := cli.NewCaddyDeployment("", caddyCaddyfile, api.Placement{})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		_, err = caddyDeployment.Run(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		caddySvc, err := cli.InspectService(ctx, client.CaddyServiceName)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assertServiceMatchesSpec(t, caddySvc, caddyDeployment.Spec)
+
+		// Wait for the Caddyfile to be regenerated with both custom configs.
+		require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
+			config, err = cli.Caddy.GetConfig(ctx, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			// Both configs should be present.
+			return strings.Contains(config.Caddyfile, caddyCaddyfile) &&
+				strings.Contains(config.Caddyfile, "test-custom-caddy-config.example.com")
+		}, 5*time.Second, 100*time.Millisecond,
+			"Expected both custom configs to be included in the Caddyfile")
+
+		assert.Contains(t, config.Caddyfile, "# This file is autogenerated by Uncloud")
+		assert.Contains(t, config.Caddyfile, "handle /.uncloud-verify")
+		assert.Contains(t, config.Caddyfile, caddyCaddyfile,
+			"Expected user-defined global Caddy config to be included in the Caddyfile")
+
+		ctrIP := svc.Containers[0].Container.UncloudNetworkIP().String()
+		renderedServiceCaddyfile := `test-custom-caddy-config.example.com {
+	reverse_proxy ` + ctrIP + ` {
+		import common_proxy
+	}
+	log
+}`
+		assert.Contains(t, config.Caddyfile, renderedServiceCaddyfile,
+			"Expected rendered user-defined Caddy config for test service to be included in the Caddyfile")
+
+		assert.NotContains(t, config.Caddyfile, "invalid user-defined configs",
+			"Should not have validation failure comments after caddy is deployed")
+
+		// Store the current valid config for later comparison.
+		validConfig := config.Caddyfile
+
+		// Now deploy a service with invalid Caddyfile that references missing cert files and check it isn't included.
+		invalidServiceName := "test-invalid-caddy-config"
+		t.Cleanup(func() {
+			err := cli.RemoveService(ctx, invalidServiceName)
+			if !errors.Is(err, api.ErrNotFound) {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+
+		invalidCaddyfile := `test-invalid.example.com {
+	tls cert.pem key.pem
+}`
+		invalidSpec := api.ServiceSpec{
+			Name: invalidServiceName,
+			Container: api.ContainerSpec{
+				Image: "portainer/pause:latest",
+			},
+			Caddy: &api.CaddySpec{
+				Config: invalidCaddyfile,
+			},
+		}
+
+		invalidDeployment := cli.NewDeployment(invalidSpec, nil)
+		_, err = invalidDeployment.Run(ctx)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		invalidSvc, err := cli.InspectService(ctx, invalidServiceName)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assertServiceMatchesSpec(t, invalidSvc, invalidSpec)
+
+		// Wait a bit for any config updates to potentially happen.
+		time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
+
+		// Check that the Caddy config hasn't changed.
+		newConfig, err := cli.Caddy.GetConfig(ctx, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, validConfig, newConfig.Caddyfile,
+			"Caddy config should not change when an invalid user-defined Caddy config is deployed")
+	})
+
 	t.Run("replicated", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 

website/docs/1-overview.md

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Docker containers running on different machines get **unique IP addresses** from
 The design and implementation were highly inspired by
 Talos [KubeSpan](https://www.talos.dev/v1.10/talos-guides/network/kubespan/).
 
-### Managed DNS service
+### Managed DNS service (optional)
 
 Uncloud can provide **managed DNS records** like `<service-name>.<cluster-id>.cluster.uncloud.run` for your public
 services through free [Uncloud DNS](https://github.com/psviderski/uncloud-dns) service. You can deploy a service and
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ containers by their service names, `curl` service endpoints, or analyse traffic
 
 ## Getting started
 
-Install Uncloud CLI and deploy your first app in minutes:
+Install Uncloud CLI and deploy your first app:
 
 * [Install Uncloud CLI](./2-getting-started/1-install-cli.md)
 * [Deploy demo app](./2-getting-started/2-deploy-demo-app.md)

website/docs/2-getting-started/2-deploy-demo-app.md

@@ -318,8 +318,126 @@ Give it a moment for Caddy to obtain a TLS certificate, then visit https://excal
 
 ## Clean up
 
-TBD
+When you're done experimenting, you can remove the `excalidraw` service or uninstall Uncloud completely.
 
-## Next steps
+### Remove the service
 
-TBD
+Remove the `excalidraw` service while keeping your Uncloud machine running for future deployments:
+
+```shell
+uc rm excalidraw
+```
+
+### Uninstall Uncloud
+
+If you want to completely uninstall Uncloud from your server and clean up everything it created, SSH into your server
+and run:
+
+```shell
+sudo uncloud-uninstall
+```
+
+This command will:
+
+- Remove all Uncloud-managed containers (including Caddy)
+- Remove the Uncloud-managed Docker and WireGuard networks
+- Uninstall the Uncloud daemon from the server
+
+<details>
+<summary>💡 Expand to see example output</summary>
+
+```
+⚠️This script will uninstall Uncloud and remove ALL Uncloud managed containers on this machine.
+The following actions will be performed:
+- Remove Uncloud systemd services
+- Remove Uncloud binaries and data
+- Remove Uncloud user and group
+- Remove all Docker containers managed by Uncloud
+- Remove Uncloud Docker network
+- Remove Uncloud WireGuard interface
+Do you want to proceed with uninstallation? [y/N] y
+⏳ Stopping systemd services...
+Removed "/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/uncloud.service".
+The unit files have no installation config (WantedBy=, RequiredBy=, UpheldBy=,
+Also=, or Alias= settings in the [Install] section, and DefaultInstance= for
+template units). This means they are not meant to be enabled or disabled using systemctl.
+
+Possible reasons for having these kinds of units are:
+• A unit may be statically enabled by being symlinked from another unit's
+  .wants/, .requires/, or .upholds/ directory.
+• A unit's purpose may be to act as a helper for some other unit which has
+  a requirement dependency on it.
+• A unit may be started when needed via activation (socket, path, timer,
+  D-Bus, udev, scripted systemctl call, ...).
+• In case of template units, the unit is meant to be enabled with some
+  instance name specified.
+✓ Systemd services stopped.
+⏳ Removing systemd service files...
+removed '/etc/systemd/system/uncloud.service'
+removed '/etc/systemd/system/uncloud-corrosion.service'
+✓ Systemd service files removed.
+⏳ Removing binaries...
+removed '/usr/local/bin/uncloudd'
+removed '/usr/local/bin/uncloud-corrosion'
+✓ Binaries removed.
+⏳ Removing data and run directories...
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/machine.db-wal'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/caddy/caddy/autosave.json'
+removed directory '/var/lib/uncloud/caddy/caddy'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/caddy/caddy.json'
+removed directory '/var/lib/uncloud/caddy'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/machine.json'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/machine.db-shm'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/admin.sock'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/config.toml'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/subscriptions/b4e825113f1143e5b27715b62193a9f8/sub.sqlite-wal'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/subscriptions/b4e825113f1143e5b27715b62193a9f8/sub.sqlite-shm'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/subscriptions/b4e825113f1143e5b27715b62193a9f8/sub.sqlite'
+removed directory '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/subscriptions/b4e825113f1143e5b27715b62193a9f8'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/subscriptions/5e04cbb20a2743c382cfbd4949922351/sub.sqlite'
+removed directory '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/subscriptions/5e04cbb20a2743c382cfbd4949922351'
+removed directory '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/subscriptions'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/schema.sql'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion/store.db'
+removed directory '/var/lib/uncloud/corrosion'
+removed '/var/lib/uncloud/machine.db'
+removed directory '/var/lib/uncloud'
+removed directory '/run/uncloud'
+✓ Data and run directories removed.
+⏳ Removing Linux user and group...
+✓ Linux user 'uncloud' removed.
+Linux group 'uncloud' does not exist or was already removed.
+⏳ Looking for Docker containers and network created by Uncloud...
+Found 4 Uncloud managed containers.
+⏳ Stopping Uncloud managed containers...
+20613f6046d0
+1f1a65b78e93
+4300bde4a2b0
+053fdd57ec56
+⏳ Removing Uncloud managed containers...
+20613f6046d0
+1f1a65b78e93
+4300bde4a2b0
+053fdd57ec56
+✓ Uncloud managed containers stopped and removed.
+⏳ Removing Docker network uncloud...
+uncloud
+✓ Docker network uncloud removed.
+⏳ Removing WireGuard interface uncloud...
+✓ WireGuard interface uncloud removed.
+⏳ Removing uninstall script...
+removed '/usr/local/bin/uncloud-uninstall'
+✓ Uninstall script removed.
+
+✅ Uncloud has been uninstalled successfully!
+Note: Docker installation was preserved. If you want to completely remove Docker as well, follow https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/ubuntu/#uninstall-docker-engine
+```
+
+</details>
+
+## Further reading
+
+- **[Add more machines](../9-cli-reference/uc_machine_add.md)**: Scale horizontally by creating a cluster of machines
+- **[Ingress & HTTP](../3-concepts/1-ingress/1-overview.md)**: Learn how Uncloud handles incoming traffic and how to
+  expose your services to the internet
+- **[CLI reference](../9-cli-reference/uc.md)**: Explore all available commands and options

website/docs/3-concepts/1-ingress/1-overview.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+---
+sidebar_label: Overview
+---
+
+# Ingress & HTTPS
+
+Uncloud uses [Caddy](https://caddyserver.com/) as its reverse proxy to handle incoming traffic, provide automatic HTTPS
+with [Let's Encrypt](https://letsencrypt.org/), and route requests to your services.
+
+## How it works
+
+Caddy runs as a global service `caddy` on every machine in your cluster, listening on the host ports 80 (HTTP) and 443
+(HTTPS).
+
+It's deployed during cluster initialisation (`uc machine init`) unless you use the `--no-caddy` flag.
+See [Managing Caddy](3-managing-caddy.md) for deployment and customisation instructions.
+
+When you [publish a service port](2-publishing-services.md), Uncloud automatically configures Caddy to:
+
+1. Listen for requests on the specified hostname (domain name).
+2. Automatically obtain and renew a TLS certificate from Let's Encrypt for HTTPS.
+3. Route traffic to the **healthy** service container(s).
+4. Load balance across healthy replicas if there are multiple.
+
+For advanced use cases, Uncloud allows to customise the Caddy config using the `x-caddy` extension in Compose files.
+See [Custom Caddy configuration](2-publishing-services.md#custom-caddy-configuration) for details.

website/docs/3-concepts/1-ingress/2-publishing-services.md

@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+# Publishing services
+
+Publishing service ports makes your services available outside the cluster. This means your services can be accessed
+from the internet or local network, depending on your setup.
+
+You can publish service ports in three ways:
+
+- Using the `-p/--publish` flag with `uc run`.
+- Using the `x-ports` extension in a Compose file with `uc deploy`.
+- Using the `--caddyfile` flag with `uc run` or `x-caddy` extension in a Compose file for custom Caddy configuration.
+
+For example, run a service with container port 8000 exposed as https://app.example.com via Caddy reverse proxy:
+
+```shell
+uc run -p app.example.com:8000/https app:latest
+```
+
+```
+[+] Running service app-mwng (replicated mode) 1/1
+ ✔ Container app-mwng-6lub on machine-fnr9  Started
+
+app-mwng endpoints:
+ • https://app.example.com → :8000
+```
+
+Create an `A` record in your DNS provider (Cloudflare, Namecheap, etc.) pointing `app.example.com` to the public IP
+address or your machine(s). Once DNS is propagated and Caddy obtains a TLS certificate, you can access your service
+securely over HTTPS.
+
+## Ingress vs host mode
+
+**HTTP/HTTPS** ports are exposed via Caddy using the following format for the `-p/--publish` flag and `x-ports`
+extension:
+
+```
+[hostname:]container_port[/protocol]
+```
+
+- `hostname` (optional): The domain name to use for accessing the service. If omitted and a cluster domain is reserved,
+  `<service-name>.<cluster-domain>` is used.
+- `container_port`: The port number within the container that's listening for traffic.
+- `protocol` (optional): `http` or `https` (default: `https`)
+
+**TCP/UDP** ports can only be exposed in host mode, which binds the container port directly to the host machine's
+network interface(s). This is useful for non-HTTP services that need direct port access (bypasses Caddy):
+
+```
+[host_ip:]host_port:container_port[/protocol]@host
+```
+
+- `host_ip` (optional): The IP address on the host to bind to. If omitted, binds to all interfaces.
+- `host_port`: The port number on the host to bind to.
+- `container_port`: The port number within the container that's listening for traffic.
+- `protocol` (optional): `tcp` or `udp` (default: `tcp`)
+
+| Port value                   | Description                                                                          |
+|------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `8000/http`                  | Publish port 8000 as HTTP via Caddy using hostname `<service-name>.<cluster-domain>` |
+| `app.example.com:8080/https` | Publish port 8080 as HTTPS via Caddy using hostname `app.example.com`                |
+| `127.0.0.1:5432:5432@host`   | Bind TCP port 5432 to host port 5432 on loopback interface only                      |
+| `53:5353/udp@host`           | Bind UDP port 5353 to host port 53 on all network interfaces                         |
+
+:::warning
+
+Do not publish internal-only services like databases unless absolutely necessary. You only need to publish ports for
+services that should be accessible from outside the cluster. Services within the cluster can communicate with each other
+by their DNS names `service-name` or `service-name.internal` without publishing ports.
+
+:::
+
+## Using Compose
+
+Use the `x-ports` extension in a Compose file to publish service ports:
+
+```yaml title="compose.yaml"
+services:
+  app:
+    image: app:latest
+    x-ports:
+      - example.com:8000/https
+      - www.example.com:8000/https  # The same port can be published with multiple hostnames
+      - api.domain.tld:9000/https   # Another port can be published with a different hostname
+```
+
+## Custom Caddy configuration
+
+For advanced routing and behavior, use `x-caddy` instead of `x-ports`. It allows you to provide custom Caddy
+configuration for a service in [Caddyfile](https://caddyserver.com/docs/caddyfile) format.
+
+```yaml title="compose.yaml"
+services:
+  app:
+    image: app:latest
+    x-caddy: |
+      www.example.com {
+          redir https://example.com{uri} permanent
+      }
+
+      example.com {
+          basic_auth /admin/* {
+              admin $2a$14$...  # bcrypt hash
+          }
+
+          header /static/* Cache-Control max-age=604800
+          reverse_proxy {{upstreams 8000}} {
+              import common_proxy
+          }
+          log
+      }
+```
+
+You can inline the Caddyfile or load it from a file: `x-caddy: ./Caddyfile`. When using a file, the path is relative to
+the Compose file location. See the [Caddy documentation](https://caddyserver.com/docs/caddyfile) for syntax and
+features.
+
+:::info note
+
+You cannot use `x-caddy` with `http` or `https` ports in `x-ports`. `tcp` and `udp` ports in host mode are allowed
+though.
+
+:::
+
+Use it when you need:
+
+- Custom routing rules (different paths, redirects, rewrites, multiple services on one domain).
+- Custom headers, authentication, or caching.
+- Custom load balancing strategies and options.
+- Request and response manipulation.
+- Advanced TLS settings.
+- Other Caddy features and plugins.
+
+See [Deploying or updating Caddy](3-managing-caddy.md#deploying-or-updating-caddy) for details on deploying Caddy with a
+custom global configuration.
+
+### Templates
+
+`x-caddy` configs are processed as [Go templates](https://pkg.go.dev/text/template), allowing you to use dynamic values.
+The following functions and variables are available:
+
+| Template                              | Description                                                                                   |
+|---------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `{{upstreams [service-name] [port]}}` | A space-separated list of healthy container IPs for the current or specified service and port |
+| `{{.Name}}`                           | The name of the service the config belongs to                                                 |
+| `{{.Upstreams}}`                      | A map of all service names to their healthy container IPs                                     |
+
+The templates are automatically re-rendered and Caddy is reloaded when service containers start/stop or health status
+changes.
+
+**Examples:**
+
+1. Current service upstreams, default port:
+   ```caddyfile
+   reverse_proxy {{upstreams}}
+   ```
+   ↓
+
+   ```caddyfile
+   reverse_proxy 10.210.1.3 10.210.2.5
+   ```
+2. Current service upstreams, port 8000:
+   ```caddyfile
+   reverse_proxy {{upstreams 8000}}
+   ```
+   ↓
+
+   ```caddyfile
+   reverse_proxy 10.210.1.3:8000 10.210.2.5:8000
+   ```
+3. Current service upstreams with `https` scheme:
+   ```caddyfile
+   reverse_proxy {{- range $ip := index .Upstreams .Name}} https://{{$ip}}{{end}}
+   ```
+   ↓
+
+   ```caddyfile
+   reverse_proxy https://10.210.1.3 https://10.210.2.5
+   ```
+4. `api` service upstreams, port 9000:
+   ```caddyfile
+   handle_path /api/* {
+       reverse_proxy {{upstreams "api" 9000}}
+   }
+   ```
+   ↓
+
+   ```caddyfile
+   handle_path /api/* {
+       reverse_proxy 10.210.2.2:9000 10.210.1.7:9000 10.210.2.3:9000
+   }
+   ```
+
+### Verifying Caddy config
+
+Use `uc caddy config` to view the complete generated Caddyfile served by the `caddy` service. This is useful for
+debugging and verifying your `x-caddy` configs.
+
+Example output:
+
+```caddyfile
+# This file is autogenerated by Uncloud based on the configuration of running services.
+# Do not edit manually. Any manual changes will be overwritten on the next update.
+
+# User-defined global config from service 'caddy'.
+*.example.com {
+	tls {
+		dns cloudflare {env.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN}
+	}
+	respond "No host matched" 404
+}
+
+# Health check endpoint to verify Caddy reachability on this machine.
+http:// {
+	handle /.uncloud-verify {
+		respond "a369b9388812f9557feef6a0f5b46f2e" 200
+	}
+	log
+}
+
+(common_proxy) {
+	# Retry failed requests up to lb_retries times against other available upstreams.
+	lb_retries 3
+	# Upstreams are marked unhealthy for fail_duration after a failed request (passive health checking).
+	fail_duration 30s
+}
+
+# Sites generated from service ports.
+
+https://app.example.com {
+	reverse_proxy 10.210.1.3:8000 10.210.2.5:8000 {
+		import common_proxy
+	}
+	log
+}
+
+https://api.example.com {
+	reverse_proxy 10.210.2.2:9000 10.210.1.7:9000 10.210.2.3:9000 {
+		import common_proxy
+	}
+	log
+}
+
+# User-defined config for service 'web'.
+www.example.com {
+    redir https://example.com{uri} permanent
+}
+
+example.com {
+    reverse_proxy 10.210.0.3:8000 {
+        import common_proxy
+    }
+    log
+}
+
+# Skipped invalid user-defined configs:
+# - service 'duplicate-hostname': validation failed: adapting config using caddyfile adapter: ambiguous site definition: example.com
+# - service 'invalid': validation failed: adapting config using caddyfile adapter: Caddyfile:61: unrecognized directive: invalid_directive
+```
+
+The generated config combines:
+
+- Global Caddy configuration (`x-caddy` from the `caddy` service).
+  See [Deploying or updating Caddy](3-managing-caddy.md#deploying-or-updating-caddy) for details.
+- Auto-generated configs from published service ports (`x-ports`).
+- Custom Caddy configs from services (`x-caddy`).
+- Skipped invalid configs with error messages as comments.
+
+:::warning important
+
+Custom Caddy configs from different services must not conflict (all services must use unique hostnames).
+See [Multiple services on one domain](#multiple-services-on-one-domain) for an example of how to share one hostname
+between multiple services.
+
+Conflicting or invalid configs are detected using [caddy adapt](https://caddyserver.com/docs/command-line#caddy-adapt)
+command and skipped. However, some errors could still break the entire config so Caddy will fail to load it. Check the
+`caddy` service logs to troubleshoot.
+
+:::
+
+### Common use cases
+
+#### Redirects
+
+Publish a service on `example.com` and redirect requests from `www.example.com` to `example.com`:
+
+<Tabs>
+<TabItem value="compose.yaml">
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  app:
+    image: app:latest
+    x-caddy: ./Caddyfile
+```
+
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="Caddyfile">
+
+```caddyfile
+www.example.com {
+    redir https://example.com{uri} permanent
+}
+
+example.com {
+    reverse_proxy {{upstreams 8000}} {
+        import common_proxy
+    }
+    log
+}
+```
+
+</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+
+#### Multiple services on one domain
+
+You can publish multiple services on the same hostname by using different paths for each service. For example, route
+`/` to the web service and `/api` to the API service:
+
+<Tabs>
+<TabItem value="compose.yaml">
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  api:
+    image: api:latest
+  web:
+    image: web:latest
+    # Make sure only one service defines a Caddy config for the hostname.
+    x-caddy: ./Caddyfile
+```
+
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="Caddyfile">
+
+```caddyfile
+example.com {
+    handle_path /api/* {
+        reverse_proxy {{upstreams "api" 9000}} {
+            import common_proxy
+        }
+    }
+
+    reverse_proxy {{upstreams}} {
+        import common_proxy
+    }
+
+    log
+}
+```
+
+</TabItem>
+</Tabs>

website/docs/3-concepts/1-ingress/3-managing-caddy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+# Managing Caddy
+
+Caddy is automatically deployed as a global service `caddy` when you initialise a cluster with `uc machine init`. It
+runs on every machine to handle incoming HTTP/HTTPS traffic and route it to your services.
+
+## Checking status
+
+View the `caddy` service status and which machines it's running on:
+
+```shell
+uc inspect caddy
+```
+
+```
+ID:    b5b269d5dc5ed4fdae6542894f94de82
+Name:  caddy
+Mode:  global
+
+CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          CREATED        STATUS       MACHINE
+fb8f390e634d   caddy:2.10.0   3 weeks ago    Up 3 weeks   prod-ap1
+0182f5d7bd9f   caddy:2.10.0   3 months ago   Up 3 weeks   prod-us1
+```
+
+## Deploying or updating Caddy
+
+### Using CLI
+
+Update to the latest stable version using the [caddy](https://hub.docker.com/_/caddy) image from Docker Hub:
+
+```shell
+uc caddy deploy
+```
+
+Deploy a specific version or custom image:
+
+```shell
+uc caddy deploy --image caddybuilds/caddy-cloudflare:2.10.2
+```
+
+Deploy with custom global configuration:
+
+```shell
+uc caddy deploy --caddyfile global.Caddyfile
+```
+
+Example global configuration:
+
+```caddyfile title=global.Caddyfile
+# Global options.
+{
+    debug
+}
+
+# A snippet that can be reused in custom Caddy configs for services (x-caddy).
+(my_snippet) {
+    ...
+}
+
+# Expose an internal service that is not managed by Uncloud.
+internal.example.com {
+    reverse_proxy 192.168.1.100
+}
+```
+
+### Using Compose
+
+You can manage the Caddy deployment with a Compose file for more control. For example, to deploy a custom global Caddy
+config that uses the DNS challenge with Cloudflare to obtain a wildcard TLS certificate for `*.example.com`:
+
+<Tabs>
+<TabItem value="compose.yaml">
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  caddy:
+    image: caddybuilds/caddy-cloudflare:2.10.2
+    command: caddy run -c /config/Caddyfile
+    environment:
+      CADDY_ADMIN: unix//run/caddy/admin.sock
+    env_file:
+      # Contains CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN=xxxxx
+      - .env.secrets
+    volumes:
+      - /var/lib/uncloud/caddy:/data
+      - /var/lib/uncloud/caddy:/config
+      - /run/uncloud/caddy:/run/caddy
+    x-ports:
+      - 80:80@host
+      - 443:443@host
+    x-caddy: Caddyfile
+    deploy:
+      mode: global
+```
+
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="Caddyfile">
+
+```caddyfile
+# Global options.
+{
+    debug
+}
+
+# A snippet that can be reused in custom Caddy configs for services (x-caddy).
+(my_snippet) {
+    ...
+}
+
+# Obtain a wildcard TLS certificate for all subdomains of example.name using DNS challenge with Cloudflare.
+# It will be used for services that publish ports with hostnames under example.name.
+*.example.com {
+    tls {
+            dns cloudflare {env.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN}
+    }
+    respond "No host matched" 404
+}
+
+# Expose an internal service that is not managed by Uncloud.
+internal.example.com {
+    reverse_proxy 192.168.1.100
+}
+```
+
+</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+
+:::info note
+
+The specified `command`, `environment`, `volumes`, and `x-ports` properties are essential for Caddy to function
+correctly in the Uncloud cluster.
+
+:::
+
+Deploy or update the `caddy` service from the Compose file:
+
+```shell
+uc deploy
+```
+
+## Verifying config
+
+View the complete generated Caddyfile served by the `caddy` service. This is useful for debugging and verifying
+custom global and service-specific Caddy configs.
+
+```shell
+uc caddy config
+```
+
+Example output:
+
+```caddyfile
+# This file is autogenerated by Uncloud based on the configuration of running services.
+# Do not edit manually. Any manual changes will be overwritten on the next update.
+
+# User-defined global config from service 'caddy'.
+# Global options.
+{
+    debug
+}
+
+# A snippet that can be reused in custom Caddy configs for services (x-caddy).
+(my_snippet) {
+    ...
+}
+
+# Obtain a wildcard TLS certificate for all subdomains of example.name using DNS challenge with Cloudflare.
+# It will be used for services that publish ports with hostnames under example.name.
+*.example.com {
+    tls {
+            dns cloudflare {env.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN}
+    }
+    respond "No host matched" 404
+}
+
+# Expose an internal service that is not managed by Uncloud.
+internal.example.com {
+    reverse_proxy 192.168.1.100
+}
+
+# Health check endpoint to verify Caddy reachability on this machine.
+http:// {
+	handle /.uncloud-verify {
+		respond "a369b9388812f9557feef6a0f5b46f2e" 200
+	}
+	log
+}
+
+(common_proxy) {
+	# Retry failed requests up to lb_retries times against other available upstreams.
+	lb_retries 3
+	# Upstreams are marked unhealthy for fail_duration after a failed request (passive health checking).
+	fail_duration 30s
+}
+
+# Sites generated from service ports.
+
+https://app.example.com {
+	reverse_proxy 10.210.1.3:8000 10.210.2.5:8000 {
+		import common_proxy
+	}
+	log
+}
+
+https://api.example.com {
+	reverse_proxy 10.210.2.2:9000 10.210.1.7:9000 10.210.2.3:9000 {
+		import common_proxy
+	}
+	log
+}
+
+# User-defined config for service 'web'.
+www.example.com {
+    redir https://example.com{uri} permanent
+}
+
+example.com {
+    reverse_proxy 10.210.0.3:8000 {
+        import common_proxy
+    }
+    log
+}
+
+# Skipped invalid user-defined configs:
+# - service 'duplicate-hostname': validation failed: adapting config using caddyfile adapter: ambiguous site definition: example.com
+# - service 'invalid': validation failed: adapting config using caddyfile adapter: Caddyfile:61: unrecognized directive: invalid_directive
+```
+
+The generated config combines:
+
+- Global Caddy configuration (`x-caddy` from the `caddy` service).
+- Auto-generated configs from published service ports (`x-ports`).
+- Custom Caddy configs from services (`x-caddy`).
+- Skipped invalid configs with error messages as comments.

website/docs/3-concepts/1-ingress/_category_.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+label: Ingress & HTTPS
+collapsed: true # keep the category closed by default
+link:
+  type: generated-index

website/docs/3-concepts/_category_.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+label: Concepts
+collapsed: false # keep the category open by default
+link:
+  type: generated-index

website/docs/9-cli-reference/_category_.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+label: CLI reference
+collapsed: true # keep the category closed by default
+link:
+  type: generated-index

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# uc
+
+A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as machines, services, and volumes.
+
+## Options
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+  -h, --help                    help for uc
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc build](uc_build.md)	 - Build services from a Compose file.
+* [uc caddy](uc_caddy.md)	 - Manage Caddy reverse proxy service.
+* [uc ctx](uc_ctx.md)	 - Switch between different cluster contexts. Contains subcommands to manage contexts.
+* [uc deploy](uc_deploy.md)	 - Deploy services from a Compose file.
+* [uc dns](uc_dns.md)	 - Manage cluster domain in Uncloud DNS.
+* [uc inspect](uc_inspect.md)	 - Display detailed information on a service.
+* [uc ls](uc_ls.md)	 - List services.
+* [uc machine](uc_machine.md)	 - Manage machines in an Uncloud cluster.
+* [uc rm](uc_rm.md)	 - Remove one or more services.
+* [uc run](uc_run.md)	 - Run a service.
+* [uc scale](uc_scale.md)	 - Scale a replicated service by changing the number of replicas.
+* [uc service](uc_service.md)	 - Manage services in an Uncloud cluster.
+* [uc volume](uc_volume.md)	 - Manage volumes in an Uncloud cluster.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_build.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# uc build
+
+Build services from a Compose file.
+
+```
+uc build [FLAGS] [SERVICE...] [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -f, --file strings      One or more Compose files to build (default compose.yaml)
+  -h, --help              help for build
+  -n, --no-cache          Do not use cache when building images. (default false)
+  -p, --profile strings   One or more Compose profiles to enable.
+  -P, --push              Push built images to the registry after building. (default false)
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc](uc.md)	 - A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as machines, services, and volumes.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_caddy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# uc caddy
+
+Manage Caddy reverse proxy service.
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -h, --help   help for caddy
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc](uc.md)	 - A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as machines, services, and volumes.
+* [uc caddy config](uc_caddy_config.md)	 - Show the current Caddy configuration (Caddyfile).
+* [uc caddy deploy](uc_caddy_deploy.md)	 - Deploy or upgrade Caddy reverse proxy across all machines in the cluster.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_caddy_config.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# uc caddy config
+
+Show the current Caddy configuration (Caddyfile).
+
+## Synopsis
+
+Display the current Caddy configuration (Caddyfile) from the connected machine or a specified one.
+
+```
+uc caddy config [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -c, --context string   Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)
+  -h, --help             help for config
+  -m, --machine string   Name or ID of the machine to get the configuration from. (default is connected machine)
+      --no-color         Disable syntax highlighting for the output.
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc caddy](uc_caddy.md)	 - Manage Caddy reverse proxy service.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_caddy_deploy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# uc caddy deploy
+
+Deploy or upgrade Caddy reverse proxy across all machines in the cluster.
+
+## Synopsis
+
+Deploy or upgrade Caddy reverse proxy across all machines in the cluster.
+A rolling update is performed when updating existing containers to minimise disruption.
+
+```
+uc caddy deploy [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+      --caddyfile string   Path to a custom global Caddy config (Caddyfile) that will be prepended to the auto-generated Caddy config.
+  -c, --context string     Name of the cluster context to deploy to. (default is the current context)
+  -h, --help               help for deploy
+      --image string       Caddy Docker image to deploy. (default caddy:LATEST_VERSION)
+  -m, --machine strings    Machine names to deploy to. Can be specified multiple times or as a comma-separated list of machine names. (default is all machines)
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc caddy](uc_caddy.md)	 - Manage Caddy reverse proxy service.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_ctx.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# uc ctx
+
+Switch between different cluster contexts. Contains subcommands to manage contexts.
+
+```
+uc ctx [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -h, --help   help for ctx
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc](uc.md)	 - A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as machines, services, and volumes.
+* [uc ctx ls](uc_ctx_ls.md)	 - List available cluster contexts.
+* [uc ctx use](uc_ctx_use.md)	 - Switch to a different cluster context.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_ctx_ls.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# uc ctx ls
+
+List available cluster contexts.
+
+```
+uc ctx ls [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -h, --help   help for ls
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc ctx](uc_ctx.md)	 - Switch between different cluster contexts. Contains subcommands to manage contexts.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_ctx_use.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# uc ctx use
+
+Switch to a different cluster context.
+
+## Synopsis
+
+Switch to a different cluster context. If no context is provided, a list of available contexts will be displayed for selection.
+
+```
+uc ctx use [CONTEXT] [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -h, --help   help for use
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc ctx](uc_ctx.md)	 - Switch between different cluster contexts. Contains subcommands to manage contexts.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_deploy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# uc deploy
+
+Deploy services from a Compose file.
+
+```
+uc deploy [FLAGS] [SERVICE...] [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -c, --context string    Name of the cluster context to deploy to (default is the current context)
+  -f, --file strings      One or more Compose files to deploy services from. (default compose.yaml)
+  -h, --help              help for deploy
+  -n, --no-build          Do not build images before deploying services. (default false)
+  -p, --profile strings   One or more Compose profiles to enable.
+      --recreate          Recreate containers even if their configuration and image haven't changed.
+  -y, --yes               Auto-confirm deployment plan. Enabled by default when running non-interactively,
+                          e.g., in CI/CD pipelines.
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc](uc.md)	 - A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as machines, services, and volumes.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_dns.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# uc dns
+
+Manage cluster domain in Uncloud DNS.
+
+## Synopsis
+
+Manage cluster domain in Uncloud DNS.
+DNS commands allow you to reserve or release a unique '\<id>.cluster.uncloud.run' domain for your cluster. When reserved, Caddy service deployments will automatically update DNS records to route traffic to the services in the cluster.
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -h, --help   help for dns
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc](uc.md)	 - A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as machines, services, and volumes.
+* [uc dns release](uc_dns_release.md)	 - Release the reserved cluster domain.
+* [uc dns reserve](uc_dns_reserve.md)	 - Reserve a cluster domain in Uncloud DNS.
+* [uc dns show](uc_dns_show.md)	 - Print the cluster domain name.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_dns_release.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# uc dns release
+
+Release the reserved cluster domain.
+
+```
+uc dns release [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -c, --context string   Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)
+  -h, --help             help for release
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc dns](uc_dns.md)	 - Manage cluster domain in Uncloud DNS.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_dns_reserve.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# uc dns reserve
+
+Reserve a cluster domain in Uncloud DNS.
+
+```
+uc dns reserve [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -c, --context string    Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)
+      --endpoint string   API endpoint for the Uncloud DNS service. (default "https://dns.uncloud.run/v1")
+  -h, --help              help for reserve
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc dns](uc_dns.md)	 - Manage cluster domain in Uncloud DNS.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_dns_show.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# uc dns show
+
+Print the cluster domain name.
+
+```
+uc dns show [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -c, --context string   Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)
+  -h, --help             help for show
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc dns](uc_dns.md)	 - Manage cluster domain in Uncloud DNS.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_inspect.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# uc inspect
+
+Display detailed information on a service.
+
+```
+uc inspect SERVICE [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -c, --context string   Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)
+  -h, --help             help for inspect
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc](uc.md)	 - A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as machines, services, and volumes.
+

website/docs/9-cli-reference/uc_ls.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# uc ls
+
+List services.
+
+```
+uc ls [flags]
+```
+
+## Options
+
+```
+  -c, --context string   Name of the cluster context. (default is the current context)
+  -h, --help             help for ls
+```
+
+## Options inherited from parent commands
+
+```
+      --connect string          Connect to a remote cluster machine without using the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONNECT]
+                                Format: [ssh://]user@host[:port] or tcp://host:port
+      --uncloud-config string   Path to the Uncloud configuration file. [$UNCLOUD_CONFIG] (default "~/.config/uncloud/config.yaml")
+```
+
+## See also
+
+* [uc](uc.md)	 - A CLI tool for managing Uncloud resources such as machines, services, and volumes.
+